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Is Segregation Bad for Your Health?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
For decades, racial residential segregation has been observed to vary with health outcomes for African Americans, although only recently has interest increased in the public health literature. Utilizing a systematic review of the health and social science literature, the authors consider the segregation-health association through the lens of 4 questions of interest to epidemiologists: How is segregation best measured? Is the segregation-health association socially or biologically plausible? What evidence is there of segregation-health associations? Is segregation a modifiable risk factor? Thirty-nine identified studies tes...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Kramer, M. R., Hogue, C. R. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Epi + demos + cracy: Linking Political Systems and Priorities to the Magnitude of Health Inequities--Evidence, Gaps, and a Research AgendaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A new focus within both social epidemiology and political sociology investigates how political systems and priorities shape health inequities. To advance—and better integrate—research on political determinants of health inequities, the authors conducted a systematic search of the ISI Web of Knowledge and PubMed databases and identified 45 studies, commencing in 1992, that explicitly and empirically tested, in relation to an a priori political hypothesis, for either 1) changes in the magnitude of health inequities or 2) significant cross-national differences in the magnitude of health inequities. Overall, 84% of...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Beckfield, J., Krieger, N. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Racial Discrimination and Health Among Asian Americans: Evidence, Assessment, and Directions for Future ResearchEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Research shows that racial discrimination is related to illness among diverse racial and ethnic populations. Studies of racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans, however, remain underdeveloped. In this paper, the authors review evidence on racial discrimination and health among Asian Americans, identify gaps in the literature, and provide suggestions for future research. They identified 62 empirical articles assessing the relation between discrimination and health among Asian Americans. The majority of articles focused on mental health problems, followed by physical and behavioral problems. Most studies find ...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Gee, G. C., Ro, A., Shariff-Marco, S., Chae, D. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Cardiometabolic Health Disparities in Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific IslandersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Elimination of health disparities in the United States is a national health priority. Cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity are key features of what is now referred to as the "cardiometabolic syndrome," which disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority populations, including Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (NHOPI). Few studies have adequately characterized the cardiometabolic syndrome in high-risk populations such as NHOPI. The authors systematically assessed the existing literature on cardiometabolic disorders among NHOPI to understand the best approaches to eliminating cardiometabolic health di...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Mau, M. K., Sinclair, K., Saito, E. P., Baumhofer, K. N., Kaholokula, J. K. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Health Disparities in the Latino PopulationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this review, the authors provide an approach to the study of health disparities in the US Latino population and evaluate the evidence, using mortality rates for discrete medical conditions and the total US population as a standard for comparison. They examine the demographic structure of the Latino population and how nativity, age, income, and education are related to observed patterns of health and mortality. A key issue discussed is how to interpret the superior mortality indices of Latino immigrants and the subsequent declining health status of later generations. Explanations for differences in mortality include sele...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Vega, W. A., Rodriguez, M. A., Gruskin, E. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

