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This page shows you the latest news and research items in this category.

Expression of innate immune genes, proteins and microRNAs in lung tissue of pigs infected experimentally with influenza virus (H1N2).
This study aimed at providing a better understanding of the involvement of innate immune factors, including miRNA, in the local host response to influenza virus infection. Twenty pigs were challenged by influenza A virus subtype H1N2. Expression of microRNA (miRNA), mRNA and proteins were quantified in lung tissue at different time points after challenge (24 h, 72 h and 14 d post-infection (p.i.). Several groups of genes were significantly regulated according to time point and infection status including pattern recognition receptors (TLR2, TLR3, TLR7, retinoic acid-inducible gene I, melanoma differentiation associated prot...
Source: Innate Immunity - February 12, 2013 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Skovgaard K, Cirera S, Vasby D, Podolska A, Breum SO, Dürrwald R, Schlegel M, Heegaard PM Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: research

Pigs Look Healthy But Test Positive For Flu At Fairs; Flu Transmission Seen Between Pigs And Humans
More than 80 percent of pigs that tested positive for influenza A virus at Ohio county fairs between 2009 and 2011 showed no signs of illness, according to a new study. Ohio State University researchers tested 20 pigs each at 53 fair events over those three summers and found at least one flu-positive pig at 12 fairs - almost a quarter of fairs tested. The influenza strains identified in pigs in this study include H1N2 and H3N2 viruses - strains that have been circulating in pigs since 1998... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - October 27, 2012 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Flu / Cold / SARS Source Type: news

Genetic characterization of swine influenza viruses isolated in Japan between 2009 and 2012
This study shows that A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and their reassortant strains are already present in domestic pigs in Japan and that novel SIVs are possibly being imported from abroad. (Source: Microbiology and Immunology)
Source: Microbiology and Immunology - October 23, 2012 Category: Microbiology Authors: Aya Matsuu, Yuko Uchida, Nobuhiro Takemae, Takahiro Mawatari, Shuji Kasai Yoneyama, Tomoe Kasai, Ryoko Nakamura, Mariko Eto, Takehiko Saito Tags: NOTE Source Type: research

Full genomic analysis of an influenza A (H1N2) virus identified during 2009 pandemic in Eastern India: evidence of reassortment event between co-circulating A(H1N1)pdm09 and A/Brisbane/10/2007-like H3N2 strains
Conclusions: This study provides information on possibility of occurrence of reassortment events during influenza season when infectivity is high and two different subtypes of Inf Aviruses co-circulate in same geographical location. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - October 11, 2012 Category: Virology Authors: Tapasi Roy MukherjeeAnurodh AgrawalSekhar ChakrabartiMamta Chawla-Sarkar Source Type: research

[Newsdesk] Research brief
Emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus showed that swine can be the direct source of pandemic influenza, but could other swine influenza subtypes start a pandemic? Researchers studying Korean triple-reassortment swine H1N2 and H3N2 influenza viruses have identified a highly virulent H1N2 virus that is efficiently transmitted to naive ferrets through respiratory droplets. Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase mutations acquired by this virus during its passage through ferrets that are needed for its pathogenicity and virulence could be influenza virulence markers in mammals. (Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases)
Source: The Lancet Infectious Diseases - September 25, 2012 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Jane Bradbury Tags: Newsdesk Source Type: research

Virulent TRSw H1N2 influenza virus in ferrets [Microbiology]
Efficient worldwide swine surveillance for influenza A viruses is urgently needed; the emergence of a novel reassortant pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus in 2009 demonstrated that swine can be the direct source of pandemic influenza and that the pandemic potential of viruses prevalent in swine populations must be monitored. We used... (Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - September 25, 2012 Category: Science Authors: Pascua, P. N. Q., Song, M.-S., Lee, J. H., Baek, Y. H., Kwon, H.-i., Park, S.-J., Choi, E. H., Lim, G.-J., Lee, O.-J., Kim, S.-W., Kim, C.-J., Sung, M. H., Kim, M. H., Yoon, S.-W., Govorkova, E. A., Webby, R. J., Webster, R. G., Choi, Y.-K. Tags: Biological Sciences Source Type: research

