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Phylogenomic analysis of the cystatin superfamily in eukaryotes and prokaryotesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: This study challenges the current view on the classification, origin and evolution of the cystatin superfamily and provides valuable insights into their functional diversification. The findings of this comprehensive study provide guides for future structural and evolutionary studies of the cystatin superfamily as well as of other protease inhibitors and proteases. (Source: BMC Evolutionary Biology - Latest articles)
Source: BMC Evolutionary Biology - Latest articles - November 18, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Dusan KordisVito Turk Source Type: journals

Prevalence of Diarrhea and Enteropathogens in Racing Sled DogsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Diarrhea is highly prevalent in racing sled dogs, although the underlying causes are poorly understood. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (CPE) and Clostridium difficile Toxin A and B are associated with diarrhea in racing sled dogs. One hundred and thirty-five sled dogs. Freshly voided feces were obtained from 55 dogs before racing and from 80 dogs after 400 miles of racing. Samples were visually scored for diarrhea, mucus, blood, and melena. CPE and C. difficile Toxin A and B were detected by ELISA. Samples were cultured for C. perfringens, C. difficile, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli 0157; Giardia and...
Source: Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine - November 17, 2009 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: E. McKenzie, J. Riehl, H. Banse, P.H. Kass, S. Nelson, Jr, S.L. Marks Source Type: journals

Epidemiological Survey on Equine Cryptosporidium and Giardia Infections in Italy and Molecular Characterization of IsolatesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence, excretion patterns and risk factors related to the faecal shedding of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in horses and the zoonotic potential of species/genotypes isolated. The survey was performed on 120 foals and 30 broodmares reared in five Italian farms. Foals were divided in four homogeneous groups of 30 animals each (age classes: 0[ndash]2, 2[ndash]4, 4[ndash]8, >8 weeks). Three sequential faecal samples were collected from each animal and analysed by three techniques: direct fluorescent antibody test (DFA), faecal flotation (FF) and stained faecal smear...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - November 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: F. Veronesi, F. Passamonti, S. Cacciò, M. Diaferia, D. Piergili Fioretti Source Type: journals

Stable expression of Escherichia coli {beta}-glucuronidase A (GusA) in Giardia lamblia: application to high-throughput drug susceptibility testingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions G. lamblia WB C6 GusA is a suitable tool for high-throughput anti-giardial drug screening. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - November 10, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Muller, J., Nillius, D., Hehl, A., Hemphill, A., Muller, N. Tags: Original research Source Type: journals

Comment on: Frequency of enteric protozoan parasites among patients with gastrointestinal complaints in medical centers of Zahedan, IranEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We read the paper by Haghighi et al. describing the frequency of enteric protozoan parasites among patients with gastrointestinal complaints in Iran with interest. We agree that the observed prevalence of Entamoeba histolytica and E. dispar was remarkably low. Since no case of E. histolytica remained after additional PCR analysis, only Giardia lamblia infestation could be incriminated in the pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal symptoms. The pathogenicity of the other parasites remains controversial. However, the expanding literature on Blastocystis hominis suggests that massive B. hominis infestations may be associated...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - November 9, 2009 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: R.J. Hassing, P.J. Wismans, R. Koelewijn, J.J. van Hellemond, P.J. van Genderen Tags: Correspondence Source Type: journals

Combination of ARAD microfibre filtration and LAMP methodology for simple, rapid and cost-effective detection of human pathogenic Giardia duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp. in drinking waterEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The described protozoa detection methodology is sensitive, rapid and cost-effective.Significance and Impact of the Study: This effective procedure will be useful for small waterworks to achieve continuous monitoring and is also of value for screening catchments to identify those that require further treatment and more detailed microscopic counts. (Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology)
Source: Letters in Applied Microbiology - November 6, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: J. Plutzer, A. Törökné, P. Karanis Source Type: journals

Inactivation of giardia lamblia cysts by cobalt-60 irradiation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
INACTIVATION OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA CYSTS BY COBALT-60 IRRADIATION. J Parasitol. 2009 Nov 5;:1 Authors: Sundermann CA, Estridge BH Cysts of Giardia lamblia can be a contaminant of water and food that can infect humans and cause the zoonotic disease, giardiasis. Irradiation by a cobalt-60 source was investigated for ability to inactivate cysts such that they would not be infective to gerbils. Cysts that received doses of radiation ranging from 0.25 to 2.0 kGy, with a recovery period of 6 hr or less, did not infect gerbils. Cysts that were irradiated at 0.25 kGy and allowed to recover at room temperature for 24 hr or...
Source: The Journal of Parasitology - November 5, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Sundermann CA, Estridge BH Tags: J Parasitol Source Type: journals

