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From prejudice to discrimination: The legitimizing role of perceived threat in discrimination against immigrantsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This research analyses the mediational role of threat perception in the relationship between prejudice and discrimination (opposition to immigration and opposition to naturalization of immigrants). In the first study, using representative samples in 21 European countries (N = 36 566) from European Social Survey (2002), we showed that the relationship between prejudice and opposition to immigration was more strongly mediated by realistic than by symbolic threat perceptions. In Study 2, using representative samples in two countries with different traditions of immigration (Switzerland, N = 940; Portugal, N = 1514), we showed...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - November 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Cícero Pereira, Jorge Vala, Rui Costa-Lopes Source Type: journals

Too late to coordinate: Contextual influences on behavioral synchronyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The temporal coupling of behavior serves as a foundation for effective social exchange with synchronized actions moderating core components of social-cognitive functioning. Questions remain, however, regarding the precise conditions under which this form of behavioral coordination emerges. In particular, do social factors moderate the extent to which people synchronize their movements with others? Given that synchrony serves as an important non-verbal route through which interpersonal connections can be forged, the current investigation considered whether contextual influences moderate the emergence of behavioral coupling....
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - November 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lynden K. Miles, Jordan L. Griffiths, Michael J. Richardson, C. Neil Macrae Source Type: journals

Gender differences in distributive negotiation: When in the negotiation process do the differences occur?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study tested whether the degree of association among aspiration level, intended opening offer, actual first offer, actual counter-offer, and final agreement was moderated by negotiator gender. Results show that gender does moderate the association between the predictor variable of intended opening offer and the criterion variable of actual first offer and the relationship between intended opening offer and actual counter-offer. Interesting, this latter association was statistically non-significant for women and statistically significant for men. These results suggest that gender differences disadvantaging women seem t...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Edward W. Miles Source Type: journals

The influence of gender, social roles, and facial appearance on perceived emotionalityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One of the most pervasive gender stereotypes in Western culture concerns expectations regarding men's and women's emotionality. Whereas men are expected to be anger prone, women are expected to smile more. At the same time, men are generally perceived as more facially dominant and facially dominant individuals are expected to show more anger. That is, both facial appearance and social role expectations would lead observers to expect men to show more anger. The present research had the goal to disentangle the unique contribution of these two factors. As it is impossible in our society to fully untangle the influence of thes...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ursula Hess, Pascal Thibault, Reginal B. Adams Jr., Robert E. Kleck Source Type: journals

Imitation of emotion: When meaning leads to aversionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Can imitation lead to less liking? Previous research on mimicry and imitation suggests that imitation should lead to more liking, at least when it concerns neutral behaviours. In the present studies, we looked at behaviour with a clear message: Facial expressions. As predicted, we found in two studies that an affiliative facial expression (happiness) leads to more liking when imitated, whereas a non-affiliative facial expression (anger) leads to less liking when imitated. Thus, imitating someone does not always lead to more liking: Imitating behaviour that communicates an unfriendly message can have negative consequences. ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sytske W. van der Velde, Diederik A. Stapel, Ernestine H. Gordijn Source Type: journals

We all live in Germany but [hellip] Ingroup projection, group-based emotions and prejudice against immigrantsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the proposed relations between relative ingroup prototypicality, intergroup emotions and prejudice and determined the causal direction of these relationships. Results support the predictive power of relative ingroup prototypicality on intergroup emotions and prejudice. Moreover, most causal relations between our measures are reciprocally causal. We discuss the implications of these findings for the general conception of prejudice and intergroup emotions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology)
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 12, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Thomas Kessler, Amélie Mummendey, Friedrich Funke, Rupert Brown, Jens Binder, Hanna Zagefka, Jacques-Philippe Leyens, Stéphanie Demoulin, Annemie Maquil Source Type: journals

