Growth Hormone and IGF ResearchThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

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Growth hormone isoforms in acromegalic patients before and after treatment with octreotide LAR.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Our study confirmed that acromegalic patients have an increased proportion of circulating 20kDa-hGH isoform. Consequently, the use of a 22kDa-hGH specific assay may underestimate the tumor production of total GH. Although octreotide LAR promoted a significant decrease in the GH and IGF-I levels, it did not normalize the GH isoforms composition and suggests that the secretion of GH isoforms is equally inhibited by somatostatin analogues and that it is the disease control that normalizes the GH isoforms composition in acromegaly. PMID: 19884028 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - October 31, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Lima GA, Wu Z, Silva CM, Barbosa FR, Dias JS, Schrank Y, Strasburger CJ, Gadelha MR Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Pomegranate extract induces apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells by modulation of the IGF-IGFBP axis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the relationship between pomegranate-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells and the IGF/IGFBP system. Treatment of LAPC4 prostate cancer cells with 10mug/ml POMx, a highly potent pomegranate extract prepared from skin and arils minus seeds and standardized to ellagitannin content (37% punicalagins by HPLC), resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Interestingly, co-treatment with POMx and IGFBP-3 revealed synergistic stimulation of apoptosis and additive inhibition of cell growth. Western blot analysis revealed that treatment with POMx or POMx/IGFBP-3...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - October 21, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Koyama S, Cobb LJ, Mehta HH, Seeram NP, Heber D, Pantuck AJ, Cohen P Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The current status of IGF-I assays - A 2009 update.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
For almost three decades, the measurement of circulating IGF-I has constituted a highly important biochemical tool in the management of GH disorders. In fact, in acromegaly the importance of circulating IGF-I has increased following the introduction of the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant, as the use of this drug makes it impossible to use circulating GH as a monitor of disease activity. In addition, determination of circulating IGF-I constitutes a valuable scientific tool in various research areas, from epidemiological investigations through clinical trials and experimental studies. The multiple facets of IGF-I phys...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - October 6, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Frystyk J, Freda P, Clemmons DR Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Measurement of human growth hormone by immunoassays: Current status, unsolved problems and clinical consequences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Measuring the concentration of growth hormone (GH) in blood samples taken during dynamic tests represents the basis for diagnosis of growth hormone related disorders, namely growth hormone deficiency and growth hormone excess. Today, a wide spectrum of immunoassays are in use, enabling rapid and sensitive determination of growth hormone concentrations in routine diagnostics. From a clinical point of view several difficulties exist with the use and interpretation of GH assay results in the assessment of GH related disorders: Many physiological factors such as fat mass, age and gender influence the outcome of dynamic tes...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - October 6, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Bidlingmaier M, Freda PU Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin increases cell proliferation in neurogenic regions of the mouse hippocampus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: The increased number of BrdU-positive cells in the granule cell layer suggests a partial restoration in the pool of proliferating cells by hexarelin after IR. PMID: 19800825 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - September 30, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Barlind A, Karlsson N, Berg ND, Björk-Eriksson T, Blomgren K, Isgaard J Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Biological effects of growth hormone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review will summarize the metabolic effects of growth hormone (GH) on the adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle with focus on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. The metabolic effects of GH predominantly involve the stimulation of lipolysis in the adipose tissue resulting in an increased flux of free fatty acids (FFAs) into the circulation. In the muscle and liver, GH stimulates triglyceride (TG) uptake, by enhancing lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, and its subsequent storage. The effects of GH on carbohydrate metabolism are more complicated and may be mediated indirectly via the antagonism of insulin acti...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - September 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Vijayakumar A, Novosyadlyy R, Wu Y, Yakar S, Leroith D Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Daily energy balance in growth hormone receptor/binding protein (GHR -/-) gene-disrupted mice is achieved through an increase in dark-phase energy efficiency.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The goal of this study was to examine factors that contribute to energy balance in female GHR -/- mice. We measured energy intake, energy expenditure (EE), fuel utilization, body mass (M(b)) changes and physical activity in 17month-old female GHR -/- mice and their age-matched wild type littermates. The GHR -/- mice were smaller, consumed more food per unit M(b), had greater EE per unit M(b) and had an increase in 24-h EE/M(b) that was similar to the increase in their surface-area-to-volume ratio. Locomotor activity (LMA) was reduced in the GHR -/- mice, but the energetic cost associated with their LMA was greater than...