European Journal of Neuroscience
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The development of automated access to symbolic and non-symbolic number knowledge in children: an ERP study
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Infants can visually detect changes in numerosity, which suggests that a (non-symbolic) numerosity system is already present early in life. This non-symbolic system is hypothesized to serve as the basis for the later acquired symbolic system. Little is known about the processes underlying the transition from the non-symbolic to symbolic code. In the current study we investigated the development of automatization of symbolic number processing in children from second (6.0 years) and fourth grade (8.0 years) and adults using a symbolic and non-symbolic size congruency task and event-related potentials (ERPs) as a measure. The...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Titia Gebuis, Inkeri K. Herfs, J. Leon Kenemans, Edward H. F. de Haan, Maarten J. van der Smagt Source Type: journals
Regional specificity in dopamine signaling during reward-related learning(Commentary on Aragona et al.)Email this article to a colleague.
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(Source: European Journal of Neuroscience)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Stan B. Floresco Source Type: journals
Context-specific modulation of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization and ERK and CREB phosphorylation in the rat nucleus accumbensEmail this article to a colleague.
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Learned associations are hypothesized to develop between drug effects and contextual stimuli during repeated drug administration to produce context-specific sensitization that is expressed only in the drug-associated environment and not in a non-drug-paired environment. The neuroadaptations that mediate such context-specific behavior are largely unknown. We investigated context-specific modulation of cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation and that of four upstream kinases in the nucleus accumbens that phosphorylate CREB, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), cAMP-dependent protein kin...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marcelo T. Marin, Alexander Berkow, Sam A. Golden, Eisuke Koya, Cleopatra S. Planeta, Bruce T. Hope Source Type: journals
Cerebellar involvement in timing accuracy of rhythmic finger movements in essential tremorEmail this article to a colleague.
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The cerebellum is involved in the generation of essential tremor (ET) and cerebellar timing function is altered in patients with ET showing an increased variability of rhythmic hand movements. Using a sensor-engineered glove, we evaluated motor behaviour during repetitive finger tapping movements in 15 patients with ET and in 11 age- and gender-matched normal subjects. In addition, we investigated whether, in patients with ET, an inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (1 Hz-rTMS) over lateral cerebellum was able to change timing properties and motor behaviour. Patients with ET showed a longer touch duratio...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Laura Avanzino, Marco Bove, Andrea Tacchino, Piero Ruggeri, Alessandro Giannini, Carlo Trompetto, Giovanni Abbruzzese Source Type: journals
Molecular neuroimaging in rodents: assessing receptor expression and functionEmail this article to a colleague.
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Multimodal non-invasive neuroimaging in rodents constitutes an attractive tool for studying neurobiological processes in vivo. At present, imaging studies of brain anatomy and function as well as the investigation of structure[ndash]function relationships belong to the standard repertoire of neuroscientists. Molecular imaging adds a new perspective. The mapping of the receptor distribution and receptor occupancy can nowadays be complemented by specific readouts of receptor function either by visualizing the activity of signaling pathways or mapping the physiological consequences of receptor stimulation. Molecular informati...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Thomas Mueggler, Christof Baltes, Markus Rudin Source Type: journals
Orbitofrontal inactivation impairs reversal of Pavlovian learning by interfering with 'disinhibition' of responding for previously unrewarded cuesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical for reversal learning. Reversal deficits are typically demonstrated in complex settings that combine Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Yet recent work has implicated the OFC specifically in behaviors guided by cues and the features of the specific outcomes they predict. To test whether the OFC is important for reversing such Pavlovian associations in the absence of confounding instrumental requirements, we trained rats on a simple Pavlovian task in which two auditory cues were presented, one paired with a food pellet reward and the other presented without reward. After learning, we...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kathryn A. Burke, Yuji K. Takahashi, Jessica Correll, P. Leon Brown, Geoffrey Schoenbaum Source Type: journals
Subjective mental time: the functional architecture of projecting the self to past and futureEmail this article to a colleague.