On the inferential epistemics of trait centrality in impression formationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We provide a novel, inferential, account of the trait centrality phenomenon. We suggest that a trait possesses the property of "centrality" to the extent that it is subjectively deemed to imply other traits. Five studies explore four central elements of this view. First, trait relations can be stored as unidirectional rules ("if X then Y" but not necessarily "if Y then X"). Second, the strength of individuals' lay inference rules determines the effect of traits on impressions. Third, situationally manipulating the strength of lay inference rules influences the impact of traits on impressions. Fourth, the impact of an infer...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 12, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Edward Orehek, Mark Dechesne, Ayelet Fishbach, Arie W. Kruglanski, Woo Young Chun Source Type: journals

Cooling the heat of temptation: Mental self-control and the automatic evaluation of tempting stimuliEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present research investigated whether mental self-control strategies can reduce the automatic positivity elicited by tempting stimuli. In two studies employing chocolate as the temptation of interest, we found that participants instructed to imagine a chocolate product in a nonconsummatory manner exhibited significantly less automatic positivity with regard to the product as compared to participants instructed to imagine the hedonic, consummatory aspects of the product and control participants engaged in a neutral task. These findings were replicated in a second study. Additionally, in Study 2 we found that automatic e...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 11, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wilhelm Hofmann, Roland Deutsch, Katie Lancaster, Mahzarin R. Banaji Source Type: journals

Uncertainty and religious reactivity: Uncertainty compensation, repair, and inoculationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent research conducted in Western, democratic societies indicates that temporary uncertainty inductions lead to intolerance of religious dissent, increased conviction in religious attitudes, and even increased support for holy war. Past and current conflicts based on religious ideology underscore the danger such responses to uncertainty can pose. This paper responds to the need to learn how to control responses to uncertainty. After having confirmed through pilot testing that uncertainty increases self-report religious faith, two subsequent studies investigate different techniques to control compensatory responses to un...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Aaron L. Wichman Source Type: journals

Beyond the information given: The power of a belief in self-interestEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
How do we interpret other's behavior when we lack important pieces of information? Do we give the other the benefit of the doubt, believing that the other behaves in a fair manner? Or do we "fill in the blanks" with self-interest? To address these questions, we designed a new method - the dice-rolling paradigm - in which participants observed another person assigning outcomes by rolling two dice and allocating one of them to the participant, who only had information about one of the two dice. Using different baselines, the results revealed that participants underestimated the outcomes the other allocated to the participant...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - October 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Joel H. K. Vuolevi, Paul A. M. Van Lange Source Type: journals

Toward a better understanding of the justice judgment process: The influence of fair and unfair events on state justice sensitivityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
People differ in the way they regard justice. Although some people may be relatively unaffected by justice issues, many others regard justice as a very important concept and react to it accordingly. Prior research suggests that this sensitivity to justice is a stable personality trait. In three studies, we show that (compared to neutral events) experiencing just and unjust events (directed toward the self or others) can elevate state levels of justice sensitivity. We discuss the implications of these findings, including the notion how these results can lead to a better understanding of the justice judgment process. Copyrig...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Remco Wijn, Kees van den Bos Source Type: journals

The long-term effect of social comparison on academic performanceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study was part of a large-scale cohort study among several thousand students in the Netherlands. The purpose of the study was to investigate the long-term effects of comparison choice, i.e., comparison with a target performing better or worse than oneself, and academic comparative evaluation, i.e., the extent to which one thinks one's performance is better or worse than that of others, on scores on standardized tests for reading comprehension and mathematics. While controlling for earlier performance, the results showed that both comparison choice and academic comparative evaluation positively predicted test sc...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maike J. P. W. Wehrens, Hans Kuyper, Pieternel Dijkstra, Abraham P. Buunk, Margaretha P. C. van der Werf Source Type: journals

Disdain for anxious individuals as a function of mortality salienceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Terror management theory research has shown that reminders of mortality tend to decrease liking for people who threaten one's worldview. In research, these worldview threats typically come from outgroup members, but they may also come from ingroup members who are negatively characterized. Presumably the negative characteristics of ingroup members threaten to diminish or undermine the worldview by their association with it. In this research we examine anxious individuals as potentially threatening ingroup members. We hypothesized that a brief contemplation of mortality would lead people to decrease their liking for anxious ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Andy Martens, Jeff Greenberg, Jeff Schimel, Spee Kosloff, David R. Weise Source Type: journals