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - September 8, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Longo KA, Berryman DE, Kelder B, Charoenthongtrakul S, Distefano PS, Geddes BJ, Kopchick JJ Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Transcription factor E2F1 is a potent transactivator of the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR) gene.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: In summary, we provide evidence that E2F1 regulates IGF-IR gene transcription in prostate cancer cells via a mechanism that involves direct binding to specific elements in the proximal IGF-IR promoter. PMID: 19703789 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - August 21, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Schayek H, Bentov I, Rotem I, Pasmanik-Chor M, Ginsberg D, Plymate SR, Werner H Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) serum concentrations in healthy children and adolescents: Relationship to level of contamination by DDT-derivative pesticides.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that OC-DDTs could modulate the IGF-system in a way that is highly influenced by gender and age. Improvements in our understanding of exogenous determinants of the IGF-system may provide new insights into the role played by environmental contaminants in IGF-related diseases. PMID: 19699127 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - August 18, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Zumbado M, Luzardo OP, Lara PC, Alvarez-León EE, Losada A, Apolinario R, Serra-Majem L, Boada LD Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Effect of maternal asthma, inhaled glucocorticoids and cigarette use during pregnancy on the newborn insulin-like growth factor axis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: The data suggest male and female fetuses institute different strategies in response to adverse pregnancy conditions such as asthma and cigarette use. PMID: 19695914 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - August 17, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Clifton VL, Hodyl NA, Murphy VE, Giles WB, Baxter RC, Smith R Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Hormonal influences of early postnatal indomethacin and ibuprofen in neonatal rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: These results provide evidence for an involvement of PGs in the regulation of growth as well as the GH-IGF and HPA axes. Therefore, early postnatal exposure to PG inhibitors may further exacerbate postnatal growth restriction and ability to cope with stress. PMID: 19674922 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - August 9, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gebrekristos B, Beharry KD, Brock RS, Kuniyoshi K, Abad-Santos P, Abad-Santos M, Aranda JV, Modanlou HD Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Discontinuation of hormone replacement therapy in young GH-treated hypopituitary women increases liver enzymes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Short time discontinuation of HRT in young hypopituitary women increased liver enzymes, whereas measures of insulin sensitivity and lipid levels remained unchanged. We speculate that the estrogen component of HRT has beneficial effects on hepatic metabolism through various pathways. Further studies including liver imaging and with a time-dependent design are needed to clarify the role of HRT on liver enzyme levels, metabolic variables and liver fat content. PMID: 19660970 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - August 3, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Høst C, Christiansen JJ, Christiansen JS, Jorgensen JO, Gravholt CH Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Transforming growth factor-beta1 modulates insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 expression and proteolysis in cultured periosteal explants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that TGF-beta1 modulates the expression of IGFBP-4 and PAPP-A in cultured periosteal explants. PMID: 19656700 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - August 2, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gonzalez C, Auw Yang KG, Schwab JH, Fitzsimmons JS, Reinholz MM, Resch ZT, Bale LK, Clemens VR, Conover CA, O'Driscoll SW, Reinholz GG Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Involvement of sensory nerves in the protective effect of growth hormone on acute pancreatitis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: GH modulates the development of acute pancreatitis in the presence of active sensory nerves probably via stimulation of IGF-1 release. PMID: 19615927 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - July 14, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Jaworek J, Leja-Szpak A, Dembiński A, Tomaszewska R, Szklarczyk J, Kot M, Nawrot-Porąbka K, Bonior J, Warzecha Z, Pawlik WW Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Overview of the legal framework applicable to the marker method for the detection of human growth hormone.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article provides an overview of legal considerations in anti-doping procedures that may apply to the use of the marker method for the detection of Human Growth Hormone. In cases where the blood markers IGF-1 and P-III-P indicate use of exogenous growth hormone, reference to positivity criteria and laboratory uncertainty measurements would assist anti-doping adjudicative bodies in concluding, to their comfortable satisfaction, that a positive test has been established. Use of established positivity criteria and laboratory uncertainty measurements place the application of the marker method for growth hormone within the ...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - July 13, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Young RR, Bielak JS, Horvitz SL Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Laboratory issues in the implementation of the marker method.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two important biomarkers for the identification of growth hormone or IGF-I administration are IGF-I and P-III-P. These substances are determined in plasma or preferably in serum. There are a number of assays on the market for IGF-I but only two for P-III-P. The principles behind these assays and the choice of assays for doping control purposes are discussed. The future possibility of quantification by mass spectrometry is also briefly discussed. PMID: 19574074 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Cowan DA, Bartlett C Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Evaluation of IGF-2/ApaI polymorphism in pregnant women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 taking antiretroviral drugs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: These results contribute to a better understanding of metabolic glycemic disorders in HIV-1-infected pregnant women using ARV, showing that IGF-2/ApaI polymorphisms are not responsible as a single causative factor of glycemic alterations. These data indicate that other variables should be studied in order to explain these glycemic abnormalities. PMID: 19560381 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Marcolin AC, Duarte G, Quintana SM, Araújo FM, El Beitune P, Gonçalves CV, Ramos ES Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