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Human experience takes place in the line of mental time (MT) created through 'self-projection' of oneself to different time-points in the past or future. Here we manipulated self-projection in MT not only with respect to one's life events but also with respect to one's faces from different past and future time-points. Behavioural and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging activity showed three independent effects characterized by (i) similarity between past recollection and future imagination, (ii) facilitation of judgements related to the future as compared with the past, and (iii) facilitation of judgements ...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Shahar Arzy, Sven Collette, Silvio Ionta, Eleonora Fornari, Olaf Blanke Source Type: journals
Experience-dependent increase in spine calcium evoked by backpropagating action potentials in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in rat somatosensory cortexEmail this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, (i) the bAP-evoked calcium transient gradient along the dendrite length is established at P8, (ii) the calcium transient increases in amplitude with age and (iii) this increase is enhanced in layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons located in a sensory-deprived barrel column that is bordered by non-deprived barrel columns. (Source: European Journal of Neuroscience)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Patrik Krieger Source Type: journals
Acute action of rotenone on nigral dopaminergic neurons – involvement of reactive oxygen species and disruption of Ca2+ homeostasisEmail this article to a colleague.
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Rotenone is a toxin used to generate animal models of Parkinson's disease; however, the mechanisms of toxicity in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neurons have not been well characterized. We have investigated rotenone (0.05[ndash]1 [mu]m) effects on SNc neurons in acute rat midbrain slices, using whole-cell patch-clamp recording combined with microfluorometry. Rotenone evoked a tolbutamide-sensitive outward current (94 ± 15 pA) associated with increases in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) (73.8 ± 7.7 nm) and intracellular [Na+] (3.1 ± 0.6 mm) (all with 1 [mu]m). The outward current was not affected by a high ATP leve...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Peter S. Freestone, Kenny K. H. Chung, Ezia Guatteo, Nicola B. Mercuri, Louise F.B. Nicholson, Janusz Lipski Source Type: journals
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex decreases valuations during food choicesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Several studies have found decision-making-related value signals in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, it is unknown whether the DLPFC plays a causal role in decision-making, or whether it implements computations that are correlated with valuations, but that do not participate in the valuation process itself. We addressed this question by using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) while subjects were involved in an economic valuation task involving the consumption of real foods. We found that, as compared with a control condition, application of rTMS to the right DLPFC caused a decrease in ...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Mickael Camus, Neil Halelamien, Hilke Plassmann, Shinsuke Shimojo, John O'Doherty, Colin Camerer, Antonio Rangel Source Type: journals
Disruptions to human speed perception induced by motion adaptation and transcranial magnetic stimulationEmail this article to a colleague.
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To investigate the underlying nature of the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on speed perception, we applied repetitive TMS (rTMS) to human V5/MT+ following adaptation to either fast- (20 deg/s) or slow (4 deg/s)-moving grating stimuli. The adapting stimuli induced changes in the perceived speed of a standard reference stimulus moving at 10 deg/s. In the absence of rTMS, adaptation to the slower stimulus led to an increase in perceived speed of the reference, whilst adaptation to the faster stimulus produced a reduction in perceived speed. These induced changes in speed perception can be modelled by a rat...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M. P. Burton, D. J. McKeefry, B. T. Barrett, C. Vakrou, A. B. Morland Source Type: journals
Distribution of colour-selective activity in the monkey inferior temporal cortex revealed by functional magnetic resonance imagingEmail this article to a colleague.
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Previous electrophysiological, neuroimaging and lesion studies have suggested that the anterior part of the monkey inferior temporal (IT) cortex, or area TE, plays an important role in colour processing. However, little is known about how colour information is distributed in these cortical regions. Here, we explored the distribution of colour-selective activity in alert macaque monkeys using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with two types of stimuli: a multicoloured ('Mondrian') pattern and an isoluminant colour grating. These two types of stimuli are both commonly used in human fMRI studies, but Mondrian stimu...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Takuya Harada, Naokazu Goda, Tadashi Ogawa, Minami Ito, Hiroshi Toyoda, Norihiro Sadato, Hidehiko Komatsu Source Type: journals
Regional specificity in the real-time development of phasic dopamine transmission patterns during acquisition of a cue–cocaine association in ratsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Drug seeking is significantly regulated by drug-associated cues and associative learning between environmental cues and cocaine reward is mediated by dopamine transmission within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, dopamine transmission during early acquisition of a cue[ndash]cocaine association has never been assessed because of the technical difficulties associated with resolving cue-evoked and cocaine-evoked dopamine release within the same conditioning trial. Here, we used fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure sub-second fluctuations in dopamine concentration within the NAc core and shell during the initial acquisi...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Brandon J. Aragona, Jeremy J. Day, Mitchell F. Roitman, Nathan A. Cleaveland, R. Mark Wightman, Regina M. Carelli Source Type: journals
Large-scale reorganization of corticofugal fibers after neonatal hemidecortication for functional restoration of forelimb movementsEmail this article to a colleague.
