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The first Swedish H1N2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortantEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The European swine influenza viruses (SIVs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 strains. The intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. Here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of H1N2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where H1N2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in Sweden during the winter of 2008- 2009. The majority of the European H1N2 swine influenza viruses described so far possess haemagglutinin (HA) of the human-like H1N2 SIV viruses and the neuramini...
Source: BioMed Central - October 28, 2009 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Adam BalintGiorgi MetreveliFrederik WidenSiamak ZohariMikael BergMats IsakssonLena RenstromPer WallgrenSandor BelakThomas SegallIstvan Kiss Source Type: journals

Comparison of the usefulness of the CACO-2 cell line with standard substrates for isolation of swine influenza A viruses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Influenza A virus isolation is undertaken routinely in embryonated chicken eggs, but to improve virus detection various cell lines can be used. The CACO-2 cell line was compared to the MDCK cell line and embryonated chicken eggs for the isolation of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 swine influenza A virus subtypes from clinical specimens. From 2006 to 2008, 104 influenza A samples found positive by PCR from 42 respiratory outbreaks in Italian swine farms were examined by virus isolation. Sixty swine influenza A viruses were isolated (16 H1N1, 28 H1N2, 16 H3N2) and their growth behaviour on the different substrates was examined. 16/16 ...
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - September 21, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Chiapponi C, Zanni I, Garbarino C, Barigazzi G, Foni E Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: journals

Detection of influenza A(H1N1)v virus by real-time RT-PCR.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Influenza A(H1N1)v virus was first identified in April 2009. A novel real-time RT-PCR for influenza A(H1N1)v virus was set up ad hoc and validated following industry-standard criteria. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 384 copies of viral RNA per ml of viral transport medium (95% confidence interval: 273-876 RNA copies/ml). Specificity was 100% as assessed on a panel of reference samples including seasonal human influenza A virus H1N1 and H3N2, highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and porcine influenza A virus H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 samples. The real-time RT-PCR assay for the influenza A matrix gene ...
Source: Euro Surveill - September 19, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Panning M, Eickmann M, Landt O, Monazahian M, Olschläger S, Baumgarte S, Reischl U, Wenzel JJ, Niller HH, Günther S, Hollmann B, Huzly D, Drexler JF, Helmer A, Becker S, Matz B, Eis-Hübinger A, Drosten C Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals

Detection of Influenza A(H1N1)v virus by real-time RT-PCREmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Influenza A(H1N1)v virus was first identified in April 2009. A novel real-time RT-PCR for influenza A(H1N1)v virus was set up ad hoc and validated following industry-standard criteria. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 384 copies of viral RNA per ml of viral transport medium (95% confidence interval: 273-876 RNA copies/ml). Specificity was 100% as assessed on a panel of reference samples including seasonal human influenza A virus H1N1 and H3N2, highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and porcine influenza A virus H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 samples. The real-time RT-PCR assay for the influenza A matrix gene reco...
Source: Eurosurveillance latest news - September 10, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: journals

Detection and subtyping of influenza A virus based on a short oligonucleotide microarrayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report the design and characterization of a microarray with 46 short virus-specific oligonucleotides for detecting influenza A virus of 5 subtypes: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H5N1, and H9N2. A unique combination of 3 specific modifications was introduced into the microarray assay: (1) short probes of 19 to 27 nucleotides, (2) simple amplification of full-length hemagglutinin and neuraminidase cDNAs with universal primers, and (3) Klenow-mediated labeling and further amplification of the samples before hybridization. The assay correctly and specifically detected and subtyped 11 different influenza A isolates from human, avian, an...
Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease - September 6, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Xihan Li, Xian Qi, Lv Miao, Yu Wang, Fangzheng Liu, Hongwei Gu, Sangwei Lu, Yonghua Yang, Fenyong Liu Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

Cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In March and April 2009, a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) virus has been isolated in Mexico and the United States. Since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the World Health Organization, all around the world. Several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. We have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. We show that the new virus combines genetic information related to different swine influenza viruses. Segments PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS are related to swine H1N2 and H3N2 inf...
Source: Euro Surveill - August 20, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Solovyov A, Palacios G, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Rabadan R Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals

Isolation and genetic characterization of avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we reported avian-like H1N1 and novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses from pigs in China. Homology and phylogenetic analyses showed that the H1N1 virus (A/swine/Zhejiang/1/07) was closely to avian-like H1N1 viruses and seemed to be derived from the European swine H1N1 viruses, which was for the first time reported in China; and the two H1N2 viruses (A/swine/Shanghai/1/07 and A/swine/Guangxi/13/06) were novel ressortant H1N2 influenza viruses containing genes from the classical swine (HA, NP, M and NS), human (NA and PB1) and avian (PB2 and PA) lineages, which indicted that the reassortment among human, avi...
Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research communications - July 28, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Yu H, Zhang PC, Zhou YJ, Li GX, Pan J, Yan LP, Shi XX, Liu HL, Tong GZ Tags: Biochem Biophys Res Commun Source Type: journals

