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Pathophysiological basis of translational stroke research.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The high incidence and the devastating consequences of stroke call for efficient therapies but despite extensive experimental evidence of neuroprotective improvements, most clinical treatments have failed. The poor translational success is attributed to the inappropriate selection of clinically irrelevant animal models, the inappropriate focus on clinically irrelevant injury pathways and the inappropriate estimation of the length of therapeutic windows. To substantiate this conclusion, the pathophysiology of experimental stroke is reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of collateral pathways, the pen...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Hossmann KA Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Metastatic tumours of the central nervous system - a pathological approach.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Metastases are the most common tumours of the central nervous system. Histopathological diagnosis remains the most efficient and specific diagnostic procedure that provides the clinician with quick, specific and cost-effective information necessary for the optimal treatment of the patient. Therefore, the pathologist should be acquainted with the potential opportunities to determine the most precise diagnosis in case of metastatic deposits involving the central nervous system. PMID: 19813141 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Biernat W Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Inhibition of respiratory processes by overabundance of zinc in neuronal cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Studies suggest that excessive amounts of free zinc ions can cause neuron death by interfering with the energy production process. The sites of the cell oxidation activity of zinc are the glycolytic enzymes, the Krebs cycle components and the respiratory chain. Further consequences of reduced access to energy are: increased production of reactive forms of oxygen, decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased level of ATP. Also, the toxicity of zinc accelerates the supply of extra amounts of this element to the mitochondria, which results in their increased permeability. PMID: 19813142 [PubMed - in ...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Floriańczyk B, Trojanowski T Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Expression of RCAS1 protein in microglia/macrophages accompanying brain tumours. An immunofluorescence study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The expression of protein RCAS1 (receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells), possibly involved in the mechanisms of evasion of immune surveillance by tumours, has been studied in brain astrocytomas grade III and IV and in metastatic carcinomas to the brain by means of double immunofluorescence with antibodies against RCAS1 and respectively anti-GFAP (astroglia) or CD68 or CD74 (macrophages/microglia). Expression of RCAS1 has been reported in many types of carcinomas and in some normal cells, including bone marrow macrophages. Nakabayashi and coworkers recently reported expression of RCAS1 in gliomas. So f...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Adamek D, Radwańska E, Gajda M Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Alpha-synuclein inhibits poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activity via NO-dependent pathway.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
alpha-Synuclein (ASN) is a brain-enriched protein that functions as a molecular chaperone and regulator of the synaptic vesicle cycle. However, if ASN is overexpressed and in prefibrillar oligomeric forms it activates free radical formation and has been implicated in neurodegeneration. The nuclear target for the free radical cascade is poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), a DNA-binding enzyme and transcriptional regulator that decides on cell survival or death. Our previous data indicated that soluble oligomeric form of ASN significantly stimulated nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity and by oxidative stress leads ...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Adamczyk A, Kaźmierczak A Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Ultrastructural evidence of amyloid beta-induced autophagy in PC12 cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Herein we demonstrate that PC12 cells overexpress human amyloid beta precursor protein bearing double Swedish mutation(AbetaPPsw), showing the phenotype characteristic for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Examination of cells at ultrastructural level revealed the intracellular presence of peptide aggregates. Furthermore, autophagy induction was found to be a hallmark of amyloid beta-induced cytotoxicity. Importantly, autophagic vacuoles were co-localized within amyloid beta (Abeta) deposits. This suggests the involvement of autophagy in amyloid beta-elicited cell degeneration. PMID: 19813145 [PubMed - in process] (Source:...