What Causes Racial Disparities in Very Preterm Birth? A Biosocial PerspectiveEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Very preterm birth (<32 weeks’ gestation) occurs in approximately 2% of livebirths but is a leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity in the United States. African-American women have a 2-fold to 3-fold elevated risk compared with non-Hispanic white women for reasons that are incompletely understood. This paper reviews the evidence for the biologic and social patterning of very preterm birth, with attention to leading hypotheses regarding the etiology of the racial disparity. A systematic review of the literature in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and EMBASE indices was conducted. The literature to date sugge...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Kramer, M. R., Hogue, C. R. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Environmental Contributions to Disparities in Pregnancy OutcomesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One of the most persistent disparities in American health status is the pronounced difference in birth outcomes between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white women. Poor pregnancy outcomes have a substantial impact on mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Increasing evidence indicates that environmental exposures are associated with poor birth outcomes. This paper reviews the latest research on how environmental exposures affect pregnancy outcomes and then discusses how these exposures may be embedded within a context of significant social and host factor stress. The analysis suggests that environmental, social,...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Miranda, M. L., Maxson, P., Edwards, S. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Do Lifestyle or Social Factors Explain Ethnic/Racial Inequalities in Breast Cancer Survival?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Despite numerous studies documenting ethnic inequalities in breast cancer survival between minority and majority ethnic groups worldwide, reasons for these inequalities remain unclear. The authors performed a systematic review of published literature to identify studies that investigated the explanatory power of smoking, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), and socioeconomic position (SEP) on ethnic inequalities in breast cancer survival. Sixteen studies were included in the review. From 5 studies, the authors found that differences in breast cancer survival between ethnic groups may be in part explained by BMI, but...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: McKenzie, F., Jeffreys, M. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Associations Between Childhood Socioeconomic Position and Adulthood ObesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) is inversely associated with cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Obesity in adulthood may be a biologic mechanism. Objectives were to systematically review literature published between 1998 and 2008 that examined associations of childhood SEP with adulthood obesity. Five databases (Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched for studies from any country, in any language. Forty-eight publications based on 30 studies were identified. In age-adjusted analyses, inverse associations were found between childhood SEP and adulthood obesity in 70% (14...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Senese, L. C., Almeida, N. D., Fath, A. K., Smith, B. T., Loucks, E. B. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Built Environments and Obesity in Disadvantaged PopulationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the United States, health disparities in obesity and obesity-related illnesses have been the subject of growing concern. To better understand how obesity-related health disparities might relate to obesogenic built environments, the authors conducted a systematic review of the published scientific literature, screening for studies with relevance to disadvantaged individuals or areas, identified by low socioeconomic status, black race, or Hispanic ethnicity. A search for related terms in publication databases and topically related resources yielded 45 studies published between January 1995 and January 2009 with at least 1...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Lovasi, G. S., Hutson, M. A., Guerra, M., Neckerman, K. M. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Epidemiologic Research on Health Disparities: Some Thoughts on History and Current DevelopmentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this introduction to volume 31 of Epidemiologic Reviews, the author traces the history of health disparities research in epidemiology and situates the 10 review articles comprising this edition within this history. With the aid of a conceptual model describing the key determinants of health disparities, he offers several suggestions for improving future epidemiologic research on health disparities. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Authors: James, S. A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

CoverEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Tags: COVER Source Type: journals

Editorial BoardEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Tags: STANDING MATERIAL Source Type: journals

SubscriptionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Tags: STANDING MATERIAL Source Type: journals

ContentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - November 10, 2009 Category: Epidemiology Tags: STANDING MATERIAL Source Type: journals

