Experimental Eye ResearchThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

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320 records returned

Optimal parameters of transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) to be neuroprotective of axotomized RGCs in adult rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We previously showed that transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) promoted the survival of axotomized retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of rats. However the relationship between the parameters of TES and the neuroprotective effect of TES on axotomized RGCs was unclear. In the present study, we determined whether the neuroprotective effect of TES is affected by the parameters of TES. Adult male Wistar rats received TES just after transection of the left optic nerve (ON). The pulse duration, current intensity, frequency, waveform, and numbers of sessions of the TES were changed systematically. The alterations of the retina...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - November 9, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Morimoto T, Miyoshi T, Sawai H, Fujikado T Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Dimensions of the Human Sclera: Thickness Measurement and Regional Changes With Axial Length.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Scleral thickness, especially near the region of the optic nerve head (ONH), is a potential factor of interest in the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Our goal was to characterize the scleral thickness distribution and other geometric features of human eyes. 11 enucleated human globes (7 normal and 4 ostensibly glaucomatous) were imaged using high-field microMRI, providing 80 mum isotropic resolution over the whole eye. The MRI scans were segmented to produce 3-D corneoscleral shells. Each shell was divided into 15 slices along the anterior-posterior axis of the eye, and each slice was further subdivided i...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - November 6, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Norman RE, Flanagan JG, Rausch SM, Sigal IA, Tertinegg I, Eilaghi A, Portnoy S, Sled JG, Ethier CR Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Lipid peroxidation products reduce lysosomal protease activities in human retinal pigment epithelial cells via two different mechanisms of action.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD), reduced lysosomal capacity may contribute to lipofuscinogenesis and progressive dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). We previously demonstrated that lipid peroxidation-related protein modifications inhibit lysosomal degradation of photoreceptor outer segment (POS) proteins in RPE cells. Herein, we investigate the effects of lipid peroxidation products on activities of key RPE lysosomal proteases. In lysosomes isolated from primary human RPE cells, lipid peroxidation products 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) exerted a dose-dependent inhibitory ef...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - November 3, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Krohne TU, Kaemmerer E, Holz FG, Kopitz J Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Prox1 expression in rod precursors and müller cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Prox1 expression in rod precursors and müller cells. Exp Eye Res. 2009 Nov 3; Authors: Cid E, Santos-Ledo A, Parrilla-Monge M, Lillo C, Arévalo R, Lara JM, Aijón J, Velasco A The transcription factor Prox1 acts in rodent retinogenesis, at least in promoting cell cycle withdrawal and horizontal cell production. In the mature retina, this protein is detected at the inner nuclear layer of all vertebrate groups. We have made a neurochemical characterisation of Prox1(+) cell types in two different vertebrate groups: mammals and fish. As well as Prox1(+) horizontal cells, we have observed Prox1(+)/PKCa...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - November 3, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Cid E, Santos-Ledo A, Parrilla-Monge M, Lillo C, Arévalo R, Lara JM, Aijón J, Velasco A Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Forthcoming "Focus on Molecules" articles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 19801223 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - October 7, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Focus on molecules: Fibulin-3 (EFEMP1).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19799900 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 30, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Zhang Y, Marmorstein LY Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Toll-like receptors mediate induction of peptidoglycan recognition proteins in human corneal epithelial cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was to explore the toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated regulation of PGLYRPs in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Fresh human donor corneoscleral tissues were used to prepare cryosections. Primary HCECs, established from limbal explants, were treated with microbial ligands to TLRs 1-9 for 4-48 h, with or without pretreatment of TLR antibodies, NFkB inhibitor, or siRNA transfection. The mRNA of PGLYRPs was evaluated by RT and real-time PCR, and their proteins and NFkB activation were determined by immunostaining and Western blot. The nuclear IRF3 activity was quantified using an ELISA-based TransAM kit. PGLYR...