GH & IGF Research issue on doping with growth hormone.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
GH & IGF Research issue on doping with growth hormone. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009 Jun 16; Authors: Sonksen PH, Holt RI PMID: 19535276 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 15, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Sonksen PH, Holt RI Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

HGH - The perspective of an elite rower and journalist.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19539504 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 15, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Pinsent M Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Potential benefits of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) to athletes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Athletes have enjoyed almost a thirty year amnesty of rhGH abuse, which they consider has contributed to the winning of medals and the breaking of world records. Such a reprieve is almost at an end, since WADA have identified a method to detect rhGH abuse. Or have they? The anecdotal word "on the street" is that rhGH is still undetectable and athletes believe that the benefits, at the dosages they administer, far outweigh the risks! Scientists are aware that in a hormone deficiency condition, replacement can halt and in certain situations reverse some of the adverse effects. Growth hormone deficiency can lead to a loss...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 15, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, Hullin D, Thomas NE, Davies B Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

IGFBP-1 protease activity and IGFBP-1 fragments in a patient with multiple myeloma.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Specific cleavage of IGFBP-1 occurs at the tissue level and not in the circulation in a patient with multiple myeloma and dermatitis. The fragments that are generated may have endocrine roles. PMID: 19539506 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 15, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Brandt K, Wang J, Lundell K, Ståhlberg M, Horn HV, Ehrenborg E, Hall K, Jörnvall H, Lewitt M Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Growth hormone receptor immunoreactivity is increased in the subventricular zone of juvenile rat brain after focal ischemia: A potential role for growth hormone in injury-induced neurogenesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: These results indicate a novel role for GH and its receptor in injury-induced neurogenesis, and suggest that GH treatment may potentiate endogenous neuro-restorative processes after brain injury. PMID: 19524466 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 10, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Christophidis LJ, Gorba T, Gustavsson M, Williams CE, Werther GA, Russo VC, Scheepens A Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Statistical issues in implementing the marker method.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The detection of growth hormone (GH) abuse by athletes raises statistical problems as well as biochemical ones. We outline the statistical approaches to the various issues which have arisen during the work of the GH-2000 and GH-2004 teams; in particular, it considers the need to develop a test which detects GH abuse in any elite athlete 'beyond reasonable doubt'. The test needs to be robust enough to withstand legal challenge, while minimising the risk of false accusation. The paper identifies various issues which arise in the development of such a test, and describes how these were resolved. Since GH is a naturally oc...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 7, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Bassett EE, Erotokritou-Mulligan I Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Land of the giants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19502089 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 5, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Sharp RJ Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The physiology of growth hormone and sport.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The growth hormone (GH)/ insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) axis exerts short-and long-term metabolic effects that are potentially important during exercise. Exercise is a potent stimulus to GH release and there is some evidence that the acute increase in GH is important in regulating substrate metabolism post-exercise. Regular exercise also increases 24-hour GH secretion rates, which potentially contributes to the physiologic changes induced by training. The effects of GH replacement in GH-deficient adults provide a useful model with which to study the effects of the more long-term effects of the GH/ IGF-I axis. The...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 5, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Widdowson WM, Healy ML, Sönksen PH, Gibney J Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