Comorbid Forms of Psychopathology: Key Patterns and Future Research DirectionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The purpose of this review is to systematically appraise the peer-reviewed literature about clustered forms of psychopathology and to present a framework that can be useful for studying comorbid psychiatric disorders. The review focuses on four of the most prevalent types of mental health problems: anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, and substance abuse. The authors summarize existing empirical research on the distribution of concurrent and sequential comorbidity in children and adolescents and in adults, and they review existing knowledge about exogenous risk factors that influence comorbidity. The authors include arti...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Cerda, M., Sagdeo, A., Galea, S. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Suicide and Suicidal BehaviorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Suicidal behavior is a leading cause of injury and death worldwide. Information about the epidemiology of such behavior is important for policy-making and prevention. The authors reviewed government data on suicide and suicidal behavior and conducted a systematic review of studies on the epidemiology of suicide published from 1997 to 2007. The authors' aims were to examine the prevalence of, trends in, and risk and protective factors for suicidal behavior in the United States and cross-nationally. The data revealed significant cross-national variability in the prevalence of suicidal behavior but consistency in age of onset...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Nock, M. K., Borges, G., Bromet, E. J., Cha, C. B., Kessler, R. C., Lee, S. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Relation between Work-related Psychosocial Factors and the Development of DepressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review is based on a literature search made in January 2007 on request by the Danish National Board of Industrial Injuries. The search in PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO resulted in more than 1,000 publications. This was reduced to 14 after the titles, abstracts, and papers were evaluated by using the following criteria: 1) a longitudinal study, 2) exposure to work-related psychosocial factors, 3) the outcome a measure of depression, 4) relevant statistical estimates, and 5) nonduplicated publication. Of the 14 studies, seven used standardized diagnostic instruments as measures of depression, whereas the other seven stud...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Netterstrom, B., Conrad, N., Bech, P., Fink, P., Olsen, O., Rugulies, R., Stansfeld, S. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Blues from the Neighborhood? Neighborhood Characteristics and DepressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Unipolar major depression ranks among the leading contributors to the global burden of disease. Although established risk factors for depression include a variety of individual-level characteristics, neighborhood etiologic factors have been relatively understudied, with several such attributes (neighborhood socioeconomic status, physical conditions, services/amenities, social capital, social disorder) possessing plausible linkages to depression. Using the PubMed database (1966–2008) and the Social Sciences Citation Index database (1956–2008), the author undertook a systematic review of the published literature ...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Kim, D. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Psychosis and PlaceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One important line of epidemiologic inquiry implicating social context in the etiology of psychosis is the examination of spatial variation in the distribution of psychotic illness. The authors conducted a systematic review of evidence from urbanicity and neighborhood studies regarding spatial variation in the incidence of psychosis in developed countries since 1950. A total of 44 studies (20 of urbanicity and 24 of neighborhood) were culled from three databases with similar time frames: Medline (1950–2007), PsychInfo (1950–2007), and Sociological Abstracts (1952–2007). With a special emphasis on social f...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: March, D., Hatch, S. L., Morgan, C., Kirkbride, J. B., Bresnahan, M., Fearon, P., Susser, E. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Population-based Cohort Studies on Premorbid Cognitive Function in SchizophreniaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, children and adolescents with poor cognitive abilities in childhood are at increased risk of schizophrenia. This suggests that poor cognitive function is either directly causal or associated with causal factors that are involved in etiology. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: MacCabe, J. H. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Schizophrenia: A Concise Overview of Incidence, Prevalence, and MortalityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the epidemiology of schizophrenia is characterized by prominent variability and gradients that can help guide future research. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: McGrath, J., Saha, S., Chant, D., Welham, J. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Dementia Prevention: Methodological Explanations for Inconsistent ResultsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The prevention of neurodegenerative dementias, such as Alzheimer disease, is a growing public health concern, because of a lack of effective curative treatment options and a rising global prevalence. Various potential risk or preventive factors have been suggested by epidemiologic research, including modifiable lifestyle factors, such as social contacts, leisure activities, physical exercise, and diet, as well as some preventive pharmacologic strategies, such as hormone replacement therapy, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, and Ginkgo biloba. Some factors have been targeted by interventions tested in randomized controll...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Coley, N., Andrieu, S., Gardette, V., Gillette-Guyonnet, S., Sanz, C., Vellas, B., Grand, A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Dementia of the Alzheimer TypeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dementia of the Alzheimer type is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative condition characterized by deterioration in cognition and memory, progressive impairment in the ability to carry out activities of daily living, and a number of neuropsychiatric symptoms. This narrative review summarizes the literature regarding descriptive epidemiology, clinical course, and characteristic neuropathological changes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Although there are no definitive imaging or laboratory tests, except for brain biopsy, for diagnosis, brief screening instruments and neuropsychiatric test batteries used to assess the dis...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jalbert, J. J., Daiello, L. A., Lapane, K. L. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Burden of Mental DisordersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the last decade, there has been an increase in interest in the burden of chronic and disabling health conditions that are not necessarily fatal, such as the mental disorders. This review systematically summarizes data on the burden associated with 11 major mental disorders of adults. The measures of burden include estimates of prevalence, mortality associated with the disorders, disabilities and impairments related to the disorders, and costs. This review expands the range of mental disorders considered in a report on the global burden of disease, updates the literature, presents information on the range and depth of so...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - October 29, 2008 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Eaton, W. W., Martins, S. S., Nestadt, G., Bienvenu, O. J., Clarke, D., Alexandre, P. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Obesity Epidemic in the United States Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression AnalysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Real Contribution of Added Sugars and Fats to ObesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Obesity rates in the United States are a function of socioeconomic status. Higher rates are found among groups with lower educational and income levels, among racial and ethnic minorities, and in high-poverty areas. Yet, the relation between obesity, nutrition, and diet continues to be viewed in biologic terms, with the search for likely causes focused on consumption of specific macronutrients, foods, or food groups. Epidemiologic evidence linking diet composition and body weight has mostly relied on ecologic comparisons, time trends, and analyses of cross-sectional studies. Plausible physiologic mechanisms have included t...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Drewnowski, A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Promoting Physical Activity Participation among Children and AdolescentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