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 30, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Ma P, Wang Z, Pflugfelder SC, Li DQ Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Reprint of "Dynamics of the expression of intermediate filaments vimentin and desmin during myofibroblast differentiation after corneal injury".Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous studies have suggested that abnormal corneal wound healing in patients after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) is associated with the appearance of myofibroblasts in the stroma between two and four weeks after surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine potential myofibroblast progenitor cells that might express other filament markers prior to completion of the differentiation pathway that yields alpha-smooth muscle actin (SMA)-expressing myofibroblasts associated with haze localized beneath the epithelial basement membrane after PRK. Twenty-four female rabbits that had -9 diopter PRK were sacrificed at ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 15, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Chaurasia SS, Kaur H, de Medeiros FW, Smith SD, Wilson SE Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Altered expression of aquaporins 1 and 4 is temporally synchronized with neurodegenerative events in retinas of spontaneously diabetic Torii rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study compared temporal changes in neuroretinal apoptosis, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and the expression of AQPs 1 and 4 between SDT rat retinas and age-matched Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat retinas. Cell death was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxy-uridine triphosphate nick end-labeling on retinal flatmounts and activated caspase 3 immunofluorescence of retinal cryosections. The expression of GFAP and AQPs 1 and 4 were assessed by immunohistochemistry of cryosections and retinal flatmounts. Diabetes started to develop around 15 weeks in SDT rats. Apoptotic cells in the g...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 9, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Fukuda M, Nakanishi Y, Fuse M, Yokoi N, Hamada Y, Fukagawa M, Negi A, Nakamura M Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

PRMT-1 and DDAHs-induced ADMA upregulation is involved in ROS- and RAS-mediated diabetic retinopathy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, is generated in presence of type 1 protein arginine N-methyltransferase (PRMT-1) and is metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolases (DDAHs). Reportedly ADMA is associated with endothelial dysfunction. The aim of this study is to investigate whether PRMT-1- and DDAHs-induced ADMA increase in diabetic rat retina and high glucose-treated bovine retinal capillary endothelial cells (BRCECs) is involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS)- and renin-angiotensin system (RAS)-mediated diabetic retinopathy. Rats were divid...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 9, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Chen Y, Xu X, Sheng M, Zhang X, Gu Q, Zheng Z Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Age-related changes in the meibomian gland.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The purpose of this study was to characterize the age-related changes of the mouse meibomian gland. Eyelids from adult C57Bl/6 mice at 2, 6, 12 and 24 months of age were stained with specific antibodies against peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) to identify differentiating meibocytes, Oil Red O (ORO) to identify lipid, Ki67 nuclear antigen to identify cycling cells, B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1 (Blimp1) to identify potential stem cells and CD45 to identify immune cells. Meibomian glands from younger mice (2 and 6 months) showed cytoplasmic and perinuclear staining with anti-PPARga...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 4, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Nien CJ, Paugh JR, Massei S, Wahlert AJ, Kao WW, Jester JV Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Delayed administration of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) protects retinal ganglion cells in a pig model of acute retinal ischemia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, injection of GDNF microspheres three days after an ischemic insult results in functional and morphological rescue of NeuN positive cells in a porcine model of acute ocular ischemia. PMID: 19735654 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - September 3, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Kyhn MV, Klassen H, Johansson UE, Warfvinge K, Lavik E, Kiilgaard JF, Prause JU, Scherfig E, Young M, la Cour M Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Forthcoming "Focus on Molecules" articles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 19647532 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - August 6, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Immunohistochemical Analysis of Ocular Platelet Basic Protein Expression During Infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Platelet basic protein (PBP) and several of its derivatives are known to express a wide range of biological characteristics. It is the precursor of connective tissue activating peptide (CTAP-III), beta thromboglobulin (beta-TG) and neutrophil activating peptide (NAP-2), which is the proteolytic derived end product. The temporal ocular expression of the chemokine PBP before and during corneal infection over several days by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was examined by immunohistochemistry. Prior to corneal infection, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated the constitutive expression of PBP in the cornea, lens and retina. PB...