Ethnocultural identification and naturally occurring interethnic social interactions: Muslim minorities in EuropeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined relationships between ethnic identification and ethnic minority members' interactions with majority group members. Members of Muslim minority groups, ethnic Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands and Chechens in Poland, described the social interactions they had for two weeks using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record (RIR). They also completed measures of ethnocultural identification that distinguished involvement with and attachment to their ethnic minority culture and to the majority culture. Relationships between ethnic identification and contact with the majority group varied as a function...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Juliette Schaafsma, John B. Nezlek, Izabela Krejtz, Magdalena Safron Source Type: journals

I think I like you: Spontaneous and deliberate evaluations of potential romantic partners in an online dating contextEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present research examined processes of impression formation within an online dating context. Across two studies, female participants formed impressions of a potential partner based on an online dating profile containing information about the target's facial attractiveness and self-described ambition. Afterwards, deliberate evaluations of the target were assessed with a self-report measure and spontaneous evaluations were measured with an affective priming task. The results showed that deliberate evaluations varied as a function of both self-described ambition and facial attractiveness. In contrast, spontaneous evaluati...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 8, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rajees Sritharan, Kimberly Heilpern, Christopher J. Wilbur, Bertram Gawronski Source Type: journals

Watching over your own: How surveillance moderates the impact of shared identity on perceptions of leaders and follower behaviourEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In two studies we investigate how level of surveillance moderates followers' responses to leaders with whom they either do or do not share identity. Study 1 (N = 80) demonstrated that imposing high surveillance where identity is shared with a leader undermined perceptions of the leader as a team member, reducing levels to that of leaders without a shared identity. Study 2 (N = 84) replicated this finding, also demonstrating that willingness to work for the group declined when leaders with shared identity used high surveillance (compared to a low surveillance condition). This process was partially explained by perceptions t...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 8, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Aisling T. O'Donnell, Jolanda Jetten, Michelle K. Ryan Source Type: journals

Social sharing of emotion, post-traumatic growth, and emotional climate: Follow-up of Spanish citizen's response to the collective trauma of March 11th terrorist attacks in MadridEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A questionnaire measuring social sharing of emotion, coping, intensity of emotions and rumination related to March 11th (2004) terrorist attacks in Madrid, emotional climate, social integration, and post-traumatic growth was completed by 644 students and their relatives (38%) in 5 Spanish regions and 8 universities 1 week, 3 weeks, and 8 weeks after the terrorist act. Results supported a two-sided model of the effects of social sharing of emotion derived from Durkheim's classic model of the social functional effects of collective remembering. Higher levels of sharing initially predicted (1) higher event-related emotional a...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - September 8, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bernard Rimé, Darío Páez, Nekane Basabe, Francisco Martínez Source Type: journals

Power and behavioral approach orientation in existing power relations and the mediating effect of incomeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A large number of authors have observed that the experience of power increases behavioral approach tendencies. There are however some important unresolved problems. Predominantly, the literature relies on lab manipulations, priming, and student populations. This has resulted in low face validity. Also, it is unclear what process underlies this effect. A large-scale survey (N = 3082) reliably measures power among real low- and high-power employees in existing organizations and finds strong support for the effect of power on behavioral approach. Consistent with expectations, this effect is mediated by increased access to res...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - August 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Joris Lammers, Janka I. Stoker, Diederik A. Stapel Source Type: journals

The symbolic identity implications of inter and intra-group transgressionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The current investigation proposes that symbolic identity concerns underlie retributive desires following a transgression, but that the type of identity concern that primarily drives that retribution varies between intra and intergroup contexts. More specifically, a respondent's social identity may be threatened by calling into question his or her ingroup's status and power in the larger superordinate society, a concern that is particularly relevant in intergroup contexts. Identity may also be threatened by questioning a group's identity-defining values, a concern that is particularly relevant in intragroup contexts. In su...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - August 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tyler G. Okimoto, Michael Wenzel Source Type: journals

