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IndexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

Optical Coherence Tomography for Bile and Pancreatic Duct ImagingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging modality introduced in 1991 that performs high-resolution, cross-sectional, subsurface tomographic imaging of the microstructure in materials and biologic systems by measuring backscattered or backreflected infrared light. OCT has been used for biomedical applications where many factors affect the feasibility and effectiveness of any imaging technique. The highly scattering and absorbing living tissues greatly limit the application of optical imaging modalities. In the last decade, OCT technology has evolved from an experimental laboratory tool to a new diagnostic im...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Pier Alberto Testoni, Benedetto Mangiavillano Source Type: journals

Confocal EndomicroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The preoperative diagnosis of biliary neoplasms is associated with a low sensitivity. To overcome this limitation, probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy was further developed to enable in vivo microscopic imaging, with confocal miniprobes further miniaturized to such an extent to enable their use even via the instrumentation channel of cholangioscopes. The current data available suggest that this new technology represents a promising approach for further differentiation of strictures and stenosis in the biliary, and perhaps also pancreatic system. Nevertheless, those results are based on a limited number of patients; f...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Alexander Meining Source Type: journals

Clinical Application of Intraductal Ultrasound During Endoscopic Retrograde CholangiopancreatographyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article examines the numerous possible roles for IDUS in the evaluation of biliary and pancreatic conditions, as well as in ampullary neoplasms. IDUS is a simple, easy to learn, and safe technique that should be considered an integral tool in the therapeutic endoscopist's armamentarium. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Rabi Kundu, Douglas Pleskow Source Type: journals

Peroral Pancreatoscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasia and Indeterminate Pancreatic Duct PathologyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Peroral pancreatoscopy (POP) is an exciting modality for the evaluation of pancreatic diseases. It has proved efficacy in the evaluation of suspected intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasia and allows for a determination of the presence and extent of pancreatic duct involvement. When other imaging modalities are inconclusive, POP seems a useful adjunct in the evaluation of indeterminate pancreatic duct strictures and permits tissue sampling under direct vision. Despite recent advances, refinements in endoscope caliber, tip deflection, and optics are still required for more routine application in pancreatic diseases. (Sour...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Daniel A. Ringold, Raj J. Shah Source Type: journals

Endoscopic Tumor Treatment in the Bile DuctEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reports on the few cases published and on the authors' own experience with endoscopic retrograde and percutaneous transhepatic cholangioscopic treatment of tumors in the biliary system. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Juergen Hochberger, Giovanni d'Addazio Source Type: journals

Choledochoscopy-Assisted Intraductal Shock Wave LithotripsyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the use of electrohydraulic lithotripsy and laser lithotripsy in the clinical setting. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Jason Bratcher, Franklin Kasmin Source Type: journals

Cholangioscopy for Special Applications: Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis, Liver Transplant, and Selective Duct AccessEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cholangioscopy is gaining renewed interest and gradually expanded use as a result of recent technical improvements in endoscopes and accessories, coupled with shortcomings in the accuracy of currently available techniques for biliary sampling and diagnosis. Challenging clinical dilemmas that may benefit from its application include early diagnosis of cholangiocarcinoma in the setting of primary sclerosing cholangitis, early identification of biliary infection or ischemia following orthotopic liver transplantation, and selective duct access with wires and other devices during therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancr...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Bret T. Petersen Source Type: journals

Cholangiopancreatoscopy for Targeted Biopsies of the Bile and Pancreatic DuctsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the evidence that cholangioscopy- and pancreatoscopy-guided biopsies improves diagnostic yield over ERCP-based tissue sampling techniques. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Shahzad Iqbal, Peter D. Stevens Source Type: journals

Diagnostic Value of Image-Enhanced Video CholangiopancreatoscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We summarized past and present results concerning the observation capability of cholangiopancratoscopy using chromoendoscopy, autofluorescence imaging (AFI), and narrow-band imaging (NBI). New generation peroral and percutaneous transhepatic video cholangiopancreatoscopes provide superior quality images. Pilot studies suggest that chromoendocholangioscopy using methylene blue or cholangioscopy using AFI can distinguish benign from malignant bile duct lesions. On the other hand, the NBI system enhances the imaging of certain features such as mucosal structures and microvessels in pancreatobiliary lesions. In patients with m...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Takao Itoi, Horst Neuhaus, Yang K. Chen Source Type: journals