H1N2 Variant Virus Detected in Minnesota
(Source: CDC Flu updates)
Source: CDC Flu updates - September 7, 2012 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Analytical detection of influenza A(H3N2)v and other A variant viruses from the USA by rapid influenza diagnostic tests
Conclusions Clinicians should be aware of the limitations of RIDTs to detect influenza A variant viruses. Specimens from patients with influenza‐like illness in whom H3N2v is suspected should be sent to public health laboratories for additional diagnostic testing. (Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses)
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - September 1, 2012 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Amanda Balish, Rebecca Garten, Alexander Klimov, Julie Villanueva Source Type: research

Genetic characterization of swine influenza viruses isolated in Japan between 2009 and 2012.
ABSTRACT Eleven swine influenza viruses (SIVs) isolated from pigs in Japanese institutions between 2009 and 2012 were genetically characterized. Seven H1N1 were shown to have originated from A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses． Two H1N2 viruses contained H1 and N2 genes of Japanese H1N2 SIV origin together with internal genes of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Two H3N2 viruses isolated during animal quarantine were identified as triple reassortant H3N2 viruses maintained among pigs in North America. Results of this study show that A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and their reassortant strains are already present in domestic pigs in Japan, and that novel SIV...
Source: Microbiology and Immunology - August 25, 2012 Category: Microbiology Authors: Aya Matsuu, Yuko Uchida, Nobuhiro Takemae, Takahiro Mawatari, Shuji Yoneyama, Tomoe Kasai, Ryoko Nakamura, Mariko Eto, Takehiko Saito Tags: NOTE Source Type: research

Immune and acute phase response in pigs experimentally infected with H1N2 swine influenza virus
Abstract Acute phase proteins (APPs) and immune responses in pigs after experimental infection with H1N2 swine influenza virus (SwH1N2) were studied. Eight piglets were infected intranasally with SwH1N2. Four served as controls. Antibodies against SIVs were measured by haemagglutination inhibition assay. To measure influenza‐specific cell‐mediated response the proliferation assay was used. Hematological parameters were measured on a hematology analyzer. C‐reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA) and pig major acute phase protein (Pig‐MAP) concentrations in serum were measured using commercial...
Source: FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology - August 24, 2012 Category: Microbiology Authors: Pomorska‐Mól Małgorzata, Markowska‐Daniel Iwona, Kwit Krzysztof Tags: Research Paper Source Type: research

Multiplex RT-PCR assay for differentiating European swine influenza virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2.
This study describes two multiplex RT-PCRs which distinguish the haemagglutinin (HA) gene and the neuraminidase (NA) gene of the three major subtypes of SIV circulating in Europe. The HA PCR was able to identify the lineage (avian or human) of the HA of H1 subtypes. The analytical sensitivity of the test, considered to be unique, was assessed using three reference viruses. The detection limit corresponded to 1×10(-1) TCID(50)/200μl for avian-like H1N1, 1×10(0) TCID(50)/200μl for human-like H1N2 and 1×10(1) TCID(50)/200μl for H3N2 SIV. The multiplex RT-PCR was first carried out on a collection of 70 isolated viruses s...
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - August 3, 2012 Category: Virology Authors: Chiapponi C, Moreno A, Barbieri I, Merenda M, Foni E Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: research

Comparison of Human-Like H1 (δ-Cluster) Influenza A Viruses in the Swine Host
The objective of this work was to study the pathogenesis and transmission of δ-cluster H1 influenza viruses in swine, comparing three isolates from different phylogenetic subclusters, geographic locations, and years of isolation. Two isolates from the δ2 subcluster, A/sw/MN/07002083/07 H1N1 (MN07) and A/sw/IL/00685/05 H1N1 (IL05), and A/sw/TX/01976/08 H1N2 (TX08) from the δ1 sub-cluster were evaluated. All isolates caused disease and were transmitted to contact pigs. Respiratory disease was apparent in pigs infected with MN07 and IL05 viruses; however, clinical signs and lung lesions were reduced in...
Source: International Journal of Chemical Engineering - June 3, 2012 Category: Chemistry Source Type: research