Accommodating a new identity: Possible selves, identity change and well-being across two life-transitionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the role of desired, feared, and expected possible future identity structures in the restructuring of identity after two life transitions. A longitudinal study was conducted on 86 young adults during the transition from school to university and 143 adults during the transition to parenthood. In both samples, pre-transition desires and expectations about the restructuring of identity predicted post-transition actual identity structures. Post-transition emotional well-being was higher among those whose post-transition identity structures more closely matched their initial desires and less closely matched their in...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - August 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Claudia Manzi, Vivian L. Vignoles, Camillo Regalia Source Type: journals

How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real worldEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To investigate the process of habit formation in everyday life, 96 volunteers chose an eating, drinking or activity behaviour to carry out daily in the same context (for example 'after breakfast') for 12 weeks. They completed the self-report habit index (SRHI) each day and recorded whether they carried out the behaviour. The majority (82) of participants provided sufficient data for analysis, and increases in automaticity (calculated with a sub-set of SRHI items) were examined over the study period. Nonlinear regressions fitted an asymptotic curve to each individual's automaticity scores over the 84 days. The model fitted ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Phillippa Lally, Cornelia H. M. van Jaarsveld, Henry W. W. Potts, Jane Wardle Source Type: journals

Why some women can feel more, and others less, attractive after exposure to attractive targets: The role of social comparison orientationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
As the tendency to compare oneself with others may be associated with the tendency to focus on similarities, we hypothesized that individual differences in social comparison orientation (SCO) may moderate the consequences of upward and downward comparisons. In Study 1, high comparers were found to focus more on similarities than low comparers, suggesting that high comparers are more likely to assimilate in general. In Study 2, SCO was found to be positively associated with mood following exposure to an attractive target, and negatively associated with mood following exposure to a less attractive target. In Studies 2 and 3,...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: A. Zwenneke Bosch, Abraham P. Buunk, Frans W. Siero, Justin H. Park Source Type: journals

Women's reactions to ingroup members who protest discriminatory treatment: The importance of beliefs about inequality and response appropriatenessEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Our goal was to identify factors that shape women's responses to ingroup members who protest gender discrimination. We predicted and found that women who perceived gender discrimination as pervasive regarded a protest response as being more appropriate than a no protest response and expressed greater liking and less anger towards a female lawyer who protested rather than did not protest an unfair promotion decision. Further, beliefs about the appropriateness of the response to discrimination contributed to evaluations of the protesting lawyer. Perceptions that the complaint was an appropriate response to the promotion deci...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Donna M. Garcia, Michael T. Schmitt, Nyla R. Branscombe, Naomi Ellemers Source Type: journals

The role of perpetrator similarity in reactions toward innocent victimsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Building and extending on just world theory, this paper studies people's negative reactions to innocent victims of rape or sexual assault. Specifically, we focus on an as yet unexplored variable that may help to explain these reactions, namely whether the perpetrator of the crime was similar or dissimilar to people who observed what happened to the victim. Perpetrator similarity refers to whether the perpetrator belongs to the personal world of the observer or not, and in accordance with predictions derived from just world theory, findings of three studies reveal that especially men take more physical distance from an inno...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michèlle Bal, Kees van den Bos Source Type: journals

Biased evaluation of information during discussion: Disentangling the effects of preference consistency, social validation, and ownership of informationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Group members tend to be biased in their evaluation of the information discussed. The present study aimed to disentangle the effects of preference consistency, social validation, and ownership on information evaluation in a single experimental design. Participants first received information about a personnel selection task. After having made a decision, they read a transcript of a fictitious discussion. In the transcript, preference consistency, social validation, and ownership of information were orthogonally manipulated as within-subjects factors. As hypothesized, preference consistency, social validation, and ownership ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Andreas Mojzisch, Lilia Grouneva, Stefan Schulz-Hardt Source Type: journals