Protozoal gastrointestinal infectionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Human intestinal protozoal infections are found worldwide, in both developing and industrialized countries. Protozoa produce diarrhoeal disease by infecting the small or large intestine, or both. Amoebiasis is an important cause of dysentery and liver abscess worldwide. Giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis are important causes of diarrhoea in children; the latter is particularly associated with growth failure and malnutrition. They also cause water-borne and food-borne outbreaks. Food-borne outbreaks may also be caused by Cyclospora cayetanensis. The importance of intestinal protozoa has increased with the HIV/AIDS p...
Source: Medicine - November 1, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Julia M. Kenny, Paul Kelly Tags: Gastrointestinal infections Source Type: journals

Diarrhea in collective kennelsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Diarrhea is one of the most frequently reported concerns in kennels. Diarrhea is not a disease; it is only a sign that can have several infectious and non-infectious etiologies. When diarrhea occurs chronically it is very important to identify those causes, especially in the case of kennel medicine. The pathophysiology of diarrhea is complex and can include changes in peristalsis, increased digestive gland secretions, or decreased absorption. The clinical form of diarrhea depends on the localization of the pathology. Small bowel diarrhea induces watery stools with an increase in volume, sometimes with melena, and can be a...
Source: Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research - November 1, 2009 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Grégory Casseleux Tags: Abstracts Source Type: journals

Illness in long-term travelers visiting GeoSentinel clinics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Length of travel appears to be associated with health risks. GeoSentinel Surveillance Network data for 4,039 long-term travelers (trip duration >6 months) seen after travel during June 1, 1996, through December 31, 2008, were compared with data for 24,807 short-term travelers (trip duration <1 month). Long-term travelers traveled more often than short-term travelers for volunteer activities (39.7% vs. 7.0%) and business (25.2% vs. 13.8%). More long-term travelers were men (57.2% vs. 50.1%) and expatriates (54.0% vs. 8.9%); most had pretravel medical advice (70.3% vs. 48.9%). Per 1,000 travelers, long-term travel...
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases - November 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Chen LH, Wilson ME, Davis X, Loutan L, Schwartz E, Keystone J, Hale D, Lim PL, McCarthy A, Gkrania-Klotsas E, Schlagenhauf P, Tags: Emerg Infect Dis Source Type: journals

Giardia Telomeric Sequence d(TAGGG)4 Forms Two Intramolecular G-Quadruplexes in K+ Solution: Effect of Loop Length and Sequence on the Folding TopologyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Volume 0, Issue 0, Articles ASAP (As Soon As Publishable). (Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society)
Source: Journal of the American Chemical Society - October 29, 2009 Category: Chemistry Tags: article Source Type: journals

Do scattered white spots in the duodenum mark a specific gastrointestinal pathology?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Histopathological examinations should be provided for each patient with SWS in the duodenum to assess the etiology. (Source: Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases)
Source: Chinese Journal of Digestive Diseases - October 28, 2009 Category: Gastroenterology Authors: İbrahim BIYIKOĞLU, Ayşegül BABALI, Başak ÇAKAL, Seyfettin KÖKLÜ, Levent FILIK, Müzeyyen H ASTARCI, Hüseyin ÜSTÜN, Yücel ÜSTÜNDAĞ, ERDEM AKBAL Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Investigation of Intestinal Parasites in Pig Feces That Are also Human Pathogens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A total of 238 pig fecal specimens were collected from pig farms in Corlu (Tekirdağ), Ayazma, and Arnavutköy (Istanbul) during the summer. Out of the 238 pig specimens, 105 were from pigs younger than 6 months and 133 from pigs older than 6 months. These were investigated for intestine parasites in particular the ones that are human pathogens. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected In 21 fecal specimens (8.8%), Giardia spp. in 9 (3.7%), Balantidium coli cysts in 4 (1.6%) and Ascaris suum eggs in 9 (4.1%). Giardia lamblia were found in 8 (7.6%) of 105 pigs younger than 6 months, Cryptosporidium spp. in 12 (11.4%),...
Source: Turkish Society for Parasitology - October 25, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Uysal HK, Boral O, Metıner K, Ilgaz A Tags: Turkiye Parazitol Derg Source Type: journals