Identification of Reassortant Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus in Korean Pigs.
Abstract Since the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 influenza A virus emerged in April 2009, novel reassortant strains have been identified throughout the world. This paper describes the detection and isolation of reassortant strains associated with human pandemic influenza H1N1 and swine influenza H1N2 (SIV) viruses in swine populations in South Korea. Two influenza H1N2 reassortants were detected, and subtyped by PCR. The strains were isolated using Madin- Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, and genetically characterized by phylogenetic analysis for genetic diversity. They consisted of human, avian, and swine virus genes t...
Source: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology - May 1, 2012 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Han JY, Park SJ, Kim HK, Rho S, Nguyen GV, Song D, Kang BK, Moon HJ, Yeom MJ, Park BK Tags: J Microbiol Biotechnol Source Type: research

Genetic characterization of subtype H1 avian influenza viruses isolated from live poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, China, in 2011
Abstract Nine avian influenza A viruses (AIVs), H1N2 (n = 2) and H1N3 (n = 7), were isolated from domestic ducks in live poultry markets in Zhejiang Province, Eastern China, in 2011. All viruses were characterized by whole genome sequencing with subsequent phylogenetic analysis and genetic comparison. Phylogenetic analysis of all eight viral genes showed that the viruses clustered in the Eurasian lineage of influenza A viruses. The hemagglutinin cleavage site of all viruses displayed features of a monobasic cleavage site. Although there was no evidence of re-assortment in subtype H1 AIVs ...
Source: Virus Genes - January 18, 2012 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Tags: Virus Genes Source Type: research

BPEX Pig Health Scheme: a useful monitoring system for respiratory disease control in pig farms?
Conclusions: The study found statistical associations between levels of pleurisy recorded by BPHS at slaughter and the presence H1N2 and PRRSV in the herd. There is also some evidence that farms which submit pigs with these lesions may have reduced productivity. However, more research is needed to fully validate the scheme. (Source: BMC Veterinary Research - Latest articles)
Source: BMC Veterinary Research - Latest articles - December 30, 2011 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Hannah HoltPablo AlarconMartina VelasovaDirk PfeifferBarbara Wieland Source Type: research

Rare swine flu strain H1N2 detected in Minn. infant
Second case ever detected of H1N2 virus, but not nearly as dangerous as H1N1 (Source: Health News: CBSNews.com)
Source: Health News: CBSNews.com - December 14, 2011 Category: Consumer Health News Source Type: news

Rare swine flu strain detected in Minn. infant
Second case ever detected of H1N2 virus, but not nearly as dangerous as H1N1 (Source: Health News: CBSNews.com)
Source: Health News: CBSNews.com - December 14, 2011 Category: Consumer Health News Source Type: news

Novel H1N2 Case In Minnesota With H3N2pdm11 Genes
The commentary discusses a novel H1N2 case in Minnesota with H3N2pdm11 genes. (12/09/11 16:30) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - December 10, 2011 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Media Myth On Relatedness Between Novel H1N2 and H3N2
The commentary discusses the media myth on the relatedness between trH1N2, trH3N2, H3N2pdm11. (12/09/11 23:00) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - December 10, 2011 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Genetic analysis and antigenic characterization of swine origin influenza viruses isolated from humans in the United States, 1990-2010.
Abstract Swine influenza viruses (SIV) have been recognized as important pathogens for pigs and occasional human infections with swine origin influenza viruses (SOIV) have been reported. Between1990 and 2010, a total of twenty seven human cases of SOIV infections have been identified in the United States. Six viruses isolated from1990 to 1995 were recognized as classical SOIV (cSOIV) A(H1N1). After 1998, twenty-one SOIV recovered from human cases were characterized as triple reassortant (tr_SOIV) inheriting genes from classical swine, avian and human influenza viruses. Of those twenty-one tr_SOIV, thirteen were of ...
Source: Virology - November 10, 2011 Category: Virology Authors: Shu B, Garten R, Emery S, Balish A, Cooper L, Sessions W, Deyde V, Smith C, Berman L, Klimov A, Lindstrom S, Xu X Tags: Virology Source Type: research