A group just like me: The moderating role of conservation values on social projectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the moderating role of personal values on social projection. Study 1 was conducted prior to the 1999 Israeli elections among activists of the Center party, a newly established centrist party. The more importance activists attributed to conservation values (values that emphasize stability and certainty) the more they projected their political views to their party. Study 2 was conducted prior to the 2003 Israeli elections among students with varied attitudes toward the Kadima party, another newly established centrist party. Conservation values interacted with support for the Kadima party in their effect on social...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Adi Amit, Sonia Roccas, Michal Meidan Source Type: journals

Reopening the study of extreme social behaviors: Obedience to authority within an immersive video environmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we used a paradigm similar to the one used by Milgram in his classic obedience study, using an immersive video environment. We manipulated the victim's degree of visibility and his ethnicity. When the victim was hidden, the level of obedience we obtained was similar to Milgram's. Replicating previous findings observed in real environments, participants were more obedient when the victim was hidden than when he was visible, and the more obedient participants negated their own responsibility by projecting responsibility on both the victim and the experimenter. State-anger and right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michaël Dambrun, Elise Vatiné Source Type: journals

Selective exposure: The impact of framing information search instructions as gains and lossesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous research has found that people prefer information that supports rather than conflicts with their decisions (selective exposure). In the present paper, we investigated whether selective exposure was influenced by the method of information collection. Based on Prospect Theory we hypothesized that the method of selection (MOS), where simply selected pieces of information are considered, would lead to a higher selective exposure compared to the method of elimination (MOE), where pieces of information are rejected and the remaining pieces of information are considered. In fact, we found that participants collected info...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Andreas Kastenmüller, Peter Fischer, Eva Jonas, Tobias Greitemeyer, Dieter Frey, Julia Köppl, Nilüfer Aydin Source Type: journals

Mimicking disliked others: Effects of a priori liking on the mimicry-liking linkEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The sharing of bodily states elicits in mimicker and mimickee corresponding conceptualisations, which facilitates liking. There are many studies showing the relatedness of mimicry and liking. However, the mimicry-liking link has not been investigated under conditions in which the mimickee is liked or disliked a priori. In two studies, we examined moderating effects of a priori liking on the mimicry-liking link. Liking was measured via self-report measures (Studies 1 and 2) and behavioural measures using a virtual environment technology (Study 2). Results showed that when participants intentionally mimicked a disliked perso...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mariëlle Stel, Jim Blascovich, Cade McCall, Jessanne Mastop, Rick B. van Baaren, Roos Vonk Source Type: journals

When wanting and fearing go together: The effect of co-occurring social approach and avoidance motivation on behavior, affect, and cognitionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Three studies investigated the association of social approach and avoidance motivation with cognition, behavior, emotions, and subjective well-being. Study 1 (N = 245), a correlative self-report study, showed that approach and avoidance motivation mediated the effects of adult attachment-styles on social anxiety. A secure attachment-style was associated with co-occurring approach and avoidance motivation. Study 2, a social-interaction study (N = 38), revealed an association of avoidance motivation with a negative experience and passive behavior, and approach motivation with a positive experience and active behavior. Intere...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jana Nikitin, Alexandra M. Freund Source Type: journals

How love and sex can influence recognition of faces and words: A processing model accountEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A link between romantic love and face recognition and sexual desire and verbal recognition is suggested. When in love, people typically focus on a long-term perspective which enhances global perception, whereas when experiencing sexual encounters they focus on the present which enhances a perception of details. Because people automatically activate these processing styles when in love or sex, subtle reminders of love versus sex should suffice to change ways of perception. Global processing should further enhance face recognition, whereas local processing should enhance recognition of verbal information. In two studies part...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jens Förster Source Type: journals