A sport's journalist's view.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19501005 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 3, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Goodbody J Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Perspective: Proteomic approach to detect biomarkers of human growth hormone.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Several serum biomarkers for recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) have been established, however, none alone or in combination have generate a specific, sensitive, and reproducible 'kit' for the detection of rhGH abuse. Thus, the search for additional GH specific biomarkers continues. In this review, we focus on the use of proteomics in general and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) in particular for the discovery of new GH induced serum biomarkers. Also, we review some of the protocols involved in 2-DE. Finally, the possibility of tissues other than blood for biomarker discovery is discussed. PMID: 19501004...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - June 2, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Ding J, List EO, Okada S, Kopchick JJ Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The UK Sport perspective on detecting growth hormone abuse.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: In 2008 significant progress has been made; there is one test for detecting HGH approved for use in anti-doping and a second detection method pending. This is a strong reflection of the ongoing research efforts in anti-doping and the progress being made by the Anti-Doping Organisations in reducing the risk that doping poses to sport. PMID: 19487144 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Stow MR, Wojek N, Marshall J Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

20K-GH and its use in detecting GH abuse.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this report, we review studies of its biological effect, measurement and secretion. To use serum 20K-GH level in detecting GH abuse, new method has been established and serum 22K-GH, 20K-GH were measured in normal subjects and athletes, and no abnormal results were found among athletes. Another study confirmed that serum 22K-GH increased remarkably and 20K-GH decreased following the exogenous administration of 22K-GH. The duration was relatively short, approximately 24-36h in our and other studies. The increase of the ratio, 22K-GH/20K-GH was the most suitable indicator of GH abuse. Studies supported by the WADA were un...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Irie M, Ueki M, Kishikawa Y, Nishii M, Kawahara T Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Growth hormone and the adolescent athlete: What are the data for its safety and efficacy as an ergogenic agent?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is great interest among athletes and in the sports and general media for the subject of "doping" with human growth hormone (hGH). The hype about this substance goes far beyond the available data. The issue of administration of recombinant rhGH to adolescents, whether for athletic performance or for esthetic purposes adds another wrinkle because normal pubertal growth and the acquisition of adult body composition depends upon the GH/IGF-I and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes. The range of normal is wide and it is more difficult to determine the natural evolution of pubertal development from that fueled by r...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Rogol AD Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

IGF-I and GH: Potential use in gene doping.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Gene doping is the term given to the potential misuse of gene therapy for the purposes of enhancing athletic performance. Insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I), the prime target of growth hormone action, is one candidate gene for improving performance. In recent years a number of transgenic and somatic gene transfer studies on animals have shown that upregulation of IGF-I stimulates muscle growth and improves function. This increase in muscle IGF-I is not reflected in measurable increases in circulating IGF-I. Whilst the responses obtained in the animal studies would appear to give clear benefits for performance, the tr...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Harridge SD, Velloso CP Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Detection of GH abuse in sport: Past, present and future.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Due to its considered performance enhancing effects, human growth hormone (hGH) is abused as a doping agent in sport. Its misuse also carries potentially serious side effects to a person's health. Consequently, hGH and its releasing factors are prohibited in sport, as established in the Prohibited List which is updated and published yearly by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In order to fight the menace that hGH doping poses to the spirit of sport and to the health of athletes, the sport movement and the anti-doping authorities, initially led by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and later by WADA, have put ...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 28, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Barroso O, Schamasch P, Rabin O Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Demographic factors influencing the GH system: Implications for the detection of GH doping in sport.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, age and gender are the major determinants of variability for IGF-I and the collagen markers, whereas ethnicity and sport type have a minor influence. Therefore, a test based on IGF-I and the collagen markers must take age into account for men and women, and ethnicity and sport type are unlikely to be confounders for these markers. PMID: 19481485 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 26, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Nelson AE, Ho KK Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The psychology behind doping in sport.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Drugs and methods to improve physical performance among athletes have been used since the beginning of sport history, but the use of performance enhancing drugs has not always been regarded as cheating. In short, the motives for doping are improving and maintaining physical functioning, coping with the social/psychological pressures and striving for social and psychological goals, including economic benefits. Factors such as, "doping dilemma", "win at all costs", cost versus benefit, and the specificity of some specific doping agents, also play major roles. It seems that action on the athletes' attitude about the achie...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 25, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Ehrnborg C, Rosén T Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Surface plasmon resonance immuno assays - A perspective.