With global increases in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, there has never been a more urgent need for effective physical activity programs. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the evidence of the effectiveness of interventions that report physical activity outcomes in children aged 4–12 years and adolescents aged 13–19 years. A systematic search of electronic databases identified 76 interventions. Most interventions were delivered via the school setting (57 interventions), nine through the family setting, six via primary care, and four in community- or Intern...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Salmon, J., Booth, M. L., Phongsavan, P., Murphy, N., Timperio, A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Built Environment and ObesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Obesity results from a complex interaction between diet, physical activity, and the environment. The built environment encompasses a range of physical and social elements that make up the structure of a community and may influence obesity. This review summarizes existing empirical research relating the built environment to obesity. The Medline, PsychInfo, and Web of Science databases were searched using the keywords "obesity" or "overweight" and "neighborhood" or "built environment" or "environment." The search was restricted to English-language articles conducted in human populations between 1966 and 2007. To meet inclusi...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Papas, M. A., Alberg, A. J., Ewing, R., Helzlsouer, K. J., Gary, T. L., Klassen, A. C. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Comparison of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Waist/Hip Ratio in Predicting Incident Diabetes: A Meta-AnalysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Body mass index, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio have been shown to be associated with type 2 diabetes. From the clinical perspective, central obesity (approximated by waist circumference or waist/hip ratio) is known to generate diabetogenic substances and should therefore be more informative than general obesity (body mass index). Because of their high correlation, from the statistical perspective, body mass index and waist circumference are unlikely to yield different answers. To compare associations of diabetes incidence with general and central obesity indicators, the authors conducted a meta-analysis based on...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Vazquez, G., Duval, S., Jacobs, D. R., Silventoinen, K. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Biomarkers of Obesity and Subsequent Cardiovascular EventsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this review is to identify potential early biomarkers resulting from obesity and associated with cardiovascular disease. Studies were initially identified through the search engine PubMed by using the keywords "obesity" and "biomarker." Subsequently, combinations of the keywords "obesity," "biomarker," "cardiovascular risk," "adipose tissue," "adipokine," "adipocytokine," and "oxidative stress" were used. The SOURCE database and Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) were used to obtain more information on the biomarkers. Results of the searches yielded a large number of potential biomarkers that occur...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Musaad, S., Haynes, E. N. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Obesity and Prostate Cancer: Making Sense out of Apparently Conflicting DataEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Both obesity and prostate cancer are epidemic in Western society. Although initial epidemiologic data appeared conflicting, recent studies, especially large prospective studies published in the past 6–12 months, have clarified the association between obesity and prostate cancer. The aim of this paper is to review the epidemiologic data linking obesity and prostate cancer, with an emphasis on new data published since 2005. A PubMed search was done on the keywords, "prostate cancer" and "obesity." Relevant articles and their references were reviewed for data on the association between obesity and prostate cancer. Recen...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Freedland, S. J., Platz, E. A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Abdominal Obesity and Fatty LiverEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, clinical and epidemiologic studies of abdominal fat and liver fat content suggest a direct association between abdominal fat and liver fat content which is probably accounted for by visceral fat. However, results from the included studies do not allow strong conclusions regarding the temporal sequence of events. Future longitudinal studies are recommended to obtain additional information on associations and mechanisms. Both abdominal fat depots and other body compartments of interest should be included to further investigate the association between specific fat depots and liver fat content. Biomarkers may pr...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Jakobsen, M., Berentzen, T, Sorensen, T., Overvad, K Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Childhood Overweight, Obesity, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Developing CountriesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The incidence of chronic disease is escalating much more rapidly in developing countries than in industrialized countries. A potential emerging public health issue may be the increasing incidence of childhood obesity in developing countries and the resulting socioeconomic and public health burden faced by these countries in the near future. In a systematic review carried out through an electronic search of the literature from 1950–2007, the author compared data from surveys on the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome among children living in developing countries. The highest prevalence of chi...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Kelishadi, R. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Genetic Epidemiology of ObesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Obesity has become a global epidemic and contributes to the increasing burden of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, some types of cancer, and premature death worldwide. Obesity is highly heritable and arises from the interactions of multiple genes, environmental factors, and behavior. In this paper, the authors reviewed recent developments in genetic epidemiologic research, focusing particularly on several promising genomic regions and obesity-related genes. Gene-gene and gene-environment interactions of obesity were also discussed. Published studies were accessed through the MEDLINE database. The authors als...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Yang, W., Kelly, T., He, J. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Socioeconomic Status and ObesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this review was to update Sobal and Stunkard's exhaustive review of the literature on the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and obesity (Psychol Bull 1989;105:260–75). Diverse research databases (including CINAHL, ERIC, MEDLINE, and Social Science Abstracts) were comprehensively searched during the years 1988–2004 inclusive, using "obesity," "socioeconomic status," and synonyms as search terms. A total of 333 published studies, representing 1,914 primarily cross-sectional associations, were included in the review. The overall pattern of results, for both men and women, was of an incre...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: McLaren, L. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Obesity Epidemic in the United States--Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression AnalysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, obesity has increased at an alarming rate in the United States over the past three decades. The associations of obesity with gender, age, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status are complex and dynamic. Related population-based programs and policies are needed. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