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As an experimental model to study the mechanism of large-scale network plasticity of the juvenile brain, functional compensation after neonatal brain damage was studied in rats that received unilateral decortication at postnatal day 5. These animals exhibited a marked ability in reaching and grasping movements in the contralesional side of the forelimb when tested at 10[ndash]14 weeks of age. Additional lesion of the sensorimotor cortex in the remaining contralesional hemisphere at this stage resulted in severe impairment of both forelimbs. It was suggested that the sensorimotor cortex on the contralesional side was contro...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 7, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Masahito Takahashi, Anusara Vattanajun, Tatsuya Umeda, Kaoru Isa, Tadashi Isa Source Type: journals
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation is required for consolidation and reconsolidation of memory at an early stage of ontogenesisEmail this article to a colleague.
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The ability to form long-term memories exists very early during ontogeny; however, the properties of early memory processes, brain structures involved and underlying cellular mechanisms are poorly defined. Here, we examine the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/ERK signaling cascade, which is crucial for adult memory, in the consolidation and reconsolidation of an early memory using a conditioned taste aversion paradigm in 3-day-old rat pups. We show that intraperitoneal injection of SL327, the upstream mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor, imp...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 6, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Solène Languille, Sabrina Davis, Paulette Richer, Cristina Alcacer, Serge Laroche, Bernard Hars Source Type: journals
Distinct brain networks in recognition memory share a defined region in the precuneusEmail this article to a colleague.
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Current models of recognition memory performance postulate that there are two fundamentally distinct retrieval processes, i.e. recollection and familiarity. This view has been challenged and little is known from human research about the functional connectivity of the brain areas involved in these processes. In our study we used a Remember-Know procedure to assess the functional connectivity of brain regions under recognition memory in 30 healthy adults. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we analysed the blood oxygen level-dependent responses during correct Remember, correct Know, correct Rejection and missed resp...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 6, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Denise Dörfel, Annett Werner, Michael Schaefer, Rüdiger von Kummer, Anke Karl Source Type: journals
Avian hippocampal role in space and content memoryEmail this article to a colleague.
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The present study examined whether the hippocampal formation of homing pigeons (Columba livia) was necessary for learning the contents of different goal locations in an open-field, laboratory environment. Results showed that, although control animals were able to distinguish between two goal locations that contained food items of different quality, pigeons with bilateral hippocampal lesions were impaired in goal-quality discrimination, even though non-spatial cues could have been used to distinguish between goal locations. Probe trials further revealed that the hippocampal formation-lesioned pigeons were impaired in the us...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 6, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Meghan C. Kahn, Verner P. Bingman Source Type: journals
Early processing in the human lateral occipital complex is highly responsive to illusory contours but not to salient regionsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Human electrophysiological studies support a model whereby sensitivity to so-called illusory contour stimuli is first seen within the lateral occipital complex. A challenge to this model posits that the lateral occipital complex is a general site for crude region-based segmentation, based on findings of equivalent hemodynamic activations in the lateral occipital complex to illusory contour and so-called salient region stimuli, a stimulus class that lacks the classic bounding contours of illusory contours. Using high-density electrical mapping of visual evoked potentials, we show that early lateral occipital cortex activity...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 6, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marina Shpaner, Micah M. Murray, John J. Foxe Source Type: journals
Overexpression of GAP-43 modifies the distribution of the receptors for myelin-associated growth-inhibitory proteins in injured Purkinje axonsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Neurons with enhanced intrinsic growth capabilities can elongate their axons into non-permissive territories, but the mechanisms that enable the outgrowing processes to overcome environmental inhibition are largely unknown. To address this issue, we examined adult mouse Purkinje cells that overexpress the axonal growth-associated protein GAP-43. After injury, these neurons exhibit sprouting along the intracortical neuritic course and at the severed stump in the white matter. To determine whether GAP-43-overexpressing Purkinje cells are responsive to extrinsic inhibitory cues, we investigated the content and subcellular loc...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - November 6, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Simona Foscarin, Sara Gianola, Daniela Carulli, Pietro Fazzari, Sha Mi, Luca Tamagnone, Ferdinando Rossi Source Type: journals
The SCN-independent clocks, methamphetamine and food restrictionEmail this article to a colleague.