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Pajak B, Songin M, Strosznajder JB, Orzechowski A, Gajkowska B Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Kufs' disease: diagnostic difficulties in the examination of extracerebral biopsies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report the case of a 45-year-old woman referred to the Neurological Department with suspicion of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). CJD as well as infectious, autoimmune and some lysosomal diseases were excluded. Since clinical symptoms, i.e. psychotic, auditory and visual hallucinations as well as behavioural disturbances, still suggested metabolic or neurodegenerative disease, a skin and muscle biopsy was performed. On ultrastructural examination the muscle biopsy revealed the subsarcolemmal accumulation of lipofuscin, lipofuscinlike and granular osmiophilic deposits (GRODs). The most unique fingerprint deposits (FP) an...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Lewandowska E, Lipczyńska-Łojkowska W, Modzelewska J, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Mierzewska H, Szpak GM, Passenik E, Jachińska K Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Ultrastructural features of astrocytes in the cortex of the hippocampal gyrus and in the neocortex of the temporal lobe in an experimental model of febrile seizures and with the use of topiramate.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of the current study was ultrastructural assessment of astroglia in specimens of the hippocampal cortex and neocortex of the temporal lobe in our own experimental model of febrile seizures (FS) in rats, as well as the analysis of the influence of a structurally novel broad spectrum anticonvulsant, topiramate (TPM), upon these cells in the CNS regions studied. The current study was inspired by some interesting literature reports on the in vitro investigation into the biological effects of TPM in primary cultures of rat cortical astrocytes and by the lack of data concerning astroglial morphology in vivo in an e...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Lotowska JM, Sobaniec-Łotowska ME, Sobaniec W Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Ganglioglioma associated with alterations of NBN gene. A case report.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report a case of a 13-year-old girl with a tumour of the right fronto-parietal region of the brain. The tumour consisted of two components: a well-differentiated astroglial component with Rosenthal fibres and a neoplastic neuronal component. The final histopathology established diagnosis of ganglioglioma WHO grade I. The patient was selected from a group of children with central nervous system (CNS) tumours screened for the most common molecular variants in the NBN gene (exons 5 and 6). Molecular analysis revealed the presence of c.511A>G (p.Ile171Val) substitution on one allele. This is the first patient with gangli...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Grajkowska W, Piekutowska-Abramczuk D, Ciara E, Dembowska-Baginska B, Perek D, Roszkowski M, Daszkiewicz P, Matyja E, Pronicki M, Chrzanowska KH Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Pilocytic astrocytoma as a predominant component of a recurrent complex type DNT.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report an unusual case of a 7-year-old girl with a temporal lobe DNT, which recurred four years after subtotal resection of the tumour. In the recurrent lesion we identified pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) as a predominant component of the tumour. Small pieces of the removed tissues also disclosed remnants of DNT. Clinical presentation of the primary tumour consisted of partial simple seizures, while the recurrent tumour manifested with headache and vomiting. Likewise, the radiological appearance of both tumours was different. We conclude that patients with incompletely removed DNT may suffer local recurrence of that tumour....
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Zakrzewski K, Biernat W, Liberski PP, Polis L, Perek D, Nowoslawska E Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Transmissible mink encephalopathy - review of the etiology of a rare prion disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We review here the history, neuropathology, clinical picture and molecular data on transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). This obscure disease is of utmost importance as it is plausible that it represents a transmission of hidden bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to mink in the USA. Of special interest is the similarity of L-type of BSE and TME. Furthermore, experimental molecular studies showed the TME strain-specific in vitro conversion in a cell-free system. In addition, we show here for the first time confocal laser microscopy studies of co-localization of PrPd- amyloid plaques and GFAP-expressing astrocytes...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - August 21, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Liberski PP, Sikorska B, Guiroy D, Bessen RA Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Reflections on a half-century in the field of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The subject of transmissible spongiform encephalopathy may properly be said to have begun with the experimental transmission of scrapie by Cuillé and Chelle in 1936, although Creutzfeldt and Jakob had described the disease that bears their names in 1920-21. Thirty more years passed before the human disease was also shown to be transmissible, in 1966, and the following half century has seen the field move from classical biology to molecular biology and genetics, and from 'slow virus' to host-encoded 'prion' protein. Because nothing is more important to the research scientist than the process of seeing a problem and...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Brown P Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Thoughts on mammalian prion strains.