[Investigation of thePrevalence of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Aviary Birds in Homes in the Van Province.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites in aviary birds in the Van province. For this purpose, fecal samples were collected from aviary birds (6 parrots, 5 nightingales, 24 canaries and 35 lovebirds) in Van. In the parasitology laboratory, seventy fecal samples were examined using the native and sedimentation technique for helminth eggs, Eimeria sp. oocysts and Giardia sp. cysts. The same samples were examined by modified-acid-fast staining for Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts. Prevalence of gastrointestial parasites was found to be 8.57% (6/70) in Van. Eimeria sp. oocysts were detec...
Source: Turkish Society for Parasitology - October 25, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Gül A, Cıçek M Tags: Turkiye Parazitol Derg Source Type: journals

Serum Leptin Concentrations in Patients with Intestinal Parasites.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Leptin is a protein hormone controlling food intake and energy expenditure. In all infections icluding parasitic infections there is loss of appetite and anorexia. The aim of the present study was to clarify the relationship between intestinal parasites and serum leptin concentrations in children and adults. Forty patients with intestinal parasites and 34 healthy subjects took part in this study. Body weight, height and body mass index (BMI) were measured for all patients and controls. Patients were grouped according to age and parasitic infections (Giardia intestinalis, Blastocystis hominis, Enterobius vermicularis, E...
Source: Turkish Society for Parasitology - October 25, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Karul A, Ertabaklar H, Karataş E, Ertuğ S Tags: Turkiye Parazitol Derg Source Type: journals

How to Avoid Health Harming ParasitesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(NaturalNews) Technically a parasite is any organism that lives off another organism, so this could include bacteria, fungi and viruses. However for the purposes of health, when talking about parasites we are referring to protozoa (single celled organisms), arthropods (insects) and worms that invade and feed off the host organism, often causing them harm. This can range from mild symptoms to serious illness, as well as chronic health issues.Parasites can range from microscopic single cell protozoa to worms that are 15 feet long. The most common protozoan parasites in humans are Giardia lamblia, Enteramoeba histolytica, Bla...
Source: NaturalNews.com - October 18, 2009 Category: Consumer Health Advice Source Type: news

Sequence map of the 3-Mb Giardia duodenalis assemblage A chromosome.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The genome of the gut protozoan parasite Giardia duodenalis (assemblage A) has been sequenced and compiled as contigs and scaffolds (GiardiaDB- http://GiardiaDB.org ), but specific chromosome location of all scaffolds is unknown. To determine which scaffolds belong to the 3-Mb chromosome, a library of probes specific for this chromosome was constructed. The probes were hybridised to NotI-cleaved whole chromosomes, and the combined size of different NotI segments identified by the probes was 2,225 kb indicating the probes were well distributed along the 3-Mb chromosome. Six scaffolds (CH991814, CH991779, CH991793, CH991...
Source: Chromosome Research - October 15, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Upcroft JA, Krauer KG, Burgess AG, Dunn LA, Chen N, Upcroft P Tags: Chromosome Res Source Type: journals

Deficient Serum Mannose‐Binding Lectin Levels and MBL2 Polymorphisms Increase the Risk of Single and Recurrent Cryptosporidium Infections in Young ChildrenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. Mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) is an evolutionarily conserved protein that functions in human innate immunity by binding to microbial surfaces and promoting opsonophagocytosis. MBL has been shown to bind to Cryptosporidium sporozoites, and earlier work has suggested that the protective role of MBL may be most important in childhood. We evaluated the association between polymorphisms in the MBL gene (MBL2), serum MBL deficiency, and infection with Cryptosporidium, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis in children. A large, pros...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - October 14, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article MAJOR ARTICLE Source Type: journals

What Is Giardiasis? What Causes Giardiasis?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giardiasis is an infection of the digestive system. It is caused by a parasite that is found all over the world called giardia intestinalis. It is one of the most common waterborne diseases and is frequent in areas with poor sanitation and unsafe water. According to Medilexicon's medical dictionary, Giardiasis is: "Infection with the protozoan parasite Giardia; G. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - October 12, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: GastroIntestinal / Gastroenterology Source Type: news

Seasonality of Parasitic Gut Infections in Humans in the Rocky Mountain Region, USA.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To evaluate the seasonal prevalence of human intestinal parasites in the western states of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Montana, fecal samples were examined as part of routine diagnostic testing from patients experiencing gastrointestinal discomfort in August (summer) 2006, and January (winter) and April (spring) 2007. Parasite identification in positive samples was confirmed under light microscopy using wet mount and trichrome staining techniques. Seventy-eight of the 1083 patients surveyed (7.2%) in August tested positive for at least one species of intestinal parasite. Forty-eight of 726 (6.6%) patients and 51 of ...
Source: The Journal of Parasitology - October 5, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Church C, Neill A, Schotthoefer A Tags: J Parasitol Source Type: journals