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 30, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Berk RS, Crossland WJ, Kosir MA, Yu M, Wang Y, Alousi S, Hatfield J, Dong Z Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Effects of inhibition of neuronal nitric oxide synthase on basal retinal blood flow regulation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of the current study was to investigate the contribution of NO produced by nNOS in the regulation of basal retinal blood flow. A non-specific NOS inhibitor N (G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and the specific nNOS inhibitors 1-(2-trifluoromethylphenyl) imidazole (TRIM) and (4S)-N-(4-amino-5 [aminoethyl] aminopentyl)-N-nitroguanidine (AAAN) were injected into the vitreous (intravitreal) of Long Evans rats. Vessel diameters, velocities and volumetric blood flow rates (VBF) in the retinal circulation were determined prior to and in 30-min intervals for 4-4.5h after injection. In addition, the basal amou...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 28, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Tummala SR, Benac S, Tran H, Vankawala A, Zayas-Santiago A, Appel A, Kang Derwent JJ Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Phosphorylation and truncation sites of bovine lens connexin 46 and connexin 50.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this report, bovine lens membrane proteins were isolated, digested by multiple enzymes, and analyzed by HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. Automated database searching revealed the locations of both phosphorylation and truncation sites. The results confirmed the full sequence of connexin 46 and 99% of the connexin 50 sequence. Eighteen phosphorylation sites on connexin 50 and nine phosphorylation sites on connexin 46 were identified, all on serine or threonine residues. All but three phosphorylation sites on connexin 50 were located the cytoplasmic C-terminus. All of the truncation sites of connexin 50 were localized in the...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 27, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Wang Z, Schey KL Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Ex vivo quantification of the time course of contractile loading of the porcine lens capsule after cataract-like surgery.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present a novel experimental culture device to quantify ex vivo the time course of increases in tension within the contracting lens capsule after cataract-like surgery. Results demonstrate that contraction reaches steady state within approximately one month with a mean tension of 1.45 mN/mm and Cauchy (true) stress of 13.4 kPa. A significant increase in alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) was also found in post-cultured compared to fresh lens capsules, thus suggesting that transdifferentiated lens epithelial cells (LECs) modulated the contraction. Quantification of loads imparted by the contracting lens capsule is imp...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 24, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Pedrigi RM, Dziezyc J, Kalodimos HA, Humphrey JD Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Age-Related Changes In Centripetal Ciliary Body Movement Relative To Centripetal Lens Movement In Monkeys.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The goal was to determine the age-related changes in accommodative movements of the lens and ciliary body in rhesus monkeys. Varying levels of accommodation were stimulated via the Edinger-Westphal (E-W) nucleus in 26 rhesus monkeys, aged 6-27 years, and the refractive changes were measured by coincidence refractometry. Centripetal ciliary process (CP) and lens movements were measured by computerized image analysis of goniovideographic images. Ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) at 50MHz was used to visualize and measure accommodative forward movements of the ciliary body in relation to age, accommodative amplitude, and cen...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 23, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Croft MA, McDonald JP, Nadkarni NV, Lin TL, Kaufman PL Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are Essential Mediators in Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)-Stimulated Corneal Epithelial Cell Proliferation, Adhesion, Migration, and Wound Healing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