Atypicality and the two fundamental dimensions: Applying the negativity effect on warmth to group perceptionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The person perception literature has shown that negative information on warmth influences impression formation more than other kinds of information. In the present paper, we argue for the usefulness of using the knowledge accumulated on the negativity effect on warmth when studying how members of a group who are disconfirming the group stereotype are perceived. We show that negative divergent information on warmth is perceived as more surprising because it appears to be more discrepant than positive divergent information on warmth or than competence information. We also show how stereotype holders protect their stereotype ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nicolas Kervyn, Mirjam Dolderer, Timothée Mahieu, Vincent Y. Yzerbyt Source Type: journals

The benefits of empathy: When empathy may sustain cooperation in social dilemmasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cooperation in social dilemmas is often challenged by negative noise, or unintended errors, such that the actual behavior is less cooperative than intended - for example, arriving later than intended for a meeting due to an unusual traffic jam. The present research was inspired by the notion that doing a little more for one's interaction partner, which may be movitvated by empathetic feelings, can effectively reduce the detrimental effects of "negative noise," or unintended incidents of noncooperation. Consistent with hypotheses, negative noise exhibited detrimental effects on cooperation, but such effects were absent when...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ann C. Rumble, Paul A. M. Van Lange, Craig D. Parks Source Type: journals

Justice through consensus: Shared identity and the preference for a restorative notion of justiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We propose a concept of restorative justice as a sense of justice deriving from consensus about, and the reaffirmation of, values violated by an offence (in contrast to punishment-based retributive justice). Victims should be more likely to seek restorative justice (and less likely retributive justice) when they perceive to share a relevant identity with the offender. In Study 1, when the relevant identity (university affiliation) shared with the offender was made salient (vs. not), participants found a consensus-based response more justice-restoring. In Study 2, when the group (company) shared with the offender was cohesi...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 22, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michael Wenzel, Tyler G. Okimoto, Norman T. Feather, Michael J. Platow Source Type: journals

Descriptive norms, prescriptive norms, and social control: An intercultural comparison of people's reactions to uncivil behaviorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social control is the generic term for any reaction through which a bystander communicates to the "perpetrator" of a norm transgression that his/her action is socially unacceptable. In order to understand the characteristics of behaviors that lead to social control reactions in public settings, we conducted a study with respondents from eight different countries. Respondents were presented with a description of 46 uncivil behaviors and indicated for each behavior (a) its prescriptive normativity (how deviant it was), (b) its descriptive normativity (how frequent it was), and (c) how likely it was that they would express th...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Markus Brauer, Nadine Chaurand Source Type: journals

The impact of magnitude of harm and perceived difficulty of making reparations on group-based guilt and reparation towards victims of historical harmEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study demonstrated stronger group-based guilt when reparations were potentially possible and not when they are impossible. Moreover, support for reparations varied as a function of perceived difficulty of reparations and group-based guilt mediated that relationship. The research has two key implications. First, advocates of reparations as a mechanism for reconciliation and community healing need to consider the degree to which reparations are perceived to be possible and consider ways of addressing those perceptions. Second, the research provides an experimental demonstration to the power of stories about experience t...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 8, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mariëtte Berndsen, Craig McGarty Source Type: journals

We are still better than them: A longitudinal field study of ingroup favouritism during a mergerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors examine the impact of predictors for ingroup favouritism and a positive attitude towards a university merger by conducting a longitudinal field study investigating students' perceptions of a merger. Thus, the focus of this paper lies on the developmental and dynamic aspect of social identity processes and the test of directional hypotheses in an applied setting. Based on a cross-lagged regression approach, it was shown that pre-merger identification increased favouritism, but favouritism also increased pre-merger identification. Moreover, ingroup favouritism was uni-directionally related to a negative attitude ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ilka H. Gleibs, Peter Noack, Amelie Mummendey Source Type: journals