Genetic Characterization of H1N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated from sick pigs in Southern China in 2010
In conclusion, our finding provides further evidence about the interspecies transmission of avian influenza viruses to pigs and emphasizes the importance of reinforcing swine influenza virus (SIV) surveillance, especially before the emergence of highly pathogenic FMDs in pigs in Guangdong. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - October 13, 2011 Category: Virology Authors: Wei KongLiang HuangHai QiNan CaoLiang ZhangHeng WangShang GuanWen QiPei JiaoMing LiaoGui Zhang Source Type: research

Swine-Origin Influenza A (H3N2) Virus Infection in Two Children --- Indiana and Pennsylvania, July--August 2011.
This report describes two cases of febrile respiratory illness caused by swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses identified on August 19 and August 26, 2011, and the current investigations. No epidemiologic link between the two cases has been identified, and although investigations are ongoing, no additional confirmed human infections with this virus have been detected. These viruses are similar to eight other swine-origin influenza A (H3N2) viruses identified from previous human infections over the past 2 years, but are unique in that one of the eight gene segments (matrix [M] gene) is from the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vir...
Source: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkl... - September 9, 2011 Category: Epidemiology Tags: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Source Type: research

Distribution of sialic acid receptors and influenza A virus of avian and swine origin in experimentally infected pigs
Conclusions: A difference in predilection sites between SIV and AIV virus was found, and this difference was in accordance with the distribution of the SA-alpha-2,6 and SA-alpha-2,3 receptor, respectively. The results indicated that the distribution of influenza A virus receptors in pigs are similar to that of humans and therefore challenge the theory that the pig acts as a mixing vessel between human and avian influenza viruses. Furthermore, it was shown that AIV prefers to infect alveolar type II epithelial cells in pigs. This corresponds with findings in humans emphasising the resemblance between the two species. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - September 8, 2011 Category: Virology Authors: Ramona TrebbienLars LarsenBirgitte Viuff Source Type: research

PrePrint: Reassortment Networks and the Evolution of Pandemic H1N1 Swine-Origin Influenza
We report their application to the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 virus (S-OIV). A database of all influenza A viruses for which complete genome sequences were available in Genbank by October 2009 was created and dynamic programming was used to compute distances between all corresponding segments. A reassortment network was created to obtain the minimum cost evolutionary paths from all viruses to the exemplar S-OIV A/California/04/2009. This analysis took 35 hours on the Cray Extreme Multithreading (XMT) supercomputer, which has special hardware to permit efficient parallelization. Six specific H1N1/H1N2 bottleneck viruses wer...
Source: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics - September 4, 2011 Category: Bioinformatics Source Type: research

Hemagglutinin-neuraminidase balance confers respiratory-droplet transmissibility of the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in ferrets [Microbiology]
A novel reassortant derived from North American triple-reassortant (TRsw) and Eurasian swine (EAsw) influenza viruses acquired sustained human-to-human transmissibility and caused the 2009 influenza pandemic. To identify molecular determinants that allowed efficient transmission of the pandemic H1N1 virus among humans, we evaluated the direct-contact and respiratory-droplet transmissibility in ferrets of representative swine influenza viruses of different lineages obtained through a 13-y surveillance program in southern China. Whereas all viruses studied were transmitted by direct contact with varying efficiency, respirato...
Source: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences - August 22, 2011 Category: Science Authors: Yen, H.-L., Liang, C.-H., Wu, C.-Y., Forrest, H. L., Ferguson, A., Choy, K.-T., Jones, J., Wong, D. D.-Y., Cheung, P. P.-H., Hsu, C.-H., Li, O. T., Yuen, K. M., Chan, R. W. Y., Poon, L. L. M., Chan, M. C. W., Nicholls, J. M., Krauss, S., Wong, C.-H., Guan Tags: Biological Sciences Source Type: research