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human growth hormone (GH) represents an extremely challenging task from an anti-doping viewpoint. GH is an endogenously produced substance, present at very low levels in circulation (for the most abundant 22kDa isoform approximately 50pM in plasma and 100fM in urine) either as monomer or homo- and heterodimers, comprises a family of distinct isoforms, and obeys a pulsatile secretion routine that is affected by many different internal and external factors. Upon administration of the recombinant, single-isoform pharmaceutical, the feedback mechanism reduces the endogenous heterogeneity resulting in altered ratios between...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Bosch J, Such-Sanmartín G, Segura J Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The International Olympic Committee (IOC) and GH-2000.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The IOC recognised growth hormone (GH) as a drug of abuse in 1992 and recruited me as an expert to advise them on the development of a test to detect its abuse. After a long gestation period where the IOC gradually changed their attitude to research they co-funded the GH-2000 project with the European Union (EU). GH-2000 was a unique consortium of Europe's best endocrinologists and scientists in partnership with two GH manufacturers and the IOC with a greater than two million dollar budget. GH-2000 selected a method based on the measurement of GH-dependent markers and selected IGF-I and P-III-P as the most suitable mar...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Sonksen P Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Growth hormone isoforms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human growth hormone (GH) is a heterogeneous protein hormone consisting of several isoforms. The sources of this heterogeneity reside at the level of the genome, mRNA splicing, post-translational modification and metabolism. The GH gene cluster on chromosome 17q contains 2 GH genes (GH1 or GH-N and GH2 or GH-V) in addition to 2(-3) genes encoding the related chorionic somatomammotropin. Alternative mRNA splicing of the GH1 transcript yields two products: 22K-GH (the principal pituitary GH form) and 20K-GH. Post-translationally modified GH forms include N(alpha)-acylated, deamidated and glycosylated monomeric GH forms, ...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 23, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Baumann GP Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The history of doping and growth hormone abuse in sport.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The earliest records of doping in sport come from the Ancient Olympics games when athletes are reported to have taken figs to improve their performance. With the advent of modern pharmacology in the 19th century, many athletes began to experiment with cocktails of drugs to improve strength and overcome fatigue. As this practice was not illegal, there are good records of the lengths athletes would go to in order to win. Alongside the benefits, came the dangers and following several fatalities, a code to ban performance enhancing drugs was gradually developed. Growth hormone was first isolated from the human pituitary gl...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 22, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Holt RI, Erotokritou-Mulligan I, Sönksen PH Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Moving one step closer to catching the GH cheats: The GH-2004 experience.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Growth hormone is abused by athletes for its anabolic and lipolytic properties. The detection of GH abuse is challenging because it is an endogenous hormone whose concentration varies widely in any one day. The GH-2000 project proposed a test based on the measurement of IGF-I and type III pro-collagen (P-III-P). When the results of the GH-2000 project were presented to an expert workshop, the method was supported but it was felt that several issues needed to be resolved before the method could be adopted. The first was a potential effect of ethnicity as most subjects in the GH-2000 were white Europeans and the second ...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 22, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Holt RI, Bassett EE, Erotokritou-Mulligan I, McHugh C, Cowan D, Bartlett C, Sönksen PH, Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

IGF-I abuse in sport: Current knowledge and future prospects for detection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
As the tests for detecting growth hormone (GH) abuse develop further, it is likely that athletes will turn to doping with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). IGF-I mediates many of the anabolic actions of growth hormone. It stimulates muscle protein synthesis, promotes glycogen storage and enhances lipolysis, all of which make IGF-I attractive as a potential performance-enhancing agent. Pharmaceutical companies have developed commercial preparations of recombinant human IGF-I (rhIGF-I) for use in disorders of growth. The increased availability of rhIGF-I increases the opportunity for athletes to acquire supplies of t...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 22, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Guha N, Sönksen PH, Holt RI Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Detection of growth hormone responsive proteins using SELDI-TOF mass spectrometry.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article gives an overview of the potential application of surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry to examine proteomic changes following GH administration, using both serum and white blood cell extracts as samples for analysis. Results to date indicate that proteomic changes observed following GH administration have the potential to yield novel biomarker sets for the detection of GH abuse. PMID: 19467616 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 22, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Chung L, Baxter RC Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Diet, body composition, and physical fitness influences on IGF-I bioactivity in women.