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The circadian system in mammals consists of the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the peripheral clocks in a variety of tissues and organs. The SCN clock entrains to a light[ndash]dark cycle and resets the peripheral clocks. In addition, there are at least two other clocks in the circadian domain which are independent of the SCN and which entrain to nonphotic time cues: methamphetamine (MAP)-induced and restricted daily feeding (RF)-induced clocks. Neither the site nor the mechanism of SCN-independent clocks is known. Canonical clock genes for circadian oscillation are not required for the...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 29, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ken-ichi Honma, Sato Honma Source Type: journals
Neural basis of timing and anticipatory behaviorsEmail this article to a colleague.
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The ability to anticipate physiological needs and to predict the availability of desirable resources optimizes the likelihood of survival for an organism. The neural basis of the complex behaviors associated with anticipatory responses is now being delineated. Anticipation likely involves learning and memory, reward and punishment, memory and cognition, arousal and feedback associated with changes in internal and external state, homeostatic processes and timing mechanisms. While anticipation can occur on a variety of timescales (seconds to minutes to hours to days to a year), there have been great strides made towards unde...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Michael C. Antle, Rae Silver Source Type: journals
Feeding signals and brain circuitryEmail this article to a colleague.
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Food intake is a major physiological function in animals and must be entrained to the circadian oscillations in food availability. In the last two decades a growing number of reports have shed light on the hormonal, cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of food intake. Brain areas located in the hypothalamus have been shown to play a pivotal role in the regulation of energy metabolism, controlling energy balance. In these areas, neuronal plasticity has been reported that is dependent upon key hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, that are produced by peripheral organs. This review will provide an ove...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marcelo O. Dietrich, Tamas L. Horvath Source Type: journals
Food-anticipatory circadian rhythms: concepts and methodsEmail this article to a colleague.
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Rats, mice and other species can behaviorally anticipate a predictable daily mealtime by entrainment of circadian oscillators (food-entrainable oscillators) distinct from those (light-entrainable oscillators) that regulate light-dark entrained rhythms of behavior and physiology. Neurobiological analysis of food-anticipatory rhythms has progressed slowly but is gaining pace. Food-anticipatory rhythms have proven to be surprisingly robust to many neural and circadian clock gene perturbations. A few neural ablation sites or gene mutations have been associated with loss or marked attenuation of anticipatory rhythms, but in eac...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ralph E. Mistlberger Source Type: journals
Bidirectional interactions between the circadian and reward systems: is restricted food access a unique zeitgeber?Email this article to a colleague.
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Reward is mediated by a distributed series of midbrain and basal forebrain structures collectively referred to as the brain reward system. Recent evidence indicates that an additional regulatory system, the circadian system, can modulate reward-related learning. Diurnal or circadian changes in drug self-administration, responsiveness to drugs of abuse and reward to natural stimuli have been reported. These variations are associated with daily rhythms in mesolimbic electrical activity, dopamine synthesis and metabolism, and local clock gene oscillations. Conversely, the presentation of rewards appears capable of influencing...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ian C. Webb, Ricardo M. Baltazar, Michael N. Lehman, Lique M. Coolen Source Type: journals
Thalamo-cortical processing of near-threshold somatosensory stimuli in humansEmail this article to a colleague.
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Somatosensory stimuli elicit complex cortical responses that are discernible as somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) in scalp electroencephalographic recordings. Whereas earlier SEP components, occurring up to 100 ms after stimulus delivery, have been labeled 'preconscious', later responses have been associated with stimulus awareness. To date, how far these processes are primarily cortical or comprise additional subcortical operations remains open. Therefore, we recorded thalamic and scalp SEPs evoked by perceived as well as unperceived median nerve stimulation in neurosurgical patients with electrodes implanted into th...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Fabian Klostermann, Michael Wahl, Jesko Schomann, Andreas Kupsch, Gabriel Curio, Frank Marzinzik Source Type: journals
Peripheral oscillators: the driving force for food-anticipatory activityEmail this article to a colleague.