New Kid on the Block: Development of a Partially Disposable System for CholangioscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The SpyGlass Direct Visualization System is a significant step forward in bringing optical visualization to the pancreatobiliary system by providing dedicated irrigation and therapeutic channels and 4-way steerability. Peroral cholangioscopy using the SpyGlass System may be safely performed by a single operator and provides reliable access to target sites for visual inspection and stone therapy using electrohydraulic lithotripsy or holmium laser lithotripsy. In addition, the SpyBite Biopsy Forceps has been shown to obtain adequate histologic tissue specimens reliably. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Krishnavel V. Chathadi, Yang K. Chen Source Type: journals

Cholangiopancreatoscopy: A Comprehensive ReviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article describes the available cholangioscopic devices and technical and clinical applications of cholangiopancreatoscopy. The efficacy and limitations of CP, as well as published comparative studies, are briefly reviewed. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Sam Nourani, Gregory Haber Source Type: journals

PrefaceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Contrast radiography has given way to endoscopy for the evaluation of the upper gastrointestinal tract, the small bowel, and the colon. The pancreaticobiliary ductal system has remained the one area in which gastroenterologists depend heavily on contrast-enhanced fluoroscopy. The concept of entering the ducts with an endoscope is certainly not new; peroral cholangiopancreatoscopy has been possible for decades. The discipline has been enjoying a resurgence of interest, however, as the equipment has become increasingly miniaturized, maneuverable, and manageable. Furthermore, new diagnostic technologies and therapeutic access...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Peter D. Stevens Source Type: journals

ForewordEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Just when it seemed that all endoscopic frontiers had been crossed, intraductal biliary and pancreatic endoscopy or cholangiopancreatoscopy has emerged as a robust new area for exploration in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Although endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) combines endoscopy with fluoroscopy and has resulted in remarkable progress in the management of diseases affecting the bile and pancreas ducts, it remains a hybrid procedure, providing indirect radiographic images. With the development of ever-thinner endoscopes, first fiberoptic and now tiny, powerful charge-coupled device chip video, real-tim...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Charles J. Lightdale Source Type: journals

Forthcoming issuesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

ContentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - October 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

IndexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

Novel Applications of Balloon EndoscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Double-balloon endoscopy has been available for investigation of the small bowel since 2001, concomitantly with capsule endoscopy. Beyond established indications, endoscopic examination of the small bowel is currently performed in many clinical conditions involving the small bowel, which were under investigated in the past. Biopsies of lesions observed by capsule endoscopy or balloon enteroscopy can be taken and the lesions can sometimes be treated during a balloon Endoscopic procedure. Double-balloon endoscopy can be used in patients when conventional endoscopy was incomplete. The main applications of double-balloon endos...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Michel Delvaux, Gérard Gay Source Type: journals

Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in the Surgically Modified Gastrointestinal TractEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article focuses on instruments, technique and a review of the published literature to date on performing ERCP in this group of patients. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Andrew S. Ross Source Type: journals

Outcomes Associated with Deep EnteroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The purpose of this article is to describe the available data regarding the short- and long-term outcomes associated with deep enteroscopy. Deep enteroscopy can be defined as the use of an enteroscope to examine small bowel distal to the ligament of Treitz or proximal to the distal ileum. The term deep enteroscopy includes double-balloon, single-balloon, and spiral enteroscopy. Comparisons are made with push enteroscopy and intraoperative enteroscopy, the major therapeutic endoscopic options available to the gastroenterologist before the introduction of deep enteroscopy. The article concludes with a discussion regarding co...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Lauren B. Gerson Source Type: journals

Small Bowel TumorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article describes the general features of small bowel tumors, clinical presentation, and diagnostic tests followed by a description of the more common tumor types and their management. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Shirley C. Paski, Carol E. Semrad Source Type: journals

Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Celiac DiseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with 3 to 6 biopsies in the descending duodenum is the gold standard for the diagnosis of celiac disease. At the time of the first diagnosis of celiac disease, an extensive evaluation of the small bowel is not recommended. However, video capsule endoscopy, because of its good sensitivity and specificity in recognizing the Endoscopic features of celiac disease, can be considered a valid alternative to EGD in patients unable or unwilling to undergo EGD with biopsies. Capsule endoscopy is also a possible option in selected cases with strong suspicion of celiac disease but negative first-line t...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Emanuele Rondonotti, Federica Villa, Valeria Saladino, Roberto de Franchis Source Type: journals

Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Crohn DiseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article focuses on the utility of enteroscopy, and its advantages and limitations in the evaluation and longterm management of Crohn disease. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Shabana F. Pasha, Jonathan A. Leighton Source Type: journals

Enteroscopy in the Diagnosis and Management of Obscure Gastrointestinal BleedingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the data on enteroscopy, with particular emphasis on the use of capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy for the diagnosis and management of patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Marco Pennazio Source Type: journals

Enteroscopy and its Relationship to Radiological Small Bowel ImagingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The field of radiological small bowel imaging is changing rapidly, as is small bowel enteroscopy. New techniques allow the depiction of intraluminal, mural, and extraintestinal features of various small bowel disorders, such as Crohn disease, small bowel polyposis syndromes, small intestinal malignancies, and celiac disease. For patients requiring repeated small bowel imaging, modalities that do not use ionizing radiation, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, should be considered. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Stijn J.B. Van Weyenberg, Jan Hein T.M. Van Waesberghe, Christian Ell, Jürgen Pohl Source Type: journals

Techniques, Tricks, and Complications of EnteroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Small bowel endoscopy has made tremendous advances over the last 8 years. The introduction of capsule endoscopy, double-balloon enteroscopy, single-balloon enteroscopy and spiral overtube-assisted enteroscopy have completely removed the mystery in investigating the small intestine. These new procedures are challenging and timeconsuming to perform. A brief overview on the technical issues and complications related to these small bowel endoscopy procedures is presented. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Simon K. Lo Source Type: journals

Intraoperative EnteroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Current options for the diagnosis and management of small bowel lesions include push enteroscopy (PE), video capsule endoscopy (VCE), single-balloon enteroscopy (SBE), double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE), and intraoperative enteroscopy (IOE). IOE, the ultimate diagnostic and therapeutic modality for small bowel disorders, is a major surgical and endoscopic procedure. It should be reserved for cases that cannot be managed with others modalities because of the difficulties of the procedure and significant morbidity. The indication for IOE have diminished in recent years because of the development of VCE and DBE. IOE is reserved...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Hans-Joachim Schulz, Harald Schmidt Source Type: journals

Spiral Enteroscopy and Push EnteroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Spiral enteroscopy is a new technique for endoscopic evaluation of the small bowel. Currently, more than 3000 cases have been performed worldwide. The Discovery SB device has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration and has been granted a CE mark. The technique is safe and effective for management and detection of small bowel pathology. Recent studies of spiral enteroscopy have demonstrated diagnostic yield, total time of procedure, and depth of insertion that compare favorably with double and single balloon enteroscopy. The strengths of spiral enteroscopy are rapid advancement in the small bowel and controlled, s...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Paul A. Akerman, Daniel Cantero Source Type: journals

Balloon Enteroscopy: Single- and Double-Balloon EnteroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Balloon enteroscopy is a method that allows endoscopic inspection of the entire small bowel, or large parts of it, while simultaneously making it possible to obtain histologic samples and carry out treatment measures. Studies of double-balloon enteroscopy (DBE) have confirmed the high diagnostic yield of the procedure, with an acceptably low complication rate (approximately 1% for diagnostic DBE and 3% to 4% for therapeutic DBE). The principal indication for the procedure is midgastrointestinal bleeding, that is, when the bleeding source is located in the small bowel. With good patient selection, the diagnostic yield here ...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Andrea May Source Type: journals

Single-balloon EnteroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Single-balloon enteroscopy has emerged as a viable alternative to double-balloon enteroscopy in the management of small bowel disease. Technically, it is easier to perform, may be more efficient, and in the limited literature available, seems to provide similar diagnostic and therapeutic yield when compared with double-balloon enteroscopy. This review provides up-to-date views on this emerging technology and its application. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Bennie R. Upchurch, John J. Vargo Source Type: journals