EGF is an essential growth factor needed for epithelial cell proliferation and wound healing of the cornea, but the molecular mechanism is not understood. Although studies have shown that EGF in some non-phagocytic cells induces ROS generation, little is known about the role of ROS in corneal epithelial cells. Therefore, we examined the potential physiological role of ROS in corneal cell proliferation, adhesion and wound healing using rabbit or human corneal epithelial cells, and pig whole cornea organ culture as models. EGF (5 ng/ml)-induced ROS in serum starved RCE or HCE cells were captured as DCFH fluorescence and ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 23, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Huo Y, Qiu WY, Pan Q, Yao YF, Xing K, Lou MF Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Drained Secant Modulus for Human and Porcine Peripapillary Sclera Using Unconfined Compression Testing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Glaucoma is an ocular disease characterized by damage of the optic nerve head (ONH) resulting in blindness. Recent research has identified the material properties of the sclera as being an important factor in the biomechanics of major load bearing tissues near the ONH. Most mechanical investigations performed on sclera have focused on the tensile behavior of this tissue, neglecting its compressive stiffness. The present study will characterize the compressive moduli of peripapillary sclera using an unconfined compression (UCC) technique, for both human and porcine sources. UCC stress relaxation tests were performed on ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 23, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Mortazavi AM, Simon BR, Stamer WD, Vande Geest JP Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Vascular Adhesion Protein-1 Regulates Leukocyte Transmigration Rate in the Retina During Diabetes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is an endothelial adhesion molecule that possesses semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity and is involved in leukocyte recruitment. Leukocyte adhesion to retinal vessels is a predominant feature of experimentally induced diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the role of VAP-1 in this process is unknown.Diabetes was induced by i.p. injection of Streptozotocin in Long-Evans rats. The specific inhibitor of VAP-1, UV-002, was administered by daily i.p. injections. The expression of VAP-1 mRNA in the retinal extracts of normal and diabetic animals was measured by real time qu...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 23, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Noda K, Nakao S, Zandi S, Engelstädter V, Mashima Y, Hafezi-Moghadam A Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha and retinal ischemic preconditioning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the mechanisms of involvement of p38 in IPC neuroprotection. IPC or ischemia was induced in rat retina in vivo. Recovery after ischemia performed 24h after IPC was assessed functionally (electroretinography) and histologically at 7d after ischemia in the presence or absence of inhibition of p38. We examined the role of p38alpha in the mimicking of IPC produced by opening mitochondrial KATP channels using diazoxide, or stimulation of p38 activation by anisomycin. The importance of adenosine receptors in p38 activation after IPC was assessed using specific blockers of adenosine A1 and A2a receptors. Interfering R...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 22, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Dreixler JC, Barone FC, Shaikh AR, Du E, Roth S Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Red blood cell plasmalogens and docosahexaenoic acid are independently reduced in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Among several theories involved in the pathogenesis of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), the vascular theory considers the disease to be a consequence of reduced ocular blood flow associated with red blood cell abnormalities. Red blood cell membrane structure and function are influenced by their phospholipid composition. We investigated whether specific lipid entities that may affect the membrane physiology, namely, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and plasmalogens, are modified in POAG and whether these potential variations are related to the stage of glaucoma. Blood samples were collected from 31 POAG patients a...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 19, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Acar N, Berdeaux O, Juaneda P, Grégoire S, Cabaret S, Joffre C, Creuzot-Garcher CP, Bretillon L, Bron AM Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Developmental Regulation of the Nuclear Ferritoid-Ferritin Complex of Avian Corneal Epithelial Cells: Roles of Systemic Factors and Thyroxine.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previously we observed that avian corneal epithelial cells protect their DNA from oxidative damage by having the iron-sequestering molecule ferritin - normally cytoplasmic - in a nuclear location. This localization involves a developmentally-regulated ferritin-like protein - ferritoid - that initially serves as the nuclear transporter, and then as a component of a ferritoid-ferritin complex that is half the size of a typical ferritin and binds to DNA. We also observed that developmentally, the synthesis of ferritin and ferritoid are regulated coordinately - with ferritin being predominantly translational and ferritoid ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 19, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Beazley KE, Canner JP, Linsenmayer TF Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Focus on molecules: Maspin.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19615364 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 15, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Narayan M, Twining S Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Low power laser treatment of the retina ameliorates neovascularisation in a transgenic mouse model of retinal neovascularisation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Low power panretinal photocoagulation can inhibit retinal neovascularisation and yet preserve partial visual function in this transgenic mouse model of retinal neovascularisation. PMID: 19615996 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 14, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Yu PK, Cringle SJ, McAllister IL, Yu DY Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Focus on Molecules: Lecithin Retinol Acyltransferase.