Characterization of Influenza A Outbreaks in Minnesota Swine Herds and Measures Taken to Reduce the Risk of Zoonotic Transmission
SummaryInfluenza A virus infections commonly cause respiratory disease in swine and can be transmitted between people and pigs, with potentially novel strains introduced into herds and spilling back into the human population. The goals of this study were to characterize influenza infections in Minnesota pigs and assess biosecurity measures used by swine workers. Veterinarians submitting influenza‐positive swine samples to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory between October 2007 and April 2009 were surveyed regarding disease‐related information and biosecurity procedures at each farm. Influenza�...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - July 20, 2011 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: A. BeaudoinS. JohnsonP. DaviesJ. BenderM. Gramer Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLE Source Type: research

Neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility of swine influenza A viruses isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2008
Abstract European swine influenza A viruses donated the matrix protein 2 as well as the neuraminidase (NA) gene to pandemic influenza A (H1N1) viruses that emerged in 2009. As a result, the latter became amantadine resistant and neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptible. These recent developments reflecting the close connection between influenza A virus infection chains in humans and pigs urge an antiviral surveillance within swine influenza A viruses. Here, NAI susceptibility of 204 serologically typed swine influenza A viruses of subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 circulating in Germany between 1981 and 2008 wa...
Source: Medical Microbiology and Immunology - June 21, 2011 Category: Microbiology Tags: Medical Microbiology and Immunology Source Type: research

Expression of myeloperoxidase in swine influenza virus (SIV)-infected neutrophils in lungs from pigs experimentally infected with SIV subtype H1N2
Abstract The expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was examined in the swine influenza virus (SIV)-infected neutrophils in the lungs of pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus (SIV) subtype H1N2 by immunohistochemistry. Five pigs each from the infected and non-infected group were euthanized 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). Immunohistochemical reactivity was mainly seen in neutrophils. The score for pulmonary histopathological lesions correlated with the score for MPO immunohistochemical reactivity (r s = 0.962, P < 0.01). In addition, the score for in situ hy...
Source: Veterinary Research Communications - June 20, 2011 Category: Veterinary Research Tags: Veterinary Research Communications Source Type: research

PrePrint: Reassortment Networks and the Evolution of Pandemic H1N1 Swine-Origin Influenza
We report their application to the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 virus (S-OIV). A database of all influenza A viruses for which complete genome sequences were available in Genbank by October 2009 was created and dynamic programming was used to compute distances between all corresponding segments. A reassortment network was created to obtain the minimum cost evolutionary paths from all viruses to the exemplar S-OIV A/California/04/2009. This analysis took 35 hours on the Cray Extreme Multithreading (XMT) supercomputer, which has special hardware to permit efficient parallelization. Six specific H1N1/H1N2 bottleneck viruses wer...
Source: IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics - June 8, 2011 Category: Bioinformatics Source Type: research