The Global Epidemic of Obesity: An OverviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 12, 2007 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Caballero, B. Tags: ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Nationwide Hepatitis B Vaccination Program in Taiwan: Effectiveness in the 20 Years After It Was LaunchedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, since 1984, the national hepatitis B vaccination program has been successful in preventing acute and chronic liver diseases in Taiwan. (Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Chien, Y.-C., Jan, C.-F., Kuo, H.-S., Chen, C.-J. Source Type: journals

Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Epidemiology and VaccinationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Worldwide, two billion people have been infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), 360 million have chronic infection, and 600,000 die each year from HBV-related liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma. This comprehensive review of hepatitis B epidemiology and vaccines focuses on definitive and influential studies and highlights current trends, policies, and directions. HBV can be transmitted vertically, through sexual or household contact, or by unsafe injections, but chronic infections acquired during infancy or childhood account for a disproportionately large share of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Vaccination against...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Shepard, C. W., Simard, E. P., Finelli, L., Fiore, A. E., Bell, B. P. Source Type: journals

Hepatitis A in the Era of VaccinationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The World Health Organization estimates an annual total of 1.5 million clinical cases of hepatitis A worldwide, but seroprevalence data indicate that tens of millions of hepatitis A virus infections occur each year. In the United States in the 1980s–1990s, an average of 26,000 acute hepatitis A cases were reported per year, representing approximately 270,000 infections annually. Since licensure of effective hepatitis A vaccines in the mid-1990s, US hepatitis A rates have fallen precipitously—particularly since 1999, when routine childhood vaccination was recommended in states with consistently elevated rates. B...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Wasley, A., Fiore, A., Bell, B. P. Source Type: journals

Mathematical Models for Predicting the Epidemiologic and Economic Impact of Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus Infection and DiseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of cervical cancer, other anogenital cancers, genital warts, and recurrent respiratory papillomatosis. Clinical studies have demonstrated that a prophylactic HPV vaccine can prevent infection, genital warts, and the precancerous lesions that lead to cervical cancer. Given the absence of data on the long-term effectiveness of HPV vaccination, a number of mathematical models have been developed to provide insight to policy makers by projecting the long-term epidemiologic and economic consequences of vaccination and evaluate alternative vaccination policies. This ...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Dasbach, E. J., Elbasha, E. H., Insinga, R. P. Source Type: journals

Prevention of Congenital Rubella Syndrome--What Makes Sense in 2006?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review summarizes the practical aspects of rubella immunization programs in both developed and developing countries. Routine use of rubella vaccine is gradually resulting in the elimination of endemic rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in the developed world, and routine use of vaccine in young children is now being implemented in many developing countries. However, such programs must achieve high immunization rates or be supplemented by the immunization of seronegative women of childbearing age to prevent a paradoxical increase in CRS as the burden of illness is shifted to an older age group. There are man...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Robinson, J. L., Lee, B. E., Preiksaitis, J. K., Plitt, S., Tipples, G. A. Source Type: journals