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A plethora of prion strains can be propagated indefinitely in hosts homozygous for the PrP gene. Within the framework of the "protein-only" hypothesis, the strain-specific properties are enciphered in the conformation of the strain-associated PrPSc. Are these conformations codetermined by additional components, whose presence or absence within an infected cell could define the cell's competence to replicate a particular strain? Which cellular components, if any, contribute to the PrPC-to-PrPSc conversion in the cell? Many questions still remain to be answered in the field launched and nurtured by Carlton Gajdusek, to w...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Weissmann C Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Kuru and D. Carleton Gajdusek: a close encounter.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Kuru, the first human transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, was transmitted to chimpanzees by D. Carleton Gajdusek (1923-2008). In this review, I briefly summarize the history of this seminal discovery alongside its epidemiology, clinical picture, neuropathology and molecular genetics. The discovery of kuru opened new windows into the realms of human medicine and was instrumental in the later transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as well as the prediction that bovine spongiform encephalopathy would be transmitted to humans. It was one of the greatest discoveries in biomedical sciences of the 20th century. PM...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Liberski PP Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Cannibalism, kuru and anthropology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This essay discusses the image and practice of cannibalism in a wide range of studies. It also presents the anthropological research on kuru which led to the proposal that cannibalism had enabled transmission of the infectious agent, as well as doubts about the hypothesis, and the assertion by some that cannibalism as a socially approved custom did not exist. The figure of the cannibal as an icon of primitivism took form in the encounter between Europe and the Americas. Cannibalism was to become the prime signifier of "barbarism" for a language of essentialized difference that would harden into the negative racism of t...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Lindenbaum S Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

A short history of the long and productive search for the cause of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This brief historical review recounts the efforts of the discovery of the cause of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis from its initial pathological descriptions, through the identification of measles virus as its pathogen, to the current conceptual framework of its pathogenesis. It is presented as an example of what was once considered an "unconventional" infection, but is now the subject of speculation according to the modern principles of molecular biology. PMID: 19618337 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Katz M Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Contributions of isolated Pacific populations to understanding neurodegenerative diseases.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Isolated human populations have provided a natural experimental laboratory for the ongoing study of human disease. In the mid-20th century a number of high-incidence foci of neurodegenerative diseases were brought to medical attention including kuru, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and parkinsonism-dementia. These foci were discovered in Papua New Guinea, West New Guinea, the Kii Peninsula of Japan, and in the Mariana Islands. The study of these diseases in isolated human groups has significantly contributed to our understanding of the cause and mechanisms of pathogenesis of these and related neurodegenerative disorders...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Garruto RM, Yanagihara R Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Viliuisk encephalomyelitis in Eastern Siberia - analysis of 390 cases.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Viliuisk encephalomyelitis (VE) is a unique disease occurring in the Yakut (Sakha) population of Eastern Siberia. VE is always fatal, with some patients dying during the acute encephalitic phase of illness; those surviving the acute phase develop progressive dementia, rigidity and spastic quadriparesis as part of a more prolonged pan-encephalitic syndrome. The disease is characterized neuropathologically by multiple widespread micronecrotic foci with marked inflammatory reactions and subsequent gliosis throughout the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and brain stem. The acute febrile onset with cerebrospinal f...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Goldfarb LG, Vladimirtsev VA, Platanov FA, Lee HS, McLean CA, Masters CL Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP): the role of HTLV-I-infected Th1 cells in the pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) is a chronic progressive myelopathy characterized by bilateral pyramidal tract involvement with sphincteric disturbances. The primary neuropathological feature of HAM/TSP is chronic myelitis characterized by perivascular cuffing and parenchymal infiltration of lymphocytes. Although the exact cellular and molecular events underlying the induction of chronic inflammation in the spinal cord by HTLV-I are still unclear, a long-standing bystander mechanism, such as the destruction of surrounding nervous tissue by the inte...