Novel Swine H1N2 In Indiana With Pandemic H1N1 Genes
The commentary discusses the novel swine H1N2 in Indiana with pandemic internal genes. (03/08/11 21:20) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - March 9, 2011 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Novel Swine H1N2 In North Carolina With Pandemic H1N1 Genes
The commentary discusses the novel swine H1N2 in North Carolina with pandemic internal genes. (03/07/11 23:50) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - March 9, 2011 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Novel Swine H1N2 In England With Pandemic H1N1 Genes
The commentary discusses the novel swine H1N2 in England with pandemic internal genes. (03/07/11 23:00) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - March 9, 2011 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Enhanced pneumonia and disease in pigs vaccinated with an inactivated human-like (δ-cluster) H1N2 vaccine and challenged with pandemic 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.
This report describes a vaccine-heterologous challenge model in which pigs were administered an inactivated H1N2 vaccine with a human-like (δ-cluster) H1 six and three weeks before challenge with H1 homosubtypic, heterologous 2009 pandemic H1N1. At necropsy, macroscopic and microscopic pneumonia scores were significantly higher in the vaccinated and challenged (Vx/Ch) group compared to non-vaccinated and challenged (NVx/Ch) pigs. The Vx/Ch group also demonstrated enhanced clinical disease and a significantly elevated pro-inflammatory cytokine profile in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid compared to the NVx/Ch group. In contras...
Source: Vaccine - February 6, 2011 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Gauger PC, Vincent AL, Loving CL, Lager KM, Janke BH, Kehrli ME, Roth JA Tags: Vaccine Source Type: research

Comparison of two H1N2 swine influenza A viruses from disease outbreaks in pigs in Sweden during 2009 and 2010
Abstract The influenza A virus subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 are prevalent in pig populations worldwide. In the present study, two relatively uncommon swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N2 subtypes, isolated in Sweden in 2009 and 2010, were compared regarding their molecular composition and biological characteristics. The differences regarding markers purportedly related to pathogenicity, host adaptation or replication efficiency. They included a truncated PB1-F2 protein in the earlier isolate but a full length version in the more recent one; differences in the number of haemagglutinin glycosylation sites, includi...
Source: Virus Genes - January 21, 2011 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Tags: Virus Genes Source Type: research

Swine influenza viruses isolated in 1983, 2002 and 2009 in Sweden exemplify different lineages
Swine influenza virus isolates originating from outbreaks in Sweden from 1983, 2002 and 2009 were subjected to nucleotide sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The aim of the studies was to obtain an overview on their potential relatedness as well as to provide data for broader scale studies on swine influenza epidemiology. Nonetheless, analyzing archive isolates is justified by the efforts directed to the comprehension of the appearance of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus. Interestingly, this study illustrates the evolution of swine influenza viruses in Europe, because the earliest isolate belonged to 'classical' swine H1N1,...
Source: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica - December 13, 2010 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Istvan KissAdam BalintGiorgi MetreveliEva EmmothFrederik WidenSandor BelakPer Wallgren Source Type: research

Singleplex real-time RT-PCR for detection of influenza A virus and simultaneous differentiation of A/H1N1v and evaluation of the RealStar influenza kit
Conclusion: Both assays demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity and might assist in the diagnosis of suspected influenza cases. (Source: Journal of Clinical Virology)
Source: Journal of Clinical Virology - November 14, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Marcus Panning, Sigrid Baumgarte, Thomas Laue, Sibylle Bierbaum, Sabine Raith, Jan Felix Drexler, Angelika Helmer, Valeria Falcone-Kapper, Georg Kochs, Hartmut Campe, Daniela Huzly, Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger, Christian Drosten Tags: Short communications Source Type: research

Envelope Proteins Pertain with Evolution and Adaptive Mechanism of the Novel Influenza A/H1N1 in Humans.
This study further suggests that the adaptive capability of the S-OIV in human is acquired by the unique mutations generated during emergence. PMID: 21124053 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology)
Source: Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology - October 31, 2010 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Mondal SI, Zubaer A, Thapa S, Saha C, Alum MA, Reza MS, Akter A, Azad AK Tags: J Microbiol Biotechnol Source Type: research

H1N1/N2 Swine/Human Reassortants Raise Pandemic Concerns
The commentary discusses the pandemic potential of H1N1 and H1N2 reassortants with seasonal H and N genes from 2003 (10/31/10 02:45) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - October 31, 2010 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