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Food-anticipatory activity (FAA) and especially the food-entrained oscillator (FEO) have driven many scientists to seek their mechanisms and locations. Starting our research on FAA we, possibly like many other scientists, were convinced that clock genes held the key to the location and the underlying mechanisms for FAA. In this review, which is aimed especially at discussing the contribution of the peripheral oscillators, we have put together the accumulating evidence that the clock gene machinery as we know it today is not sufficient to explain food entrainment. We discuss the contribution of three types of oscillating pr...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Carolina Escobar, Cathy Cailotto, Manuel Angeles-Castellanos, Roberto Salgado Delgado, Ruud M. Buijs Source Type: journals
Complex regional influence of photoperiod on the nycthemeral functioning of the dorsal and median raphé serotoninergic system in the Syrian hamsterEmail this article to a colleague.
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The Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) is a widely used species for the study of biological clock synchronization and photoperiodism. The serotoninergic system arising from the median (MnR) and the dorsal raphé (DR) is a major actor in circadian clock synchronization. This serotoninergic system is also associated with functions and behaviours influenced by seasonal changes. The aim of the present study was to assess the influence of photoperiod on the daily functioning of the MnR and DR serotoninergic system. The morphology of both raphé nuclei was analysed in hamsters kept under long and short photoperiod by immunocy...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 27, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Laurent Nexon, Vincent-J. Poirel, Daniel Clesse, Paul Pévet, Sylvie Raison Source Type: journals
Food-entrainable circadian oscillators in the brainEmail this article to a colleague.
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Circadian rhythms in mammalian behaviour and physiology rely on daily oscillations in the expression of canonical clock genes. Circadian rhythms in clock gene expression are observed in the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus but are also observed in many other brain regions that have diverse roles, including influences on motivational and emotional state, learning, hormone release and feeding. Increasingly, important links between circadian rhythms and metabolism are being uncovered. In particular, restricted feeding (RF) schedules which limit food availability to a single meal each day lead to the inducti...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: M. Verwey, S. Amir Source Type: journals
Lesion studies targeting food-anticipatory activityEmail this article to a colleague.
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Behavior ablation remains a powerful, if not cutting-edge, approach for localization of function within the nervous system. The initial discovery of the suprachiasmatic nuclei as the site of the mammalian light-entrainable circadian pacemaker is owed to this approach. Food-anticipatory activity (FAA), an output of a putative feeding-entrainable circadian pacemaker, is a behavior that has been surprisingly resilient to elimination by surgical lesion. Here we review this literature, with particular attention paid to recent studies aimed at defining the role of the dorsomedial hypothalamus in the generation of FAA. This liter...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Alec J. Davidson Source Type: journals
Neurogenetics of food anticipationEmail this article to a colleague.
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Circadian clocks enable the organisms to anticipate predictable cycling events in the environment. The mechanisms of the main circadian clock, localized in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus, involve intracellular autoregulatory transcriptional loops of specific genes, called clock genes. In the suprachiasmatic clock, circadian oscillations of clock genes are primarily reset by light, thus allowing the organisms to be in phase with the light[ndash]dark cycle. Another circadian timing system is dedicated to preparing the organisms for the ongoing meal or food availability: the so-called food-entrainable system, ...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Etienne Challet, Jorge Mendoza, Hugues Dardente, Paul Pévet Source Type: journals
The rabbit pup, a natural model of nursing-anticipatory activityEmail this article to a colleague.
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In conclusion, the rabbit pup is an extraordinary model for studying the entraining by a single daily food pulse with minimal manipulations. The mother offers the possibility of studying nursing as a non-photic synchronizer, also with minimal manipulation, as suckling stimulation from the litter occurs only once daily. (Source: European Journal of Neuroscience)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Mario Caba, Gabriela González-Mariscal Source Type: journals
Timing and anticipation: conceptual and methodological approachesEmail this article to a colleague.
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Anticipation occurs on timescales ranging from milliseconds to hours to days. This paper relates the theoretical and methodological developments in the study of interval timing in the seconds, minutes and hours range to research on the anticipatory activity induced by regularly timed daily meals. Daily food-anticipatory activity (FAA) is entrained by procedures which are formally identical to procedures studied in Pavlovian and operant conditioning except for the long duration of the interval between feeding opportunities. As in FAA, the conditioning procedures induce orderly anticipatory activity in advance of food presen...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Peter Balsam, Hugo Sanchez-Castillo, Kathleen Taylor, Heather Van Volkinburg, Ryan D. Ward Source Type: journals
Theoretical and conceptual issues in time–place discriminationEmail this article to a colleague.