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Of the lifestyle factors measured, the most robust relationship observed was a negative association between habitual alcohol intake and all measures of IGF-I. This finding suggests that alcohol intake may blunt the physiologic actions of the IGF-I axis. PMID: 19467892 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - May 18, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Philip Karl J, Alemany JA, Koenig C, Kraemer WJ, Frystyk J, Flyvbjerg A, Young AJ, Nindl BC Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Reduced susceptibility to azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci formation and colon cancer in growth hormone deficient rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that early neoplastic lesions (ACFs) were reduced in GH-deficient animals. This effect corresponds with differences in AOM-induced proliferation, but not apoptosis. These data indicate that GH is required for the full effect of AOM on colon ACF and tumor development, and that the SDR rat is a promising model for studies regarding the role ofGH/IGF system in the initiation and promotion of colon cancer. PMID: 19406679 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - April 27, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Carroll RE, Goodlad RA, Poole AJ, Tyner AL, Robey RB, Swanson SM, Unterman TG Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Plasma insulin-like growth factor I as predictor of progression and all cause mortality in chronic heart failure.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: IGF-I levels were not reduced in patients with CHF and did not influence cardiac status at baseline or the prognosis. PMID: 19398211 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - April 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Andreassen M, Kistorp C, Raymond I, Hildebrandt P, Gustafsson F, Kristensen LO, Faber J Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Isocaloric high-protein diet as well as branched-chain amino acids supplemented diet partially alleviates adverse consequences of maternal undernutrition on fetal growth.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the effects of maternal high-protein diet or BCAA-supplemented diet upon fetal growth under the condition of maternal calorie restriction. Pregnant mice were calorie-restricted (undernutrition: UN), using either a standard diet (S-UN group), high-protein diet (HP-UN group), or BCAA-supplemented diet (BCAA-UN group) to 70% of the control; dams fed ad libitum with a standard diet (S-NN group) from 10.5days post coitum (dpc) to 18.5dpc. The fetal weights of UN groups were significantly decreased compared to that of S-NN. However, the fetal weights of HP-UN and BCAA-UN were significantly higher b...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - April 20, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Mogami H, Yura S, Itoh H, Kawamura M, Fujii T, Suzuki A, Aoe S, Ogawa Y, Sagawa N, Konishi I, Fujii S Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Although the molecular mechanisms linking the identified proteins to GH and IGF-1 biological activity remain to be clarified, the results suggest that they represent potential biomarkers of GH and/or IGF-1 action. PMID: 19386527 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - April 19, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The First International Standard for Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) for immunoassay: Preparation and calibration in an international collaborative study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of the study reported here was the characterization of a candidate standard for IGF-1 in an international collaborative study carried out by 18 laboratories in nine countries, by comparison with (i) a primary calibrant characterized by amino acid analysis and UV spectroscopy, and (ii) the existing International Reference Reagent coded 87/518 by HPLC, immunoassay and bioassay. The study was designed as follows: Phase I involved the establishment of a primary calibrant of rhIGF-1, containing approximately 1.0mg rhIGF-1 per vial. A defined value was assigned to the primary calibrant by amino acid analysis (AAA) ...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - March 19, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Burns C, Rigsby P, Moore M, Rafferty B Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Population pharmacokinetic model for human growth hormone in adult patients in chronic dialysis compared with healthy subjects.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: A population PK model was established, which showed acceptable performance for trial-simulation purposes. PMID: 19303337 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - March 18, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Klitgaard T, Nielsen JN, Skettrup MP, Harper A, Lange M Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

The cardiovascular phenotype of a mouse model of acromegaly.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: In this transgenic mouse model of acromegaly, there is cardiac and vascular hypertrophy commensurate with GH excess but normal function. Our findings support the contention that the excess mortality in this condition may be due to the development of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy rather than increased rates of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. PMID: 19269870 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research)
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - March 6, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Izzard AS, Emerson M, Prehar S, Neyses L, Trainer P, List EO, Kopchick JJ, Heagerty AM Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals

Experimental arthritis: Effect on growth parameters and total skeletal calcium.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Aim of the study was to investigate the possible mechanisms leading to stunted growth and osteoporosis in experimental arthritis. Fourty-two female rats of 7-8weeks of age were randomly assigned to three groups of 14 animals each: (a) controls; (b) adjuvant-inoculated (AA); and (c) adjuvant-inoculated rats receiving 10mg cyclosporin A (CsA) orally for 30days. Biological parameters studied were: hindpaw swelling; vertebral length progression expressed as Delta increments between days 1 and 30 as a parameter of skeletal growth, and estimation of total skeletal mineral content by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (n=10 eac...
Source: Growth Hormone and IGF Research - February 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Authors: Pozo ED, Zapf J, Mackenzie AR, Janner M, Perrelet R, Lippuner K, Mullis P Tags: Growth Horm IGF Res Source Type: journals