H1N1/N2 Swine/Human Reassortants in Argentina
The commentary discusses the detection of pandemic H1N1 and H1N2 reassortants with seasonal H and N genes from 2003 (10/29/10 11:17) (Source: Recombinomics)
Source: Recombinomics - October 29, 2010 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

H1N2 Variant Virus Detected in Minnesota
The Minnesota Department of Health has reported detection of 3 infections with an influenza A H1N2 variant (“H1N2v”) virus with the pandemic M gene from the 2009 H1N1 virus. (Source: PandemicFlu.gov RSS Feed for News Releases)
Source: PandemicFlu.gov RSS Feed for News Releases - September 29, 2010 Category: American Health Source Type: news

Prevalence of antibodies to swine influenza viruses in humans with occupational exposure to pigs, Thuringia, Germany, 2008-2009
The Eurasian lineages of swine influenza viruses are different genetically from classical swine H1N1 influenza viruses and comprise avian-like H1N1 and human-like H1N2 and H3N2 subtypes. Although sporadic isolation of such viruses from human specimens has been reported, the prevalence of human infections is not known. In the present study, the seroprevalence against Eurasian swine influenza viruses was investigated. Sera were collected in Thuringia, Germany, from December 2007 to April 2009. The study group comprised 118 professionals with occupational exposure to pigs (50 pig slaughterers/meat inspectors, 46 pig farmers, ...
Source: Journal of Medical Virology - July 14, 2010 Category: Virology Authors: Andi Krumbholz, Jeannette Lange, Ralf Dürrwald, Heike Hoyer, Stefan Bengsch, Peter Wutzler, Roland Zell Tags: Research Article Source Type: research

Novel Swine influenza virus reassortants in pigs, china.
During swine influenza virus surveillance in pigs in China during 2006-2009, we isolated subtypes H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 and found novel reassortment between contemporary swine and avian panzootic viruses. These reassortment events raise concern about generation of novel viruses in pigs, which could have pandemic potential. PMID: 20587196 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases)
Source: Emerging Infectious Diseases - June 30, 2010 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Bi Y, Fu G, Chen J, Peng J, Sun Y, Wang J, Pu J, Zhang Y, Gao H, Ma G, Tian F, Brown IH, Liu J Tags: Emerg Infect Dis Source Type: research

Swine influenza vaccines: current status and future perspectives.
Swine influenza is an important contagious disease in pigs caused by influenza A viruses. Although only three subtypes of influenza A viruses, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, predominantly infect pigs worldwide, it is still a big challenge for vaccine manufacturers to produce efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of swine influenza. Swine influenza viruses not only cause significant economic losses for the swine industry, but are also important zoonotic pathogens. Vaccination is still one of the most important and effective strategies to prevent and control influenza for both the animal and human population. In this...
Source: Animal Health Research Reviews - May 12, 2010 Category: Veterinary Research Authors: Ma W, Richt JA Tags: Anim Health Res Rev Source Type: research

Pandemic flu, like seasonal H1N1, shows signs of resisting Tamiflu
If the behavior of the seasonal form of the H1N1 influenza virus is any indication, scientists say that chances are good that most strains of the pandemic H1N1 flu virus will become resistant to Tamiflu, the main drug stockpiled for use against it. Researchers have traced the evolutionary history of the seasonal H1N1 influenza virus, which first infected humans during the 1918 pandemic. It is one of three seasonal influenza A viruses that commonly infect humans. The others are H1N2 and H3N2. (Source: ScienceDaily Headlines)
Source: ScienceDaily Headlines - March 2, 2010 Category: Science Source Type: news

Pandemic Flu, Like Seasonal H1N1, Shows Signs Of Resisting Tamiflu
If the behavior of the seasonal form of the H1N1 influenza virus is any indication, scientists say that chances are good that most strains of the pandemic H1N1 flu virus will become resistant to Tamiflu, the main drug stockpiled for use against it. Researchers at Ohio State University have traced the evolutionary history of the seasonal H1N1 influenza virus, which first infected humans during the 1918 pandemic. It is one of three seasonal influenza A viruses that commonly infect humans. The others are H1N2 and H3N2... (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - March 2, 2010 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Flu / Cold / SARS Source Type: news