Nutritional status and enteroparasitosis prevalence among children enrolled in a day care centerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
OBJETIVO: Avaliar o estado nutricional e descrever a prevalência de enteroparasitoses em crianças de uma creche. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 133 crianças (sete a 78 meses de idade) matriculadas na Creche "Sinharinha Neto", Catanduva (SP). Avaliou-se o estado nutricional pelas curvas da OMS/2006 e NCHS/2000 (menores e maiores de cinco anos, respectivamente) e investigou-se enteroparasitoses por meio de exames parasitológicos de fezes. O escore Z dos índices peso/altura foi aplicado para classificar desnutrição aguda (Z2) e o da altura/idade para desnutrição pregressa e crônica (Z
Source: Revista Paulista de Pediatria - October 2, 2009 Category: Pediatrics Source Type: journals

Giardia duodenalis in feedlot cattle from the central and western United States.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Management practices could be employed that would limit the probability that feedlot cattle shed G. duodenalis in their feces and therefore potentially limit contamination of their environment. (Source: BioMed Central)
Source: BioMed Central - October 1, 2009 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Bruce HoarRobert PaulJennifer SiembiedaMaria das Gracas PereiraEdward Atwill Source Type: journals

Clinical significance of enteric protozoa in the immunosuppressed human population.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Globally, the number of immunosuppressed people increases each year, with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic continuing to spread unabated in many parts of the world. Immunosuppression may also occur in malnourished persons, patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignancy, and those receiving immunosuppressive therapy. Components of the immune system can be functionally or genetically abnormal as a result of acquired (e.g., caused by HIV infection, lymphoma, or high-dose steroids or other immunosuppressive medications) or congenital illnesses, with more than 120 congenital immunodeficiencies described to d...
Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews - September 30, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Stark D, Barratt JL, van Hal S, Marriott D, Harkness J, Ellis JT Tags: Clin Microbiol Rev Source Type: journals

Clonal diversity in Giardia duodenalis isolates from Thailand: Evidences for intragenic recombination and purifying selection at the beta giardin locus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The beta giardin locus of Giardia duodenalis encodes a structural component of ventral disc and exhibits sequence variation among isolates rendering it a useful marker for genotypic analysis. To determine the distribution of genotypes of G. duodenalis in Thailand and to explore the extent of sequence variation in this locus, we deployed the PCR-RFLP method and sequence analysis of recombinant subclones from 30 clinical isolates. In total, assemblage B was more prevalent than assemblage A. Sequence analysis revealed that 13 isolates had clonal mixtures, comprising three to five distinct sequences per isolate. Nucleotide...
Source: Gene - September 27, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: Kosuwin R, Putaporntip C, Pattanawong U, Jongwutiwes S Tags: Gene Source Type: journals

LNA probes in a real-time TaqMan PCR assay for genotyping of Giardia duodenalis in wastewatersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The newly developed qPCR assays were able to discern G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in wastewater.Significance and Impact of the Study: The real-time PCR assays provided a rapid method for detection and one-step genotyping of G. duodenalis from wastewater samples, and its application would contribute to understanding the distribution and abundance of G. duodenalis assemblages A and B in wastewater. (Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology)
Source: Journal of Applied Microbiology - September 20, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: J.L. Alonso, I. Amorós, G. Cuesta Source Type: journals

In vitro activity of pyrvinium pamoate against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia intestinalis using radiolabelled thymidine incorporation and an SYBR Green I-based fluorescence assayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions Pyrvinium is a potential gut lumen agent for treatment of intestinal amoebiasis, but possibly not for giardiasis. SYBR Green I is an alternative screening method for E. histolytica, but not G. intestinalis. (Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy)
Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy - September 8, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Downey, A. S., Graczyk, T. K., Sullivan, D. J. Tags: Original research Source Type: journals

Giardia intestinalis: Aphidicolin influence on the trophozoite cell cycle.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study is a thorough examination of the effects of the DNA polymerase inhibitor aphidicolin on the nuclear cycle and cell cycle progression characteristics, as well as their reversibility, in Giardia intestinalis. Giardia trophozoites are arrested in the G1/S-junction after aphidicolin treatment according to their DNA content. However, cell growth continues and trophozoites arrested with aphidicolin resemble cells in the G2-phase and trophozoites in aging cultures. Extensive treatment with aphidicolin causes side effects and we detected positive signals for phosphorylated histone H2A, which, in mammalian cells, is invo...
Source: Experimental Parasitology - September 3, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Hofštetrová K, Uzlíková M, Tůmová P, Troell K, Svärd SG, Nohýnková E Tags: Exp Parasitol Source Type: journals