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Nakamura T Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Transmissible mink encephalopathy - review of the etiology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We review here the history, neuropathology, clinical picture and molecular data on transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME). This obscure disease is of utmost importance as it is plausible that it represents a transmission of hidden bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to mink in the USA. Of special interest is the similarity of L-type of BSE and TME. Furthermore, experimental molecular studies showed the TME strain-specific in vitro conversion in a cell-free system. In addition, we show here for the first time confocal laser microscopy studies of co-localization of PrPd- amyloid plaques and GFAP-expressing astrocytes...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Liberski PP, Sikorska B, Guiroy D, Bessen RA Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Murine bone marrow stromal cell culture with features of mesenchymal stem cells susceptible to mouse-adapted human TSE agent, Fukuoka-1.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)/prion diseases through transplantation of bone marrow (BM) has never been reported in humans. However, the use of fetal bovine serum in current protocols for generating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) carries the risk of iatrogenic spread. We developed a cell model from murine BM-derived MSCs and tested its susceptibility to Fukuoka-1 (Fu) strain of TSEs. The adherent cells expressed significant levels of normal prion protein, PrPC, at the time when they became immortalized. The cell culture underwent spontaneous transformation following inoculation with Fu...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 22, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Akimov S, Vasilyeva I, Yakovleva O, McKenzie C, Cervenakova L Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Occipital neuralgia: possible failure of surgical treatment - case report.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surgical intervention in severe cases of occipital neuralgia should be considered if pharmacological and local nerve blocking treatment fail. The literature suggests two types of interventions: surgical decompression of the greater occipital nerve (GON) from the entrapment site, as a less invasive approach, and neurotomy of the nerve trunk, which results in ipsilateral sensation deficits in the GON innervated area of the skull. Due to anatomical variations in the division of the GON trunk, typical neurotomy above the line of the trapezius muscle aponeurosis (TMA) may not result in full recovery. The present study discu...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - June 27, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Andrychowski J, Czernicki Z, Netczuk T, Taraszewska A, Dabrowski P, Rakasz L, Budohoski K Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Mysteries of CADASIL - the contribution of neuropathology to understanding of the disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present a review of current concepts regarding CADASIL pathogenesis, clinical picture and diagnosis in which neuropathological examinations played a key role. PMID: 19353429 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Dziewulska D Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Blood-brain barrier ultrastructural alterations in human congenital hydrocephalus and Arnold-Chiari malformation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cortical biopsies of 13 patients with clinical diagnosis of congenital hydrocephalus, Arnold-Chiari malformation and hydrocephalus, and postmeningitis hydrocephalus were examined by transmission electron microscopy to study the damage of endothelial cells, basement membrane, astrocytic end-feet layer, and perivascular space. Capillaries from the parietal and frontal cortex showed increased vesicular and vacuolar transport, intact endothelial junctions, thin and immature basement membrane, swollen perivascular astrocytic end-feet layer, and enlarged perivascular space. In areas of severe oedema, open endothelial junctio...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Castejon OJ Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Remodelling of skeletal muscle cells in children with SCO2 gene mutation - ultrastructural study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mitochondrial protein coded by the SCO2 gene is involved in the process of assembly of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase (COX). Progressive cardiomyopathy, neuropathy and lactic acidosis are presented by infants with SCO2 gene mutations. Only a dozen patients with this gene mutation have been reported in the literature. Muscle ultrastructure is mentioned only in a few case reports. The aim of this study was to search for typical ultrastructural features in 11 skeletal muscle specimens from Polish patients bearing SCO2 gene mutations. Ultrastructural analysis confirms domination of atrophic and degenerative changes, in...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Matyja E, Pronicki M, Kowalski P, Czarnowska E, Taybert J Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Increased expression of cell adhesion molecules in inflammatory myopathies: diagnostic utility and pathogenetic insights.