Diversity in the person, diversity in the group: Challenges of identity complexity for social perception and social interactionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social psychological research is increasingly coming to grips with the complexity of social identity within the individual, both from the perspective of perceivers trying to form impressions and make judgments about multiply categorizable targets, as well as from the perspective of actors using their different self-aspects as a framework for guiding their interactions with the social world. I review several contributions to the effort to better understand these issues and then explore some of their possible implications for understanding the nature and consequences of diversity within the group. Copyright © 2009 John Wile...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Galen V. Bodenhausen Source Type: journals

The effect of peer comparison information in the context of expert recommendations on risk perceptions and subsequent behaviorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study seeks to understand how social comparison information may be used to provide individuals with information about their level of risk and to promote health behavior. The effect of peer comparison information, presented alone or in the context of expert recommendations, was examined across two studies using distinct experimental manipulations. Study 1 showed that regardless of whether expert standards were available or not, participants who were provided with inflated estimates of peer flossing behavior demonstrated increased behavioral intentions and increased flossing behavior measured 3 months later. This...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sarah J. Schmiege, William M. P. Klein, Angela D. Bryan Source Type: journals

Descriptive normative beliefs and conservation behavior: The moderating roles of personal involvement and injunctive normative beliefsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is ample evidence of the power of social influence on pro-environmental behaviors. Beliefs about the conservation behavior of others (descriptive normative beliefs) have a strong positive correlation with one's own conservation actions. However, this relationship has not been investigated much further in terms of possible moderators or involved mechanisms of information processing. The present study examines two potential moderators and draws links to underlying processing mechanisms. We hypothesized that personal involvement with conservation issues and beliefs about other's approval of conservation (injunctive norm...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - June 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Susanne Göckeritz, P. Wesley Schultz, Tania Rendón, Robert B. Cialdini, Noah J. Goldstein, Vladas Griskevicius Source Type: journals

Minority report: Social identity, cognitions of rejection and intergroup anxiety predicting prejudice from one racially marginalized group towards anotherEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study investigated the attitudes of one disadvantaged minority group in Australia, Asian Australians (N = 87), towards another more severely disadvantaged minority group, Aboriginal Australians. Asian Australian attitudes were compared to European Australian attitudes (N = 273). Cognitions of outgroup rejection, identification and intergroup anxiety were assessed in relation modern racism, desire for intergroup avoidance and support for a national apology. Both Asian and European participants who perceived Aboriginal Australians as rejecting were more likely to express intergroup anxiety. Anxiety mediated the r...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - May 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Fiona Kate Barlow, Winnifred R. Louis, Deborah J. Terry Source Type: journals

The effect of essentialism in settings of historic intergroup atrocitiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Three studies tested the effects of essentialist beliefs regarding the national ingroup in situations where a perpetrator group has inflicted harm on a victim group. For members of the perpetrator group, it was hypothesised that 'essentialism' has a direct positive association with 'collective guilt' felt as a result of misdeeds conducted by other ingroup members in the past. Simultaneously, it was hypothesised to have an indirect negative association with collective guilt, mediated by perceived threat to the ingroup. Considering these indirect and direct effects jointly, it was hypothesised that the negative indirect effe...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - May 19, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hanna Zagefka, Samuel Pehrson, Richard C. M. Mole, Eva Chan Source Type: journals

Using the stereotype content model to examine group depictions in Fascism: An archival approachEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) suggests potentially universal intergroup depictions. If universal, they should apply across history in archival data. Bridging this gap, we examined social groups descriptions during Italy's Fascist era. In Study 1, articles published in a Fascist magazine - La Difesa della Razza - were content analyzed, and results submitted to correspondence analysis. Admiration prejudice depicted ingroups; envious and contemptuous prejudices depicted specific outgroups, generally in line with SCM predictions. No paternalistic prejudice appeared; historical reasons might explain this finding. Results a...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - May 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Federica Durante, Chiara Volpato, Susan T. Fiske Source Type: journals