Involvement of 14-3-3 protein post-translational modifications in Giardiaduodenalis encystation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
14-3-3s are a family of phosphoserine/phosphothreonine binding proteins directly affecting many protein functions by regulating enzyme activity, intracellular localization or mediating protein-protein interaction. The single 14-3-3 (g14-3-3) of the flagellated parasite Giardia duodenalis is phosphorylated at residue threonine 214 (T214) and polyglycylated at the extreme C-terminus in a stage-specific manner. To define the role of each post-translational modification, Giardia transgenic lines expressing a N-terminally FLAG-tagged g14-3-3, or the single point mutant T214A, or the E246A and the E247A mutants of the putati...
Source: International Journal for Parasitology - September 1, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Lalle M, Bavassano C, Fratini F, Cecchetti S, Boisguerin P, Crescenzi M, Pozio E Tags: Int J Parasitol Source Type: journals

Calicivirus and Giardia lamblia are associated with diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients from southeast Brazil.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To study enteropathogens, 100 fecal samples were collected from a Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive population, with or without diarrhea. Giardia lamblia and calicivirus were significantly associated with diarrhea as were severe immunosuppression and the presence of at least one enteropathogen. No sample was positive for rotavirus and only one asymptomatic individual carried the astrovirus. We concluded that there is a great diversity of pathogens and opportunistic infections in the studied population, with a high prevalence of mixed colonization/infection. Our findings pave the way for future m...
Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - August 29, 2009 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Gonçalves AC, Gabbay YB, Mascarenhas JD, Yassaka MB, Moran LC, Fraga VD, Castro E, Franco C, Machado RL, Rossit AR Tags: Am J Trop Med Hyg Source Type: journals

Giardia intestinalis assemblages A and B infections in Nepal.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giardia intestinalis is comprised of two major genotypes, A and B, which may vary in their propensity to cause disease. We tested for the presence of these two genotypes in stool samples from patients with gastrointestinal symptoms in Nepal. A total of 1,096 clinical specimens were screened by microscopy, and 45 samples with G. intestinalis were identified. Giardia infection was confirmed in 35 of 45 samples by a Giardia specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Genotyping of the Giardia PCR product by restriction fragment length polymorphism indicated that 74% (26 of 35) were assemblage B, 20% (7 of 35...
Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - August 29, 2009 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Singh A, Janaki L, Petri WA, Houpt ER Tags: Am J Trop Med Hyg Source Type: journals

Cryptosporidiosis in paediatric renal transplantationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Diarrhoea in transplantation may be secondary to infectious agents and immunosuppressive drugs. The use of combined immunosuppressive drugs increases the incidence of infectious diarrhoea. We retrospectively collected all diarrhoea episodes during a 3-year period in 199 pediatric renal transplant recipients, including 47 patients receiving a kidney transplant during this period. We diagnosed 64 diarrhoea episodes (32% of the patients, 10.7% per year). Fourteen diarrhoea episodes could be attributed to the immunosuppressive treatment, and 12 remained without diagnosis. Nineteen patients (<10%) rec...
Source: Pediatric Nephrology - August 28, 2009 Category: Urology & Nephrology Tags: Pediatric Nephrology Source Type: journals

New tools provide further insights into Giardia and Cryptosporidium biology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The ubiquity and importance of Giardia and Cryptosporidium as pathogens are reflected in the increasing number of publications concerning these organisms, but they are not the only reason why researchers are increasingly turning their attention to studying Giardia and Cryptosporidium. As new tools and databases become available, it is now possible to investigate fundamental issues related to their biology and relationship with their hosts. In this article, we highlight recent advances in research and outline questions arising that need to be addressed as a way of focusing the attention of the research and health commun...
Source: Trends in Parasitology - August 27, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Ortega-Pierres G, Smith HV, Cacciò SM, Thompson RC Tags: Trends Parasitol Source Type: journals

Antigenic variation in Giardia lambliaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giardia lamblia undergoes antigenic variation, both in vitro and within the intestines of infected individuals. Variant-specific surface proteins (VSPs) cover the entire surface of the trophozoites and are the main antigens recognized by the host. Only 1 of about 200 VSP genes encoded by the Giardia genome is expressed on the surface of individual Giardia cells at any time; however, VSP antigen switching occurs spontaneously. In the recent year, significant advances in the knowledge of the antigen switching process have been achieved, which strongly suggests that antigenic variation in Giardia is regulated at the post-tran...
Source: Cellular Microbiology - August 25, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Cesar G. Prucca, Hugo D. Lujan Source Type: journals