Vaccine Preventable Diseases and Vaccination Policy for Indigenous PopulationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Compared with nonindigenous people, indigenous people in first-world countries have experienced much higher rates of many vaccine preventable diseases. This systematic review of published scientific literature, government reports, and immunization guidelines from Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States compares pre- and postvaccination disease rates and vaccination policy for indigenous people in these four countries. Nationally funded universal vaccination programs are clearly the most effective way of reducing disease in indigenous populations. Most successful have been programs for viral diseases in which ...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Menzies, R., McIntyre, P. Source Type: journals

Distribution of Influenza Vaccine to High-Risk GroupsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vaccine distribution programs have historically targeted individuals at high risk of complications due to influenza. Despite recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, vaccination coverage among high-risk populations has been generally low. This review systematically summarizes the recent literature evaluating programs in different settings, from within medical settings to venue-based and community-based approaches, in an effort to identify successful program components. The published literature was identified by using the MEDLINE database from 1990 to 2006 covering studies that reported on inte...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Ompad, D. C., Galea, S., Vlahov, D. Source Type: journals

Delivering Influenza Vaccine to Pregnant WomenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pregnant women have an increased risk of influenza infection and complications. The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices currently recommends vaccination for women who are pregnant during influenza season. The authors review the literature concerning influenza vaccine safety, effectiveness, and coverage rates during pregnancy, as well as opportunities to improve vaccination rates during pregnancy. No study has demonstrated an increased risk of maternal complications or adverse fetal outcomes associated with inactivated influenza vaccine. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of vaccination during pregnancy, a...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Naleway, A. L., Smith, W. J., Mullooly, J. P. Source Type: journals

Interdisciplinary Epidemiologic and Economic Research Needed to Support a Universal Childhood Influenza Vaccination PolicyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent research indicates that influenza vaccination of children may decrease the influenza disease burden in adults to a greater extent than targeting vaccination to populations at high risk of serious disease. Possible new policies reflecting these results would add groups most likely to transmit disease to existing vaccination recommendations. Interdisciplinary research combining epidemiology with economics is needed to answer critical questions about the desirability and feasibility of potential new policies, such as what additional resources medical providers might need to expand vaccination to larger groups or what o...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Coleman, M. S., Washington, M. L., Orenstein, W. A., Gazmararian, J. A., Prill, M. M. Source Type: journals

Measuring Immunization Coverage among Preschool Children: Past, Present, and Future OpportunitiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Control of vaccine-preventable diseases depends on maintaining high levels of immunization coverage. Immunization coverage among preschool children remains suboptimal in some areas and sociodemographic subgroups, as well as for more recently introduced vaccines, leaving susceptible young children vulnerable to complications from vaccine-preventable diseases. This paper reviews approaches historically used to measure immunization coverage among preschool children in the United States. The strengths and weaknesses of various approaches to measuring immunization coverage among preschool children are explored, with emphasis on...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Salmon, D. A., Smith, P. J., Navar, A. M., Pan, W. K. Y., Omer, S. B., Singleton, J. A., Halsey, N. A. Source Type: journals

Immunization to Protect the US Armed Forces: Heritage, Current Practice, and ProspectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article consolidates content from several previous historical reviews, adds additional sources, and cites primary literature regarding military contributions and accomplishments. Discussion emphasizes smallpox, typhoid fever, tetanus, influenza, meningococcal disease, adenovirus, yellow fever, pneumococcal disease, and anthrax. Delivery issues include documentation, simultaneous immunization, seroscreening, safety surveillance, jet injection, and cold-chain management. Immunization policies for each major US conflict are described. Military immunization programs need to be individualized on the basis of personal contr...
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Grabenstein, J. D., Pittman, P. R., Greenwood, J. T., Engler, R. J.M. Source Type: journals

Editorial: Vaccines and Public HealthEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Epidemiologic Reviews)
Source: Epidemiologic Reviews - July 20, 2006 Category: Epidemiology Authors: Ibrahim, M. A. Source Type: journals