Pandemic flu, like seasonal H1N1, shows signs of resisting Tamiflu
(Ohio State University) If the behavior of the seasonal form of the H1N1 influenza virus is any indication, scientists say that chances are good that most strains of the pandemic H1N1 flu virus will become resistant to Tamiflu, the main drug stockpiled for use against it. Researchers have traced the evolutionary history of the seasonal H1N1 influenza virus, which first infected humans during the 1918 pandemic. It is one of three seasonal influenza A viruses that commonly infect humans. The others are H1N2 and H3N2. (Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health)
Source: EurekAlert! - Medicine and Health - March 1, 2010 Category: Global & Universal Source Type: news

Experimental inoculation of pigs with pandemic H1N1 2009 virus and HI cross-reactivity with contemporary swine influenza virus antisera
Conclusions In experiment 1, all inoculated pigs demonstrated clinical signs and lesions similar to those induced by endemic SIV. Viable virus and antigen were only detected in the respiratory tract. In experiment 2, serologic cross-reactivity was limited against H1N1 2009 isolates, notably among virus antisera from the same HA phylogenetic cluster. The limited cross-reactivity suggests North American pigs may not be fully protected against H1N1 2009 from previous exposure or vaccination and novel tests are needed to rapidly diagnose the introduction of H1N1 2009. In experiment 3, an RT[ndash]PCR test that discriminates be...
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - January 11, 2010 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Amy L. Vincent, Kelly M. Lager, Kay S. Faaberg, Michelle Harland, Eraldo L. Zanella, Janice R. Ciacci-Zanella, Marcus E. Kehrli Jr, Bruce H. Janke, Alexander Klimov Source Type: research

Virological Surveillance and Preliminary Antigenic Characterization of Influenza Viruses in Pigs in Five European Countries from 2006 to 2008
This study presents the results of the virological surveillance for swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in Belgium, UK, Italy, France and Spain from 2006 to 2008. Our major aims were to clarify the occurrence of the three SIV subtypes [ndash] H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 [ndash] at regional levels, to identify novel reassortant viruses and to antigenically compare SIVs with human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. Lung tissue and/or nasal swabs from outbreaks of acute respiratory disease in pigs were investigated by virus isolation. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were determined using standard methods. Of the total...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - December 22, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: C. S. Kyriakis, I. H. Brown, E. Foni, G. Kuntz-Simon, J. Maldonado, F. Madec, S. C. Essen, C. Chiapponi, K. Van Reeth Source Type: research

From where did the 2009 'swine-origin' influenza A virus (H1N1) emerge?
The swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus that appeared in 2009 and was first found in human beings in Mexico, is a reassortant with at least three parents. Six of the genes are closest in sequence to those of H1N2 'triple-reassortant' influenza viruses isolated from pigs in North America around 1999-2000. Its other two genes are from different Eurasian 'avian-like' viruses of pigs; the NA gene is closest to H1N1 viruses isolated in Europe in 1991-1993, and the MP gene is closest to H3N2 viruses isolated in Asia in 1999-2000. The sequences of these genes do not directly reveal the immediate source of the virus as the close...
Source: Virology Journal - November 23, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Adrian GibbsJohn ArmstrongJean Downie Source Type: research

The first Swedish H1N2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortant
The European swine influenza viruses (SIVs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 strains. The intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. Here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of H1N2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where H1N2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in Sweden during the winter of 2008- 2009. The majority of the European H1N2 swine influenza viruses described so far possess haemagglutinin (HA) of the human-like H1N2 SIV viruses and the neuramini...
Source: BioMed Central - October 27, 2009 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Adam BalintGiorgi MetreveliFrederik WidenSiamak ZohariMikael BergMats IsakssonLena RenstromPer WallgrenSandor BelakThomas SegallIstvan Kiss Source Type: research