Gene polymorphism in transforming growth factor-beta codon 10 is associated with susceptibility to GiardiasisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Secretory immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) antibodies have a central role in anti-Giardial defence. It has been demonstrated that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-[beta]1) stimulates B lymphocytes to produce and secrete S-IgA. We sought to determine the association between TGF-[beta]1 polymorphism (T+869C) with susceptibility to Giardiasis. The TGF-[beta]1 genotypes and levels of salivary (S-IgA) were analysed in individuals with Giardiasis (97 symptomatic and 57 asymptomatic) and controls (n = 92). Individuals with symptomatic Giardiasis had the lowest levels of S-IgA compared to individuals in asymptomatic Giardiasis and co...
Source: International Journal of Immunogenetics - August 24, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Authors: H. Taherkhani, M. Hajilooi, M. Fallah, O. khyabanchi, M. Haidari Source Type: journals

High prevalence Giardiaduodenalis assemblage B and potentially zoonotic subtypes in sporadic human cases in Western Australia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giardia duodenalis is a widespread parasite of mammalian species, including humans. Fecal samples from sporadic human clinical cases of giardiasis in Western Australia were analysed at two loci; 18S rRNA and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh), and G. duodenalis assemblage B isolates were identified in 75% of isolates. Sequence analyses of 124 isolates at the 18S rRNA locus identified 93 isolates as assemblage B and 31 as assemblage A. Analyses of 109 isolates at the gdh locus identified 44 as B3, 38 as B4 and 27 were A2. Infection with Giardia was highest amongst children < 5 years of age, with > 56% of infections in ...
Source: International Journal for Parasitology - August 20, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Yang R, Lee J, Ng J, Ryan U Tags: Int J Parasitol Source Type: journals

Giardia duodenalis: Improved detection of viable cysts by reverse transcription-PCR of heat shock-inducible hsp70 gene.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giardia duodenalis is a waterborne protozoan parasite that causes the diarrhoeal disease, giardiasis. Its durable and thick cell wall allows the parasite to exhibit resistance to environmental stresses. Because G. duodenalis exists in a water system at low levels, it is necessary to develop a sensitive method to detect its viability in aquatic environments. In the present study, specific primers for the heat shock protein (Hsp) 70 gene were designed on the basis of G. duodenalis genome sequence and bioinformatic analysis. Viable G. duodenalis cysts were successfully distinguished by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) a...
Source: Experimental Parasitology - August 20, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Lee GC, Nam SH, Chae JC, Lee CH Tags: Exp Parasitol Source Type: journals

Identification of particle size classes inhibiting protozoan recovery from surface water samples via USEPA Method 1623.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Giardia recovery by USEPA Method 1623 appears significantly impacted by a wide size range (2-30 microm) of particles in water and organic matter. Cryptosporidium recovery seems negatively correlated only with smaller (2-10 microm) presumably inorganic particles. Results suggest constituents and mechanisms interfering with method performance may differ by protozoan type. PMID: 19684177 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology)
Source: Applied and Environmental Microbiology - August 13, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Krometis LA, Characklis GW, Sobsey MD Tags: Appl Environ Microbiol Source Type: journals

Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients presenting with diarrhoea in Jakarta, IndonesiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Summary: We investigated the occurrence of intestinal parasites in Indonesian HIV/AIDS patients with chronic diarrhoea prior to administering antiretroviral therapy. The influence of age, CD4+ cell count and season on parasite occurrence was also studied. In total, 318 unconcentrated stool samples were analysed using Lugol's iodine and modified acid fast staining to detect intestinal coccidia. Most samples (94.5%) were from males aged 21–40 years with CD4+ counts ≤50 cells/mm3. Parasites were found in 84.3% of samples (single species infections, 71.4%; polyparasitism, 12.9%), with protozoan pathogens occurring most com...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - August 13, 2009 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: A. Kurniawan, T. Karyadi, S.W. Dwintasari, I.P. Sari, E. Yunihastuti, S. Djauzi, H.V. Smith Tags: HIV/AIDS Source Type: journals

The Protein Import Channel in the Outer Mitosomal Membrane of Giardia intestinalisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The identification of mitosomes in Giardia generated significant debate on the evolutionary origin of these organelles, whether they were highly reduced mitochondria or the product of a unique endosymbiotic event in an amitochondrial organism. As the protein import pathway is a defining characteristic of mitochondria, we sought to discover a TOM (translocase in the outer mitochondrial membrane) complex in Giardia. A Hidden Markov model search of the Giardia genome identified a Tom40 homologous sequence (GiTom40), where Tom40 is the protein translocation channel of the TOM complex. The GiTom40 protein is located in the memb...
Source: Molecular Biology and Evolution - August 12, 2009 Category: Molecular Biology Authors: Dagley, M. J., Dolezal, P., Likic, V. A., Smid, O., Purcell, A. W., Buchanan, S. K., Tachezy, J., Lithgow, T. Tags: Research Articles Source Type: journals