Technology and IndicationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) was developed based on the principle of preventing stretching of the intestinal tract by anchoring the convoluted intestinal tract with an endoscope and overtube fitted with inflatable balloons. The DBE system includes the main body of the endoscope with a built-in air channel, a balloon attached to the tip of the endoscope, an overtube with a hydrophilic coating equipped with an inflatable balloon, and a balloon controller that safely inflates/deflates the two balloons. At present, there are three different types of endoscopes for DBE. The indications for DBE include the diagnosis or treatme...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Keijiro Sunada, Hironori Yamamoto Source Type: journals

Enteroscopy: An OverviewEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although the small intestine has long been considered the final frontier of endoscopy, a vast amount of progress has led to increased diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities. With the increasing prevalence of capsule endoscopy, the need for enteroscopy also continues to increase. The endoscopic options currently available include double and single balloon–assisted enteroscopy, spiral enteroscopy, and lastly, intraoperative enteroscopy. The majority of published literature has focused on double balloon enteroscopy, but further studies have to provide information on the safety and yield of the newer techniques. Although i...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Christina A. Tennyson, Blair S. Lewis Source Type: journals

PrefaceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
At the turn of the 21st century, interest in the small bowel was at a low ebb, in large part due to its inaccessibility. In 2001, this started to change with the Food and Drug Administration approval of the M2A video capsule (Given Imaging,Yoqneam, Israel). This imaginative device, which reminded many of us of the science fiction movie “Fantastic Voyage,” for the first time provided a noninvasive view of most of the mucosa of the entire length of the small intestine. This stimulus has resulted in the publication of thousands of abstracts and hundreds of peer-reviewed articles. In 8 short years, the device and its succ...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: David R. Cave Source Type: journals

ForewordEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Enteroscopy is a thriving infant in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy. With a huge impetus from the invention of the video capsule, enteroscopy was reborn at the right time. The double-balloon enteroscope appeared almost simultaneously, and now there are competitive capsules and enteroscopes, which almost guarantee further improvements and developments. Perfect timing really, as the understanding of small-intestinal disease has expanded exponentially in recent years. Indeed, the new capacity to visually explore the small intestine has in turn furthered the understanding of the pathogenesis and extent of diseases affe...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Charles J. Lightdale Source Type: journals

Forthcoming issuesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

ContentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - June 30, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

IndexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

New Endoscopic and Cytologic Tools for Cancer Surveillance in the Digestive TractEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cancer surveillance is an increasing part of everyday practice in gastrointestinal Endoscopy due to the identification of high-risk groups from genetic and biomarker testing, genealogic and epidemiologic studies, and the increasing number of cancer survivors. An efficient surveillance program requires a cost-effective means for image-guided cancer detection and biopsy. A laser-based tethered-capsule endoscope with enhanced spectral imaging is introduced for unsedated surveillance of the lower esophagus. An ultrathin version of this same endoscope technology provides a 1.2-mm guidewire with imaging capability and cannula-st...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Eric J. Seibel, Teresa A. Brentnall, Jason A. Dominitz Source Type: journals

Targeted Endoscopic ImagingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Endoscopy has undergone explosive technological growth in recent years, and with the emergence of targeted imaging, its truly transformative power and impact on medicine lies just over the horizon. Today, our ability to see inside the digestive tract with medical endoscopy is headed toward exciting crossroads. The existing paradigm of making diagnostic decisions based on observing structural changes and identifying anatomic landmarks may soon be replaced by visualizing functional properties and imaging molecular expression. In this novel approach, the presence of intracellular and cell surface targets unique to disease are...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Meng Li, Thomas D. Wang Source Type: journals

Endocytoscopy in Esophageal CancerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Endocytoscopy is a new imaging and magnification technology. It has been developed for observation of cellular structure and applied in the esophageal cancer. In this article we summarize the important aspects of this new modality. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Yutaka Tomizawa, Hamza M. Abdulla, Ganapathy A. Prasad, Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song, Lori S. Lutzke, Lynn S. Borkenhagen, Kenneth K. Wang Source Type: journals