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This article reviews a number of examples of time[ndash]place discrimination. The review highlights theoretical and conceptual issues that are needed to behaviorally identify the mechanisms responsible for time[ndash]place performance. Next, limitations on time[ndash]place performance that may be imposed by a circadian system are described. Finally, a number of lines of research that broaden these limitations are discussed. These lines of research include studies that suggest that (i) a broad range of long intervals (outside the limited range of circadian entrainment) are timed, (ii) at least some long intervals (16[ndash]...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Jonathon D. Crystal Source Type: journals
Relationship of arousal to circadian anticipatory behavior: ventromedial hypothalamus: one node in a hunger–arousal networkEmail this article to a colleague.
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The mechanisms by which animals adapt to an ever-changing environment have long fascinated scientists. Different forces, conveying information regarding various aspects of the internal and external environment, interact with each other to modulate behavioral arousal. These forces can act in concert or, at times, in opposite directions. These signals eventually converge and are integrated to influence a common arousal pathway which, depending on all the information received from the environment, supports the activation of the most appropriate behavioral response. In this review we propose that the ventromedial hypothalamic ...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ana C. Ribeiro, Joseph LeSauter, Christophe Dupré, Donald W. Pfaff Source Type: journals
Involvement of paraoxonase 1 genetic variants in Alzheimer's disease neuropathologyEmail this article to a colleague.
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Evidence suggests that the genes involved in brain lipid homeostasis are of particular relevance for Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Among these genes, that encoding paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has gained newfound interest from a public health perspective, as recent studies have suggested that PON1 L55M and Q192R genetic variants might affect individual susceptibility to environmental events, such as exposure to cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase inhibitor therapy being the treatment of choice for patients with mild to moderate AD, we sought to answer two main questions: (i) are these genetic variants associated with in...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 26, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Valérie Leduc, Louise Théroux, Doris Dea, Yves Robitaille, Judes Poirier Source Type: journals
Analysis of the nicastrin promoter rs10752637 polymorphism and its association with Alzheimer's diseaseEmail this article to a colleague.
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In this study we investigated the effect of a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; rs10752637), located in the promoter region of the NCSTN gene, on NCSTN promoter activity. First, the rs10752637 genotypes were determined in a Chinese population consisting of 462 patients with sporadic AD and 470 normal control subjects. The distributions of the rs10752637 genotypes and allele frequencies were significantly different between the AD and control groups, with the -922T allele significantly associated with the occurrence of AD. Reporter assays indicated that the rs10752637 -922T allele had a significantly increased promoter ac...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Li Zhong, Qiu Dong-hai, Liu Hong-ying, Lei Qing-feng Source Type: journals
Influence of photoperiod duration and light–dark transitions on entrainment of Per1 and Per2 gene and protein expression in subdivisions of the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleusEmail this article to a colleague.
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The circadian clock located within the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus responds to changes in the duration of day length, i.e. photoperiod. Recently, changes in phase relationships among the SCN cell subpopulations, especially between the rostral and caudal region, were implicated in the SCN photoperiodic modulation. To date, the effect of abrupt, rectangular, light-to-dark transitions have been studied while in nature organisms experience gradual dawn and twilight transitions. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of a long (18 h of light) and a short (6 h of light) photoperiod with twilight rel...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Serhiy Sosniyenko, Roelof A. Hut, Serge Daan, Alena Sumová Source Type: journals
Two crossed axonal projections contribute to binaural unmasking of frequency-following responses in rat inferior colliculusEmail this article to a colleague.
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Frequency-following responses (FFRs) are sustained potentials based on phase-locked neural activities elicited by low- to medium-frequency periodical sound waveforms. Human brainstem FFRs, which are able to encode some critical acoustic features of speech, can be unmasked by binaural processing. However, the underlying unmasking mechanisms have not previously been reported. In rats, most neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) exhibit binaural responses which are affected by axonal projections from both the contralateral dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DNLL) and the contralateral IC. The present study investigated...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Yi Du, Tianfang Ma, Qian Wang, Xihong Wu, Liang Li Source Type: journals
Population coding of tone stimuli in auditory cortex: dynamic rate vector analysisEmail this article to a colleague.