Two tyrosine residues outside the editing active site in Giardia lamblia leucyl-tRNA synthetase are essential for the post-transfer editing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Leucyl-tRNA synthetase (LeuRS) is responsible for the Leu-tRNA(Leu) synthesis. The connective peptide 1 (CP1) domain inserted into the Rossmann nucleotide binding fold possesses editing active site to hydrolyze the mischarged tRNA(Leu) with noncognate amino acid, then to ensure high fidelity of protein synthesis. A few co-crystal structures of LeuRS with tRNA(Leu) in different conformations revealed that tRNA(Leu) 3' end shuttled between synthetic and editing active sites dynamically with direct and specific interaction with the CP1 domain. Here, we reported that Y515 and Y520 outside the editing active site of CP1 dom...
Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research communications - August 6, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zhou XL, Wang ED Tags: Biochem Biophys Res Commun Source Type: journals

Molecular detection of Giardia contamination in water bodies in a zoo.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We used a combined microscopy-molecular approach to determine the occurrence and identities of waterborne Giardia sp. cysts isolated from 18 separate, 10l grab samples collected from a Malaysian zoo. Microscopy revealed that 17 of 18 samples were Giardia cyst positive with concentrations ranging from 1 to 120 cysts/l. Nine (52.9%) of the 17 cyst positive samples produced amplicons of which 7 (77.8%) could be sequenced. Giardia duodenalis assemblage A (6 of 7) and assemblage B (1 of 7), both infectious to humans, were identified at all sampling sites at the zoo. The presence of human infectious cysts raises public healt...
Source: Environmental Research - August 4, 2009 Category: Environmental Health Authors: Lim YA, Lai MM, Mahdy MA, Mat Naim HR, Smith HV Tags: Environ Res Source Type: journals

Genetic Exchange Within and Between Assemblages of Giardia duodenalisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT. Meiotic sex evolved early in the history of eukaryotes. Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia, Giardia intestinalis), a parasitic protist belonging to an early diverging lineage of eukaryotes, shows no cytological or physiological evidence of meiotic or sexual processes. Recent molecular analyses challenge the idea that G. duodenalis is a strictly clonal organism by providing evidence of recombination between homologous chromosomes within one subgroup (Assemblage A) of this species as well as genetic transfer from one subgroup to another (Assemblage A[ndash]B). Because recombination is not well documented and ...
Source: The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology - July 29, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: ERICA LASEK-NESSELQUIST, DAVID MARK WELCH, RICHARD CHRISTOPHER ANDREW THOMPSON, ROBERT F. STEUART, MITCHELL L. SOGIN Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Cryptosporidium and Giardia: Treatment Options and Prospects for New Drugs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cryptosporidium species and Giardia intestinalis are the most common enteric protozoan pathogens affecting humans worldwide. In recent years, nitazoxanide has been licensed in the United States for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in non-immunodeficient children and adults, becoming the first drug approved for treating this disease. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. While not effective against Cryptosporidium, nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole or tinidazole are effective treatments for giardia...
Source: Experimental Parasitology - July 22, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Rossignol JF Tags: Exp Parasitol Source Type: journals

Giardia canis: ultrastructural analysis of G. canis trophozoites transfected with full length G. canis virus cDNA transcripts.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, the full-length cDNA of the G. canis virus was constructed in pPoly2/sfinot vector and RNA was transcribed in vitro. Virus-free G. canis trophozoites were transfected with in vitro transcribed GCV RNA by electroporation. Transfected trophozoites were cultured for 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, or 72 h post transfection for analysis. The ultrastructures of the transfected trophozoites were determined by transmission electron microscopy. The viral particles were detectable sporadically in the cytoplasm as early as 24 h post transfection, but became evident and wide-spread 36 h post-transfection. The number of viral parti...
Source: Experimental Parasitology - July 16, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Cao L, Gong P, Li J, Zhang X, Zou X, Tuo W, Liu Q, Wang Q, Zhang G, Chen L, Li L, Su L Tags: Exp Parasitol Source Type: journals