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: IMs comprise 6% of all muscle diseases and IBM is not a common IM in India as reported in the Western literature. Our findings support the hypothesis of autoimmune origin of IMs. The difference between expression of these molecules in IMs and controls also has diagnostic implications and these markers should be included along with MHC-1 antigen and membrane attack complex (MAC) in the existing diagnostic armamentarium. PMID: 19353432 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Jain A, Sharma MC, Sarkar C, Bhatia R, Singh S, Handa R Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Spectral changes in postoperative MRS in high-grade gliomas and their effect on patient prognosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, MRS is a diagnostic tool which, on the basis of direction of changes in the value of metabolite ratios, helps additionally confirm the diagnosis of glioma regrowth. In the case of a visible contrast enhancement area on the postoperative MRI with observed concomitant increase in Cho/NAA ratio and decrease in NAA/Cr ratio between pre- and postoperative MRS examinations, preliminary suspicion should be that of glioma regrowth rather than of remnant tumour after surgery or postradiation lesions. PMID: 19353433 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Czernicki T, Szeszkowski W, Marchel A, Gołebiowski M Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Unexpected morphological changes within hippocampal structures in a photochemical ring model of cerebral ischaemia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A photochemical ring model of ischaemia was introduced in the middle of the nineteen eighties. Irradiation by a laser or arc lamp followed by intravenous injection of rose bengal resulted in thrombosis of pial and superficial cortical vessels. This ring model imitated focal ischaemic damage in humans. In our experiment twenty-seven Wistar rats of both sexes weighing 250-300 grams were examined. A photochemical ring model based on irradiation of the area of parietal bone 4 mm posteriorly to the bregma and 4 mm laterally from the sagittal suture was applied. A ring-shaped light beam with a wavelength of 510-540 nm with 5...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Rafałowska J, Gadamski R, Dziewulska D, Zielonka P, Ogonowska W, Lazarewicz JW Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Effect of concurrent application of heat, swim stress and repeated dermal application of chlorpyrifos on the hippocampal neurons in mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study correlates the changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels and neuronal counts in areas of the hippocampus to consecutive exposure of stress, heat and CPF. Male mice (60 days) were segregated into six groups: one control, one stress control, and four treated groups (n=10). CPF was applied in doses of 1/2 and 1/5 of dermal LD50 (E1 and E2) over the tail of mice under occlusive bandages for 3 weeks. Stress control [(s) C] mice were subjected to swim stress at 38 degrees C (6 mins/day, 3 weeks). (s) E1 and (s) E2 were subjected to swim stress before CPF application. Blood and brain AChE levels were estimated usin...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Mitra NK, Nadarajah VD, Siong HH Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Occipital neuralgia: possible failure of surgical treatment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surgical intervention in severe cases of occipital neuralgia should be considered if pharmacological and local nerve blocking treatment fail. The literature suggests two types of interventions: surgical decompression of the greater occipital nerve (GON) from the entrapment site, as a less invasive approach, and neurotomy of the nerve trunk, which results in ipsilateral sensation deficits in the GON innervated area of the skull. Due to anatomical variations in the division of the GON trunk, typical neurotomy above the line of the trapezius muscle aponeurosis (TMA) may not result in full recovery. The present study discu...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Andrychowski J, Czernicki Z, Netczuk T, Taraszewska A, Dabrowski P, Rakasz L, Budohoski K Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Endolymphatic sac tumours and von Hippel-Lindau disease - case report, molecular analysis and histopathological characterization.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Endolymphatic sac tumours (ELST) are aggressive papillary tumours of the temporal bone. The name was finally determined after the endolymphatic sac was determined as the site of their origin. They should be considered in patients with tumours eroding the petrous part of the temporal bone, extending to the cerebellopontine angle or other adjacent structures. These very rare tumours in the general population have much higher prevalence in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Hence molecular analysis of the VHL gene should be performed in patients with ELST and their relatives. The purpose of this study is to present a case report,...