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Neural representations of even temporally unstructured stimuli can show complex temporal dynamics. In many systems, neuronal population codes show 'progressive differentiation', whereby population responses to different stimuli grow further apart during a stimulus presentation. Here we analysed the response of auditory cortical populations in rats to extended tones. At onset (up to 300 ms), tone responses involved strong excitation of a large number of neurons; during sustained responses (after 500 ms) overall firing rate decreased, but most cells still showed statistically significant rate modulation. Population vector tr...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Peter Bartho, Carina Curto, Artur Luczak, Stephan L. Marguet, Kenneth D. Harris Source Type: journals
A critical role for dynamic changes in histone H3 methylation at the Bdnf promoter during postnatal thermotolerance acquisitionEmail this article to a colleague.
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This study demonstrates induction of global histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) dimethylation, with no changes in its trimethylation levels, in the frontal hypothalamus, as well as at the promoter of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene during thermal-control establishment. Furthermore, antisense 'knockdown' of the H3K27-specific methyltransferase, enhancer of zeste 2, which was induced in correlation with the dimethylation of H3K27, inhibited Bdnf mRNA expression and disrupted the establishment of thermoregulation. This phenotypic effect was partially rescued by intracranial injection of BDNF. The presented findings...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Tatiana Kisliouk, Noam Meiri Source Type: journals
Excitation by GABA in the SCN reaches its time and place (Commentary on Irwin & Allen)Email this article to a colleague.
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(Source: European Journal of Neuroscience)
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 12, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Shlomo Wagner, Yosef Yarom Source Type: journals
Pharmaco-resistant seizures: self-triggering capacity, scale-free properties and predictability?Email this article to a colleague.
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Relevant and timely questions such as regarding the predictability of seizures and their capacity to trigger more seizures remain the subject of debate in epileptology. The present study endeavors to gain insight into these dynamic issues by adopting a non-reductionist approach and via the use of mathematical tools. Probability distribution functions of seizure energies and inter-seizure intervals and the probability of seizure occurrence conditional upon the time elapsed from the previous seizure were estimated from prolonged recordings from subjects with pharmaco-resistant seizures, undergoing surgical evaluation, on red...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ivan Osorio, Mark G. Frei, Didier Sornette, John Milton Source Type: journals
Further genetic evidence implicates the vasopressin system in childhood-onset mood disordersEmail this article to a colleague.
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Studies in both animals and humans advocate a role for the vasopressin (AVP) system in the aetiology of depressive symptoms. Attention has particularly focused on the role of AVP in the overactivation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis in mood disorders. Elevated AVP plasma levels have been found in mood disorder patients, which are often positively correlated with the severity of symptoms. We recently reported an association between childhood-onset mood disorders (COMD) and polymorphisms in the receptor responsible for the AVP-mediated activation of the HPA-axis (AVPR1B). As genetic variation in the vasopres...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Emma L. Dempster, Irina Burcescu, Karen Wigg, Eniko Kiss, Ildiko Baji, Julia Gadoros, Zsuzsanna Tamás, Krisztina Kapornai, Gabriella Daróczy, James L. Kennedy, Agnes Vetró, Maria Kovacs, Cathy L. Barr Source Type: journals
Differential effects of anesthetics on cocaine's pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects in brainEmail this article to a colleague.
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Most studies of the effect of cocaine on brain activity in laboratory animals are preformed under anesthesia, which could potentially affect the physiological responses to cocaine. Here we assessed the effects of two commonly used anesthetics [[alpha]-chloralose ([alpha]-CHLOR) and isofluorane (ISO)] on the effects of acute cocaine (1 mg/kg i.v.) on cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and tissue hemoglobin oxygenation (StO2) using optical techniques and cocaine's pharmacokinetics (PK) and binding in the rat brain using (PET) and [11C]cocaine. We showed that acute cocaine at a dose abused by cocaine abus...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Congwu Du, Melissa Tully, Nora D. Volkow, Wynne K. Schiffer, Mei Yu, Zhongchi Luo, Alan P. Koretsky, Helene Benveniste Source Type: journals
Loss of photic entrainment at low illuminances in rats with acute photoreceptor degenerationEmail this article to a colleague.