[Antigen detection methods in diagnosis of amebiasis, giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Amebiasis is a significant health problem in developing countries. Humans are infected by two morphologically identical species of Entamoeba. Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic colitis and liver abscess, and Entamoeba dispar is noninvasive. Giardia intestinalis infection is seen worldwide and in all age groups. But giardiasis is especially prevalent in countries with poor sanitation and unsafe water, where it's responsible for most cases of childhood diarrhea. Cryptosporidium parvum, a protozoon, is an obligate intracellular parasite which can cause fatal diarrheal disease in immunocompromised individuals. Generally, ...
Source: Turkish Society for Parasitology - July 16, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Uyar Y, Ozkan AT Tags: Turkiye Parazitol Derg Source Type: journals

[The Role of Protozoan Parasites in Etiology of Urticaria.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In order to investigate a possible link between parasites and chronic urticaria, the prevalence of intestinal protozoans in stool samples of individuals with chronic urticaria (n=55) and healthy controls (n=43) were evaluated with native lugol, formol-ethyl acetate concentration and trichrom dye, modified acid fast. In the case of Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis) ELISA was also used. In the study 29.1% of the patients were found to have protozoan (Blastocystis hominis + G.intestinalis) infections. On the other hand, only 11.6% of the patients in healthy group were having a protozoon infection, all of which were B...
Source: Turkish Society for Parasitology - July 16, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Al FD, Adişen E, Kuştımur S, Gürer MA Tags: Turkiye Parazitol Derg Source Type: journals

Evaluation of the antiprotozoal activity of neo-clerodane type diterpenes from Salvia polystachya against Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lambliaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study the main neo-clerodane diterpenes (polystachynes A, B and D, as well as linearolactone) were isolated from the aerial parts of chia, and their antiprotozoal activities toward Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia trophozoites were evaluated in vitro. Linearolactone was the most potent antiamoebic and antigiardial compound with IC50 values of 22.9 [mu]M for E. histolytica and 28.2 [mu]M for G. lamblia. Polystachynes A, B and D, showed moderate antiprotozoal activity against both protozoans with IC50 values ranging from 117.0 to 160.6 [mu]M for E. histolytica and from 107.5 to 134.7 [mu]M for G. lamblia. Th...
Source: Phytotherapy Research - July 15, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Fernando Calzada, Lilian Yepez-Mulia, Amparo Tapia-Contreras, Elihú Bautista, Emma Maldonado, Alfredo Ortega Source Type: journals

snoRNAs in Giardia lamblia: a novel role in RNA silencing?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the expanding world of small regulatory RNAs, a recent paper by Saraiya and Wang has reported the identification in the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia of a novel class of small RNAs, which are derived by Dicer processing of small nucleolar RNAs and have the potential to function as micro RNAs. Interestingly, these RNAs occur not only in this parasite but also in humans. PMID: 19616476 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Trends in Parasitology)
Source: Trends in Parasitology - July 15, 2009 Category: Parasitology Authors: Kolev NG, Ullu E Tags: Trends Parasitol Source Type: journals

High genetic polymorphism among Giardia duodenalis isolates from Sahrawi childrenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Summary: Human giardiasis, the gastrointestinal infection caused by two genetically different groups (or assemblages) of Giardia duodenalis, is very common worldwide, and its prevalence is higher in developing countries. However, few surveys in these regions have been performed to include a genetic characterization of the parasite, which is necessary to unravel the complex epidemiology of the infection. In this work, we screened 120 faecal samples collected from Sahrawi children in 2003–2005, and found 41 (34.2%) of them to be positive, using immunofluorescent microscopy, for the presence of G. duodenalis cysts. Molecula...
Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene - July 14, 2009 Category: Tropical Medicine Authors: Marco Lalle, Fabrizio Bruschi, Barbara Castagna, Mario Campa, Edoardo Pozio, Simone M. Cacciò Tags: Child Health Source Type: journals

Parasitological diagnosis combining an internally controlled real-time PCR assay for the detection of four protozoa in stool samples with a testing algorithm for microscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Clin Microbiol Infect Molecular detection of gastrointestinal protozoa is more sensitive and more specific than microscopy but, to date, has not routinely replaced time-consuming microscopic analysis. Two internally controlled real-time PCR assays for the combined detection of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium spp. and Dientamoeba fragilis in single faecal samples were compared with Triple Faeces Test (TFT) microscopy results from 397 patient samples. Additionally, an algorithm for complete parasitological diagnosis was created. Real-time PCR revealed 152 (38.3%) positive cases, 18 of which were doubl...
Source: Clinical Microbiology and Infection - July 13, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: L. E. S. Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet, J. A. Wallinga, G. J. H. M. Ruijs, M. J. Bruins, J. J. Verweij Source Type: journals