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - April 9, 2009 Category: Pathology Authors: Krzysztolik K, Cybulski C, Sagan L, Nowacki P, Lubiński J Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome--clinical and pathological characteristics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: In some patients the onset of OMA is related to vaccination or infection. Children with OMA and neuroblastoma despite a good oncological prognosis often present permanent neurological and developmental deficits. The inflammatory infiltrations within the tumours are combined, with predominant participation of cytotoxic cells. PMID: 18825593 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 10, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Stefanowicz J, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Drozyńska E, Pienczk J, Połczyńska K, Czauderna P, Sierota D, Bień E, Stachowicz-Stencel T, Kosiak W, Balcerska A Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural changes in the brain in probable adult glycogenosis type IV: adult polyglucosan body disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Glycogenosis type IV is caused by a defi ciency of glycogen branching enzyme (alpha-1,4 glucan 6-transglucosylase). Adult polyglucosan body disease (APBD) may represent a neuropathological hallmark of the adult form of this storage disease of the central nervous system. We analysed a case of a 45-year-old unconscious woman who died three days after admission to the hospital. Neuropathological examination revealed massive accumulation of polyglucosan bodies (PBs) in the cortex and white matter of the whole brain. PBs were located in the processes of neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells. The storage material in the c...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Lewandowska E, Stepień T, Modzelewska J Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Neuroblastoma and opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome - clinical and pathological characteristics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: In some patients the onset of OMA is related to vaccination or infection. Children with OMA and neuroblastoma despite a good oncological prognosis often present permanent neurological and developmental defi cits. The infl ammatory infi ltrations within the tumours are combined, with predominant participation of cytotoxic cells. PMID: 18825593 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Stefanowicz J, Izycka-Swieszewska E, Drozyńska E, Pienczk J, Połczyńska K, Czauderna P, Sierota D, Bień E, Stachowicz-Stencel T, Kosiak W, Balcerska A Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Asymptomatic and symptomatic glial cysts of the pineal gland.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Glial cysts of the pineal gland are benign and mostly asymptomatic incidental lesions found in the brain MRI or at autopsy examinations. In rare cases pineal cysts become symptomatic and require surgical intervention. Symptomatic glial cysts may be clinically and radiologically indistinguishable from cystic neoplasms of the pineal region; therefore, histopathological diagnosis is critical for further prognosis and therapy in operated patients. In this paper we present detailed histopathological characteristics of symptomatic glial cysts in 2 surgical cases and of asymptomatic cysts of the pineal gland found at random i...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Taraszewska A, Matyja E, Koszewski W, Zaczyński A, Bardadin K, Czernicki Z Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Nuclear architecture remodelling in cardiomyocytes with lamin A deficiency.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We analysed the architecture of cardiomyocyte nuclei lacking lamin A activity in three patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis was established on the basis of clinical and electrophysiological examinations, chest radiography and electrocardiography. An ultrastructural study of aff ected cardiomyocytes showed dramatic alterations in nuclear distribution and organization aff ecting nuclear shape, lamina structure, chromatin and nuclear interior organization. The most specifi c hallmark of nuclei with lamin A defi ciency was the reorganization of the nuclear interior, the appearance of a various number of mito...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Fidziańska A, Walczak E, Glinka Z, Religa G Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Efficacy of remote ischaemic preconditioning for spinal cord protection against ischaemic injury: association with heat shock protein expression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Our results show that production of transient remote ischaemia preconditioning in the lower extremities reduces damage in the spinal cord secondary to ischaemia probably by the increase of HSP. PMID: 18825596 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Selimoglu O, Ugurlucan M, Basaran M, Gungor F, Banach M, Cucu O, Ong LL, Gasparyan AY, Mikhailidis D, Ogus TN Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Apoptotic death of cortical neurons following surgical brain injury.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Unilateral surgical brain injury of the rat is a model of surgery-related brain damage of humans. Our preliminary experiments showed two phenomena within the damaged cortical region of rat brain. Those were: degeneration and death of neurons and massive gliosis. In the present study we aimed to investigate the mechanisms of neuronal death following brain injury and to characterize responses of glial cells to the damage. We analyzed the morphological changes and alterations of immunochemical profile of cells localized in the brain areas adjacent to the lesion. Our data show the massive neuronal death following the lesio...