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In several species, an acute injection of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induces a retinal degeneration characterized principally by a rapid loss of the outer nuclear layer, the other layers remaining structurally intact. It has, however, also been reported that down-regulation of melanopsin gene expression is associated with the degeneration and is detectable soon after injection. Melanopsin is expressed by a small subset of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells and plays an important role in circadian behaviour photoentrainment. We injected MNU into Long Evans rats and investigated the ability of animals to e...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Domitille L. Boudard, Jorge Mendoza, David Hicks Source Type: journals
Segregation of short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cone signals in the macaque dorsal lateral geniculate nucleusEmail this article to a colleague.
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An important problem in the study of the mammalian visual system is whether functionally different retinal ganglion cell types are anatomically segregated further up along the central visual pathway. It was previously demonstrated that, in a New World diurnal monkey (marmoset), the neurones carrying signals from the short-wavelength-sensitive (S) cones [blue[ndash]yellow (B/Y)-opponent cells] are predominantly located in the koniocellular layers of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), whereas the red[ndash]green (R/G)-opponent cells carrying signals from the medium- and long-wavelength-sensitive cones are segregate...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sujata Roy, Jaikishan Jayakumar, Paul R. Martin, Bogdan Dreher, Yuri B. Saalmann, Daping Hu, Trichur R. Vidyasagar Source Type: journals
Early olfactory experience modifies neural activity in the antennal lobe of a social insect at the adult stageEmail this article to a colleague.
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In the antennal lobe (AL), the first olfactory centre of the insect brain, odorants are represented as spatiotemporal patterns of glomerular activity. Whether and how such patterns are modified in the long term after precocious olfactory experiences (i.e. in the first days of adulthood) remains unknown. To address this question, we used in vivo optical imaging of calcium activity in the antennal lobe of 17-day-old honeybees which either experienced an odorant associated with sucrose solution 5[ndash]8 days after emergence or were left untreated. In both cases, we imaged neural responses to the learned odor and to three nov...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: A. Arenas, M. Giurfa, W. M. Farina, J. C. Sandoz Source Type: journals
GABAergic signaling induces divergent neuronal Ca2+ responses in the suprachiasmatic nucleus networkEmail this article to a colleague.
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Intercellular communication between [gamma]-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons facilitates light-induced phase changes and synchronization of individual neural oscillators within the SCN network. We used ratiometric Ca2+ imaging techniques to record changes in the intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) to study the role of GABA in interneuronal communication and the response of the SCN neuronal network to optic nerve stimulations that mimic entraining light signals. Stimulation of the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) evoked divergent Ca2+ responses in neurons that varied regionally wit...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Robert P. Irwin, Charles N. Allen Source Type: journals
The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus is a neuroanatomical substrate for the inhibition of palatable food intake by neuropeptide SEmail this article to a colleague.
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Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a recently discovered neurotransmitter that binds to its cognate G-protein coupled receptor, NPSR. Previous studies have shown that central administration of this peptide induces anxiolytic-like effects, promotes arousal and inhibits feeding in the same dose range. In the present study, we sought to investigate further the unique physiopharmacological profile of the NPS system by characterizing its effects on palatable food consumption in rats and comparing it with the effect of the classical anxiolytic benzodiazepine midazolam. The results demonstrated that midazolam (5.0 or 10.0 mg/kg) increases p...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Amalia Fedeli, Simone Braconi, Daina Economidou, Nazzareno Cannella, Marsida Kallupi, Remo Guerrini, Girolamo Calò, Carlo Cifani, Maurizio Massi, Roberto Ciccocioppo Source Type: journals
N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor- and metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent long-term depression are differentially regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome systemEmail this article to a colleague.
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Long-term depression (LTD) in CA1 pyramidal neurons can be induced by activation of either N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), both of which elicit changes in synaptic efficacy through [alpha]-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate receptor (AMPAR) endocytosis. To address the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in regulating AMPAR endocytosis during these forms of LTD, we examined the effects of pharmacological inhibitors of proteasomal degradation and protein ubiquitination on endocytosis of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1) -containing AMPARs in dissociated rat h...
Source: European Journal of Neuroscience - October 11, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ami Citri, Gilberto Soler-Llavina, Samarjit Bhattacharyya, Robert C. Malenka Source Type: journals