Confocal Laser EndomicroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Endomicroscopy is a newly developed imaging modality, which provides in vivo histology during ongoing endoscopy. This review characterizes the currently available endomicroscopic systems and reflects the clinical value of endomicroscopy for different diseases. Endomicroscopy can be used to discover histology of the mucosal layer at cellular and subcellular resolution. Furthermore, endomicroscopy can be used to observe physiologic and pathophysiologic changes, which offer a newly available insight into the pathogenesis of different diseases. The diagnostic possibilities of endomicroscopy are extensive and highly valuable fo...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Ralf Kiesslich, Marcia Irene Canto Source Type: journals

Gastrointestinal Optical Coherence Tomography: Clinical Applications, Limitations, and Research PrioritiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Optical coherence tomography provides the highest resolution available of any of the technologies currently used in endoscopic imaging. There are several potential clinical applications for optical coherence tomography, particularly with precancerous conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. The future of optical coherence tomography is discussed. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Jun Zhang, Zhongping Chen, Gerard Isenberg Source Type: journals

Reflectance SpectroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reflectance spectroscopy is an emerging technology which provides rapid and safe evaluation of tissue for dysplasia and ischemia. The probe-based devices can be passed through most endoscopes. Current applications include detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, colitis, and colon polyps. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Michael B. Wallace, Adam Wax, David N. Roberts, Robert N. Graf Source Type: journals

Fluorescence and Raman SpectroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reflectance spectroscopy is an emerging technology which provides rapid and safe evaluation of tissue for dysplasia and ischemia. The probe-based devices can be passed through most endoscopes. Current applications include detection of dysplasia in Barrett's esophagus, colitis, and colon polyps. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Constantinos P. Anastassiades, Brian C. Wilson, Louis-Michel Wong Kee Song Source Type: journals

Autofluorescence EndoscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Autofluorescence endoscopy is a wide area imaging technique, with the ability to rapidly examine a large surface area of gastrointestinal mucosa to detect small areas of dysplasia or cancer. It has potential in diseases such as Barrett's esophagus, ulcerative colitis, and gastric cancer, in which large areas of mucosa may harbor areas of dysplasia or superficial cancer not visible on conventional or high-definition white-light endoscopy. Autofluorescence endoscopy technology has evolved from fiberoptic to video technology with a marked improvement in image quality. Although fiberoptic autofluorescence endoscopy seems to pr...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Gary W. Falk Source Type: journals

ChromoendoscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
involves the use of stains or dyes during endoscopy to improve the visualization and characterization of the gastrointestinal mucosa. Its main clinical application is the detection of dysplasia or early cancer of the gastrointestinal tract in individuals with pre-malignant conditions or hereditary and environmental factors that predispose them to cancer. The utility of chromoendoscopy has been mostly studied in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus, Barrett's esophagus, gastric cancer, colorectal polyps, and chronic ulcerative colitis. Although chromoendoscopy has been shown to be feasible and safe, several limitations...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Raquel E. Davila Source Type: journals

PrefaceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Endoscopic imaging is undergoing a profound evolutionary change. Endoscopists have accepted the evolution from fiberoptic imaging to videoendoscopy without enhancements. The next change is the addition of a plethora of imaging modalities that improve visualization of the mucosa. These changes have all been brought about by the need to visualize what formerly was possible only with biopsy and histologic interpretation. Random biopsies, which have been the endoscopic standard, are clearly inefficient and miss significant histology. In addition, flat adenomas and areas of the colon that previously have been difficult to visua...
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Grace H. Elta, Kenneth K. Wang Source Type: journals

ForewordEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Not your father's endoscopes, the latest high-resolution scopes have charge-coupled device chips in the tip with more than a million pixels, compared with the standard 300,000. Combine that with a high-definition monitor that scans at 1080 lines compared with the standard 500, and you have a remarkably enhanced image showing detailed views of the gastrointestinal mucosa. But this is only the beginning. (Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: Charles J. Lightdale Source Type: journals

Forthcoming issuesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals

ContentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America)
Source: Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Clinics of North America - April 1, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Source Type: journals