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19607828 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 12, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Ruiz A, Bok D Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Localization of Complement 1 Inhibitor (C1INH/SERPING1) in Human Eyes with Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study we sought to determine the localization of C1INH in human donor eyes. Immunofluorescence studies using a monoclonal antibody directed against C1INH revealed localization to photoreceptor cells, inner nuclear layer neurons, choriocapillaris, and choroidal extracellular matrix. Drusen did not exhibit labeling. Genotype at rs2511989 did not appear to affect C1INH abundance or localization, nor was it associated with significant molecular weight differences when evaluated by Western blot. In a small number of eyes (n=7 AMD and n=7 control) AMD affection status was correlated with increased abundance of choroidal ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 12, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Mullins RF, Faidley EA, Daggett HT, Jomary C, Lotery AJ, Stone EM Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Neuroprotection of photoreceptors by direct delivery of erythropoietin to the retina of the retinal degeneration slow mouse.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we detected 40 mU/mg EPO in the eye 11 h after injection of 10 U EPO. Treatment with all forms of EPO tested was neuroprotective to the photoreceptors without a concomitant increase in hematocrit. PMID: 19591826 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 8, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Rex TS, Wong Y, Kodali K, Merry S Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Gut microbiota affects lens and retinal lipid composition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The gut microbiota affects host lipid metabolism and is considered an environmental factor that contributes to development of obesity. To investigate whether the gut microbiota affects the eye lipidome, we performed comprehensive lipidomic profiling of lens and retina from conventionally raised and germ-free and mice. Conventionally raised mice had diminished phosphatidylcholines in the lens and elevated ethanolamine plasmalogens in the retina. Diminishment of lens phosphatidylcholines in the presence of gut microbiota suggests that the conventionally raised mice are exposed over time to more oxidative stress than germ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 8, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Orešič M, Seppänen-Laakso T, Yetukuri L, Bäckhed F, Hänninen V Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Morphological and hydrodynamic correlates in monkey eyes with laser induced glaucoma.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, in the laser-induced glaucoma model, laser damage results in a reduction in the available area for outflow across the IW of SC which contributes to the decrease in C and thus elevation of the IOP. Constriction of SC, caused by the chronic elevation of IOP, further decreases the available area for outflow across the IW which decreases C even more in a vicious cycle. This study suggests that the available area for aqueous humor outflow across the IW of SC may play a role in regulating outflow resistance and maintaining IOP. PMID: 19591828 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 7, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Zhang Y, Toris CB, Liu Y, Ye W, Gong H Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Selenium functionalized intraocular lenses inhibit posterior capsule opacification in an ex vivo canine lens capsular bag assay.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibitory effect of selenocystamine coated intraocular lenses (IOLs) on the formation of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) in an ex vivo canine lens capsular bag assay. Selenocystamine was covalently bound to the surface of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) discs. Three groups of canine lens capsules (6 coated IOLs (SeIOLs), 7 non-coated control IOLs and 8 empty capsules) were cultured for 10 days. During the culture period PCO was scored based on visual inspection of the capsules using phase contrast microscopy. On day 10 all the capsules were prepared f...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 3, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Pot SA, Chandler HL, Colitz CM, Bentley E, Dubielzig RR, Mosley TS, Reid TW, Murphy CJ Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