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Sulejczak D, Grieb P, Walski M, Frontczak-Baniewicz M Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Giant cell ependymoma of the spinal cord and fourth ventricle coexisting with syringomyelia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This report presents a case of widespread intramedullary giant cell ependymoma arising from the central canal of the C4 segment of the spinal cord in a 28-year-old man admitted to hospital with tetraplegia and signs of increased intracranial pressure, eight months after surgical spinal cervical decompression without tetraplegia improvement. Magnetic resonance imaging and autopsy revealed a tumour extending from segment C3/C4 of the spinal cord to the lower half of the fourth ventricle with coexisting syringomyelia. This slow-growing ependymoma of low-grade malignancy exhibited unusual morphology as well as degenerative and...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Szpak GM, Lewandowska E, Schmidt-Sidor B, Pasennik E, Modzelewska J, Stepień T, Zdaniuk G, Kulczycki J, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Brain and cerebellar hemidysplasia in a case with ipsilateral body dysplasia and suspicion of CHILD syndrome.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CHILD syndrome is an acronym for Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform nevus and Limb Defects. This is an X-linked dominant disorder affecting females with early lethality in hemizygous males. The clinical features are congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and ipsilateral hypoplasia of limbs and other parts of the skeleton as well as defects of the brain, heart, kidney and lung. CHILD syndrome is caused by mutations in the NSDHL (steroid dehydrogenase-like protein) gene at Xq28, which affects cholesterol biosynthesis. A female premature newborn with left side body hemidysplasia and ipsilateral ...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - October 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Schmidt-Sidor B, Obersztyn E, Szymańska K, Wychowski J, Mierzewska H, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Stepień T Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Subependymal plaques in scrapie-affected hamster brains--why are they so different from compact kuru plaques?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report here routine thin-section and immunogold electron microscopic studies on diffuse plaques in scrapie-affected hamster brains. These plaques were not discernible by routine HE staining. Ultrastructurally, plaques were recognized as areas of low electron density containing haphazardly-oriented fibrils, but not as stellate compact structures typical of mouse scrapie models; hence we labelled them "loose plaques". Following immunohistochemistry at the electron microscopy level, fibrils within plaques were heavily decorated with PrP-conjugated gold particles. Loose plaques were located beneath the basal border of the e...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 18, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Sikorska B, Liberski PP, Brown P Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier of the gyrus hippocampal cortex in an experimental model of febrile seizures and with the use of a new generation antiepileptic drug--topiramate.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The ultrastructure of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) of the gyrus hippocampal cortex in an experimental model of febrile seizures in rats and the effect of a new generation antiepileptic drug, topiramate, on the morphological status of this barrier were investigated. Advanced changes indicating a substantial increase in BBB permeability were observed in the animals with induced febrile seizures (FS), with approximately 2/3 of capillaries and perivascular astroglial processes being affected. Almost total occlusion of the capillary lumen was frequently seen, caused by damaged endothelial lining and by external pressure fr...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 18, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Łotowska JM, Sobaniec-Łotowska ME, Sendrowski K, Sobaniec W, Artemowicz B Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Prion diseases: a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It is now widely accepted that many structurally diverse proteins can misfold and cause so-called "conformational diseases", including the most common neurodegenerations, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The conversion of largely a-helical or random coil proteins into cross-b-pleated sheet conformations that form first oligomers and then fibrils underlies these disorders. However, this a- to b-structure transition seems to be a generic propensity of all globular proteins, not only those involved in neurodegenerations, not to mention "prion diseases". Metaphorically, all these neurodegenerations are "infecti...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Liberski PP Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Implication of active Erk in the classic type of human medulloblastoma.