By their words ye shall know them: Language abstraction and the likeability of describersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
According to the linguistic category model (LCM), behaviour can be described at concrete (e.g. 'Kath hit Kim') and abstract (e.g. 'Kath is aggressive') levels. Variations in these levels convey information about the person being described and the relationship between that person and the describer. In the current research, we examined the power of language abstraction to create impressions of describers themselves. Results show that describers are seen as less likeable when they use abstract (vs. concrete) language to describe the negative actions of others. Conversely, impressions of describers are more favourable when the...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 18, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Karen M. Douglas, Robbie M. Sutton Source Type: journals

Religious identity consolidation and mobilization among Turkish Dutch MuslimsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This paper investigates religious identity consolidation in terms of the endorsement of the rights of Dutch Muslims to publicly express their identity, and identity mobilization in terms of the attitude towards normative forms of political organization. Identity consolidation and mobilization were examined as a function of the content of Muslim identity. A distinction was made between an individualized and a communal interpretation of what it means to be a Muslim, in addition to orthodox belief. Personal meaning and personal certainty as two aspects of an individualized interpretation were found to be positively associated...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maykel Verkuyten, Ali Aslan Yildiz Source Type: journals

Adult attachment and feedback-seeking patterns in relationships and workEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Adults with different attachment orientations rely on different areas of life to maintain self-views. This paper reports two studies that examine the link between attachment and feedback-seeking patterns in interpersonal and competence-related domains. Participants in Study 1 imagined receiving feedback from a friend. Participants in Study 2 completed dyadic tasks and were promised feedback from interpersonal- and competence-relevant sources. Across both studies, secure individuals consistently chose the most positive feedback. Individuals high in attachment avoidance sought negative feedback over positive, although dismis...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Erica G. Hepper, Katherine B. Carnelley Source Type: journals

Picture-IAT versus Word-IAT: level of stimulus representation influences on the IATEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Implicit Association Test is a paradigm designed to assess individual differences in implicit cognition. The goal of this report was to examine the reasons for discrepant effect magnitudes obtained with two presumably interchangeable versions: Picture-IAT (P-IAT) and Word-IAT (W-IAT). We show that this discrepancy is due to the relation between stimuli and referent category: the level of representation (LR) at which a stimulus represents an intended category. Experiment 1 replicates the discrepancies found in previous research. Experiments 2-4 show that increasing the LR of stimuli increases the IAT effect. LR affects ...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Francesco Foroni, Tarik Bel-Bahar Source Type: journals

The more (complex), the better? The influence of epistemic motivation on integrative bargaining in complex negotiationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Negotiating about a larger number of issues is often argued to enhance the potential for integrative bargaining. However, the enhanced complexity may also make negotiators more susceptible to bias, making it less likely for them to reach win-win agreements. We argue that epistemic motivation, the motivation to hold accurate perceptions of the world, provides a key to solve this paradox. In a negotiation experiment we manipulated complexity by having participants negotiate about 6 or 18 issues and we manipulated epistemic motivation by making participants process-accountable or not. Under low complexity, there was no effect...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Job van der Schalk, Bianca Beersma, Gerben A. van Kleef, Carsten K.W. De Dreu Source Type: journals

Shaping cooperation behavior: The role of accessibility experiences and uncertaintyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present research investigates the influence on cooperative behavior of accessibility experiences associated with the retrieval of fairness-relevant information from memory. We argue that the decision whether to cooperate in negotiations depends not only on information about the appropriateness of the negotiation procedure, but also on the experience of how difficult or easy it is to come up with this information. Supporting this hypothesis, it is shown that in the context of a bargaining experiment, participants' experiences of ease or difficulty in retrieving unfair aspects of the respective negotiation procedure stro...
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Patrick A. Müller, Rainer Greifeneder, Dagmar Stahlberg, Kees van den Bos, Herbert Bless Source Type: journals

Dealing with deviants: The effectiveness of rejection, denial, and apologies on protecting the public image of a groupEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Discussion. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. (Source: European Journal of Social Psychology)
Source: European Journal of Social Psychology - April 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Esther van Leeuwen, Marieke van den Bosch, Emanuele Castano, Petra Hopman Source Type: journals