(Pro)renin Receptor is Expressed in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Participates in Extracellular Matrix Remodeling.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The (pro)renin receptor (PRR) is believed to potentiate the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), conferring to prorenin a likely pathological role at tissue level. The PRR has been identified in the microvascular endothelial cells of the retina, in which it seems to be involved in pathological neovascularization processes. In the present study, we sought to explore PRR expression and prorenin action in human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, as well as its potential implication in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover. Isolated RPE cells from donor human eyes as well as freshly isolated human retinas demonstrated expres...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 2, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Alcazar O, Cousins SW, Striker GE, Marin-Castano ME Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Modulating the Hypoxia-Inducible Factor Signaling Pathway as a Therapeutic Modality to Regulate Retinal Angiogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study evaluated the effects of YC-1, a HIF-1 inhibitor, on the morphological, biochemical and molecular changes in human retinal microvascular endothelial cells. We found that YC-1 suppressed vascular endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation, while it significantly increased the proteasome activity. Moreover, YC-1 induced a G(0)/G(1) cell cycle arrest, whereas it exerted only an insignificant proapoptotic effects. Under normoxia or hypoxia, YC-1 did not alter the morphology or the cell viability. Additionally, under hypoxic conditions, YC-1 downregulated HIF-2alpha, VEGF, EPO, ET-1, and MMP-9 mRNA ...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - July 2, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Deniro M, Alsmadi O, Al-Mohanna F Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Involvement of NADPH Oxidase and Protein Kinase C in Endothelin-1 Induced Superoxide Production in Retinal Microvessels.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined whether endothelin-1 (ET-1) increases the formation of superoxide anions in retinal microvessels. Freshly isolated retinal microvessels from rats were exposed to ET-1 (100nM), and the intracellular superoxide formation in the retinal pericytes was assessed semi-quantitatively by time-lapse fluorometric analyses using hydroethidine. The receptor mechanisms were determined by BQ-123 and BQ-788, receptor antagonists for ET(A) and ET(B) receptors respectively, and also by IRL-1620, a selective agonist for ET(B) receptors. In addition, the changes induced by adding apocynin (10muM), myr-PKC (1.0muM), allopurinol (10...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 30, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Matsuo J, Oku H, Kanbara Y, Kobayashi T, Sugiyama T, Ikeda T Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Naltrexone and Insulin Are Independently Effective but Not Additive in Accelerating Corneal Epithelial Healing in Type I Diabetic Rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study determined whether the combination of NTX and INS would have additive effect(s) on the reepithelialization of corneal abrasions in diabetic male Sprague-Dawley rats beyond either agent alone. Type 1 diabetes (DB) (glucose levels >400mg/dl) was induced with streptozotocin; glycemic levels were not controlled with INS. Eight weeks after induction of diabetes, a 5mm diameter circular abrasion was created in the center of the cornea in one eye of each rat. Eye drops (0.05ml) of INS [1U ( approximately 6nM)] and NTX (10(-5)M) in Vigamox were administered separately 4 times daily for 7 days (NTX/INS); DB control ra...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 29, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Klocek MS, Sassani JW, McLaughlin PJ, Zagon IS Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Reduction in endothelial tip cell filopodia corresponds to reduced intravitreous but not intraretinal vascularization in a model of ROP.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: VEGFR2 inhibitor reduced IVNV and filopodial number and length/EC tip cell without interfering with intraretinal vascularization. Reducing the number and length of filopodia/endothelial tip cell may reduce guidance cues for endothelial cells to migrate into the vitreous without interfering with migration into the retina toward a VEGF gradient. PMID: 19576214 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 29, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Budd S, Byfield G, Martiniuk D, Geisen P, Hartnett ME Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

GM-CSF regulates the ERK1/2 pathways and protects injured retinal ganglion cells from induced death.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor (GM-CSF) is a potent hematopoietic cytokine. In the present study, we examined whether GM-CSF is neuroprotective in retinal ganglion cells (RGC). First, we studied the expression of GM-CSF and the GM-CSF-alpha-receptor in rat and human retina and in RGC-5 cells. Then, RGC-5-cells were incubated with apoptosis-inducing agents (e.g. staurosporine, glutamate and NOR3). The cell-death was assessed by Live-Death-Assays and apoptosis-related-proteins were examined by immunoblotting. In addition, the expression of phosphorylated ERK1/2-pathway-proteins after incubation with GM-...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 24, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Schallenberg M, Charalambous P, Thanos S Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Morphine-induced nitric oxide production in isolated, iris-ciliary bodies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Considerable evidence suggests that the nitric oxide (NO)/cGMP signaling pathway plays an integral role in opioid receptor-mediated responses in the cardiovascular and immune systems. Previous studies in our laboratory and others have shown that nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in morphine-induced reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in the New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit. The present study is designed to determine the effect of morphine on NO production in the isolated, iris-ciliary body (ICB), site of aqueous humor production, as this effect could be associated with morphine-stimulated changes...