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Molecular pathways underlying medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant brain tumour in children, are still under scrutiny. The mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is one of the kinases that was recently found to be implicated in a number of human tumours. Also in the case of MB it is suspected that mTOR dysregulation may play an important role in pathogenesis. Active mTOR leads to translation of several proteins, some of which affect cellular proliferation. On the other hand, Akt/PKB (protein kinase B) and Erk (extracellular signal-regulated kinase, also called mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Wlodarski PK, Boszczyk A, Grajkowska W, Roszkowski M, Jozwiak J Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Pathology of skeletal muscle cells in adult-onset glycogenosis type II (Pompe disease): ultrastructural study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Ultrastructural analysis of the skeletal muscle in adult-onset Pompe disease revealed lysosomal and cytoplasmic glycogen storage, autophagic vacuoles and abnormal mitochondria. Significant glycogen accumulation within lysosomes causes their rupture and release of glycogen into the cytoplasm. Excess cytoplasmic glycogen could lead to damage of the structure of muscle cells including myofibrils. In consequence, parts of the sarcoplasm and damaged organelles were sequestered within membrane-limited vacuoles. We suppose that massive accumulation of autophagic vacuoles results from the inability of destroyed lysosomes to fu...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Lewandowska E, Wierzba-Bobrowicz T, Rola R, Modzelewska J, Stepień T, Lugowska A, Pasennik E, Ryglewicz D Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Peripheral blood cell immunomarkers in the course of methylprednisolone treatment of multiple sclerosis relapses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) is the standard method in the treatment of acute relapses in multiple sclerosis (MS) and is believed to affect various immunological processes involved in the pathology of MS, including apoptosis and phagocytosis. Peripheral blood was obtained from 50 patients, with clinically definite MS, fulfilling the revised criteria of McDonald, a day before, after 5 days of MP treatment, and two weeks after conclusion of the treatment. Intravenous administration of 1.0 gamma daily of MP was used to treat the new relapses of the disease. The control group comprised 20 healthy blood donors. The s...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Michałowska-Wender G, Wender M Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

CDP-choline protects motor neurons against apoptotic changes in a model of chronic glutamate excitotoxicity in vitro.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cytidine-5-diphosphocholine (CDP-choline, citicoline) is an endogenous nucleoside involved in generation of phospholipids, membrane formation and its repair. It demonstrates beneficial effects in certain central nervous system injury models, including cerebral ischaemia, neurodegenerative disorders and spinal cord injury. Defective neuronal and/or glial glutamate transport is claimed to contribute to progressive loss of motor neurons (MNs) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Our previous ultrastructural studies, performed on an organotypic tissue culture model of chronic glutamate excitotoxicity, documented a subse...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Matyja E, Taraszewska A, Nagańska E, Grieb P, Rafałowska J Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Severe hypoxia and multiple infarctions resembling Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although neuropathological examination is still required for the definite diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), specialised clinical assessment predicts probable CJD. Here we present a 73-year-old female patient presenting with rapid cognitive decline, visual, acoustic and cerebellar disturbances, ataxia and EEG changes compatible with early CJD stages. MRI revealed hyperintensities within the thalami, hypothalami, corpora mammillaria, the tectum and the cortex. Initial neuropathological examination showed severe cortical and subcortical spongiosis. However, both immunohistochemistry and Western blotting showed...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Mittelbronn M, Capper D, Bader B, Schittenhelm J, Haybaeck J, Weber P, Meyermann R, Kretzschmar HA, Wietholter H Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Necrobiosis lipoidica and cutaneous anaesthesia: immunohistochemical study of neural fibres.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The absence of nerve fibres in the central areas of the necrotic foci of NL might explain the anaesthesia which is present in many patients with that disease. PMID: 18587710 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Folia Neuropathologica)
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Fernandez-Flores A Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals

Papillary glioneuronal tumour of the precentral gyrus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The article describes a case of a 15-year old boy after a head contusion with a five-month history of headaches and two seizure episodes. MR imaging revealed a partly solid and partly cystic cortical-subcortical tumour within the precentral gyrus with post-contrast enhancement. The patient underwent gross total resection of the lesion. Histologically the neoplasm was composed of pseudopapillary gliovascular structures surrounded by solid glioneuronal tumour areas. The expression of GFAP and nestin characterized the central parts of the tumour. Moreover the immunolabelling for synaptophysin, neurofilaments, Olig2 and NC...
Source: Folia Neuropathologica - July 2, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Izycka-Swieszewska E, Majewska H, Szurowska E, Mazurkiewicz-Bełdzińska M, Drozyńska E Tags: Folia Neuropathol Source Type: journals