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 21, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Dortch-Carnes J, Randall KR Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Cross-Linked Actin Networks (CLANs) in Bovine Trabecular Meshwork Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A cytoskeletal feature of human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells in vitro and ex vivo is the presence of cross-linked actin networks (CLANs) that are abundant in a proportion of TM cells exposed to dexamethasone (DEX) and also in cells from glaucoma patients. We wished to determine whether CLANs were present in the bovine trabecular meshwork (BTM), whether they were similarly induced by dexamethasone and whether the structures were comparable to CLANs in HTM cells. Cultures of HTM and BTM cells and ex vivo dissections of BTM tissue were stained with phalloidin (F-actin) and propidium iodide (nuclei) and imaged by confoc...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 17, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Wade NC, Grierson I, O'Reilly S, Hoare MJ, Cracknell KP, Paraoan LI, Brotchie D, Clark AF Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Discovery and characterization of IGFBP-mediated endocytosis in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are prime regulators of IGF-action in numerous cell types including the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). The RPE performs several functions essential for vision, including growth factor secretion and waste removal via a phagocytic process mediated in part by vitronectin (Vn). In the course of studying the effects of IGFBPs on IGF-mediated VEGF secretion and Vn-mediated phagocytosis in the RPE cell line ARPE-19, we have discovered that these cells avidly ingest synthetic microspheres (2.0 mum diameter) coated with IGFBPs. Given the novelty of this finding and the est...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 16, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Ainscough SL, Feigl B, Malda J, Harkin DG Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

3-Dimensional Modelling of Chick Embryo Eye Development and Growth Using High Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool for generating 3-dimensional structural and functional image data. MRI has already proven valuable in creating atlases of mouse and quail development. Here, we have exploited high resolution MRI to determine the parameters necessary to acquire images of the chick embryo eye. Using a 9.4 Tesla (400MHz) high field ultra-shielded and refrigerated magnet (Bruker), MRI was carried out on paraformaldehyde-fixed chick embryos or heads at E4, E6, E8, and E10. Image data were processed using established and custom packages (MRICro, ImageJ, ParaVision, Bruker and mri3dX). Voxel...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 16, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Goodall N, Kisiswa L, Prashar A, Faulkner S, Tokarczuk P, Singh K, Erichsen JT, Guggenheim J, Halfter W, Wride MA Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Increased sensitivity to retinal light damage in aquaporin-4 knockout mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous studies have shown that Müller cells respond to excessive light with mislocalization of inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir4.1) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) proteins. We investigated whether the retina is protected against light-induced damage in AQP4 knockout (KO) mice. KO and wildtype (WT) CD1 mice were exposed to 12h of intense white light (16 000+/-2000 lux) for six successive days. Electroretinograms (ERGs) were mildly affected in WT mice three days after light exposure, but returned to baseline on the seventh day following light exposure. In comparison, ERGs of KO mice were severely and irreversibl...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 14, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Yuan S, Zhang W, Ding J, Yao J, Jiang Q, Hu G Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Cadmium-induced apoptotic death of human retinal pigment epithelial cellsis mediated by MAPK pathway.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cadmium (Cd), released from cigarette smoke and metal industrial activities, is known to accumulate in human body organs including retina and is particularly higher in retinal tissues of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) eyes compared to non-AMD eyes. We have determined the cytotoxic effects of Cd on human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Upon Cd treatment, there was a dose- and time-dependent decline in ARPE-19 cell viability as well as early apoptotic changes such as altered mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and Cytochrome C release in cytosol. Depletion of GSH by buthionine-[S,R]-sulfoximine (BSO) r...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 11, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Kalariya NM, Wills NK, Ramana KV, Srivastava SK, van Kuijk FJ Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor released from engineered mesenchymal stem cells attenuates glutamate- and hydrogen peroxide-mediated death of staurosporine-differentiated RGC-5 cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The purpose of this study was to determine the viability of cell-based delivery of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) from genetically modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for neuroprotection of RGC-5 cells. RGC-5 cells were differentiated with the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (SS) and exposed to the cellular stressors glutamate or H(2)O(2). As a neuroprotective strategy, these cells were then co-cultured across a membrane insert with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) engineered with a lentiviral vector for production of BDNF (BDNF-MSCs). As a positive control, recombinant human BDNF (rhBDNF) was added to...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 11, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Harper MM, Adamson L, Blits B, Bunge MB, Grozdanic SD, Sakaguchi DS Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

CXCR4 but not CXCR7 is mainly implicated in ocular leukocyte trafficking during ovalbumin-induced acute uveitis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study not only enhances our knowledge of the immunopathological mechanism of uveitis but also provides a novel rationale to target CXCR4 as an anti-inflammatory strategy to treat uveitis. PMID: 19524567 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 11, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Zhang Z, Zhong W, Hall MJ, Kurre P, Spencer D, Skinner A, O'Neill S, Xia Z, Rosenbaum JT Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Acute energy reduction induces caspase-dependent apoptosis and activates p53 in retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The energy reduction-induced death of retinal ganglion cells is associated with many ophthalmic diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the apoptosis pathway of retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) following acute ATP reduction by using glucose deprivation (GD). RGC-5 cells were cultured in glucose-free or normal DMEM for 3 days. The changes in intracellular ATP and cell viability were monitored by ATP assay and MTT assay. APOPercentage and in situ TUNEL assays were used to determine the cell death pattern. The involvement of oxidative stress was assessed by measuring intracellular ROS generation, the HO-1 ex...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 11, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Li GY, Fan B, Su GF Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Growth kinetics and transplantation of human retinal progenitor cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, we have determined the growth kinetics of hRPCs and have shown that cells from donor tissue of 16-18 weeks G.A. exhibit the best proliferative dynamics under the specified conditions, and that hRPCs can also be differentiated along the photoreceptor lineage. Further, we have also demonstrated that following transplantation, some of these cells integrate within the host retina and differentiate to express rhodopsin, thereby supporting the potential utility of hRPC transplantation in the setting of retinal degenerative disorders. PMID: 19524569 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Experimental Eye Research)
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 11, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Aftab U, Jiang C, Tucker B, Kim JY, Klassen H, Miljan E, Sinden J, Young M Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Histomorphometric measurements in human and dog optic nerve and an estimation of optic nerve pressure gradients in human.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intraocular pressure and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure are important determinants of the trans-laminar pressure gradient which is believed to be important in the pathogenesis of glaucomatous optic nerve degeneration. Computational models and finite element calculations of optic nerve head biomechanics have been previously used to predict pressures and stresses in the human optic nerve. The purpose of this report is to morphometrically compare the optic nerve laminar and pia mater structure between humans and dogs, and to use previously reported tissue pressure measurements in the dog optic nerve to estimate indivi...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 10, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Balaratnasingam C, Morgan WH, Johnstone V, Pandav SS, Cringle SJ, Yu DY Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals

Altered mechanical behavior and properties of the human anterior lens capsule after cataract surgery.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Several studies have quantified the mechanics of the normal lens capsule, motivated in large part by the need to understand better the mechanism of accommodation. In addition to this principal physiologic function, the lens capsule also plays a significant clinical role by housing the prosthetic lens implanted during cataract surgery. This procedure alters dramatically the mechanical environment of the capsule, which may modulate the errant behavior of lens epithelial cells that leads to capsular contraction and deposition of non-native matrix proteins. Although much is known about histological alterations within the p...
Source: Experimental Eye Research - June 10, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Pedrigi RM, Dziezyc J, Humphrey JD Tags: Exp Eye Res Source Type: journals