Two genotypes of H1N2 swine influenza viruses appeared among pigs in ChinaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Two different genotypes of H1N2 appeared among pigs in China. A/swine/Guangdong/1/06 was probably from H1N2 swine influenza viruses of North America; while A/swine/Tianjin/1/04 maybe come from reassortments of classical H1N1 swine and H3N2 human viruses prevalent in North America. (Source: Journal of Clinical Virology)
Source: Journal of Clinical Virology - July 26, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Chuantian Xu, Qiyun Zhu, Huanliang Yang, Xiumei Zhang, Chuanling Qiao, Yan Chen, Xiaoguang Xin, Hualan Chen Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Characterization of a newly emerged genetic cluster of H1N1 and H1N2 swine influenza virus in the United StatesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study indicates that the human-like H1 SIV can efficiently replicate and transmit in the swine host and now co-circulates with contemporary SIVs as a distinct genetic cluster of H1 SIV. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11262-009-0386-6Authors Amy L. Vincent, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit 2300 Dayton Road Ames IA 50010 USAWenjun Ma, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit 2300 Dayton Road Ames IA 50010 USAKelly M. Lager, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS Virus and Prion Diseases of Li...
Source: Virus Genes - July 14, 2009 Category: Genetics & Stem Cells Tags: Virus Genes Source Type: journals

Emergence of a novel swine-origin influenza A virus (S-OIV) H1N1 virus in humansEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: A recently emerged novel influenza A H1N1 virus continues to spread globally. The virus contains a novel constellation of gene segments, the nearest known precursors being viruses found in swine and it likely arose through reassortment of two or more viruses of swine origin. H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 subtype swine influenza viruses have occasionally infected humans before but such zoonotic transmission events did not lead to sustained human-to-human transmission in the manner this swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) has done. Its transmission among humans appears to be higher than that observed with seasonal influenza...
Source: Journal of Clinical Virology - June 21, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: J.S. Malik Peiris, Leo L.M. Poon, Yi Guan Tags: Special section: novel 2009 influenza A H1N1 (swine variant) Source Type: journals

Pathogenesis and Subsequent Cross-Protection of Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Sustained by an H1N2 StrainEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objectives of this study were to investigate the pathogenesis of Sw/Italy/1521/98 (H1N2) influenza virus, isolated from respiratory tissues of pigs from herds in Northern Italy, and to evaluate its potential cross-protection against the Sw/Fin/2899/82 (H1N1) strain. In the pathogenesis test, eight pigs were intranasally infected with H1N2 virus; at pre-determined intervals, these animals were killed and necropsied, along with eight uninfected animals. In the cross-protection test, sixteen pigs were infected by intranasal (i.n.) and intratracheal (i.t.) routes with either H1N2 or H1N1 virus. Twenty days later, all pigs ...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - June 16, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: M. Ferrari, P. Borghetti, E. Foni, C. Robotti, R. Di Lecce, A. Corradi, S. Petrini, E. Bottarelli Source Type: journals

Genetic and Antigenic Evolution of Swine Influenza Viruses in Europe and Evaluation of Their Zoonotic PotentialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Swine influenza is a highly contagious respiratory viral infection of pigs that has become enzootic in areas densely populated with pigs. Like other influenza A viruses, swine influenza virus (SIV) is genetically unstable and able to accumulate antigenic drifts and/or antigenic shifts. The pig is susceptible to both avian and human influenza viruses and can serve as an intermediate host in influenza virus ecology. Zoonotic agents may emerge in pigs following the modification of an established swine strain, adaptation of a strain of avian origin to the mammalian host, or reassortment between human and avian influenza viruse...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - May 28, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: G. Kuntz-Simon, F. Madec Source Type: journals

Cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza A(H1N1) virusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In March and April 2009, a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) virus has been isolated in Mexico and the United States. Since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the World Health Organization, all around the world. Several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. We have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. We show that the new virus combines genetic information related to different swine influenza viruses. Segments PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS are related to swine H1N2 and H3N2 influen...
Source: Eurosurveillance latest news - May 28, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: journals

Nigeria: Swine Flu - How Ready are Citizens?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Swine flu, according to a public health specialist, Dr. Ibrahim Dalhatu, is an influenza caused by strains of influenza virus referred to as swine influenza virus (SIV). It usually infects pigs. Presently, these strains are all found in Influenza C virus and the subtypes of Influenza A virus known as H1N1, H1N2, H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3." (Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine)
Source: AllAfrica News: Health and Medicine - May 25, 2009 Category: African Health Source Type: news

6,552 Confirmed Swine Flu Cases And 9 Deaths In The USAEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) announced at the end of the day of 22nd May, 2009, that so far 6,552 humans have been infected with the A(H1N1) influenza virus, also known as swine flu. This new A (H1N2) flu virus originates from pigs and was first identified in April this year. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - May 23, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Swine Flu Source Type: news

Different neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibilities of human H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 influenza A viruses isolated in Germany from 2001 to 2005/2006.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the flu season 2005/2006 amantadine-resistant human influenza A viruses (FLUAV) of subtype H3N2 circulated in Germany. This raises questions on the neuraminidase inhibitor (NAI) susceptibility of FLUAV. To get an answer, chemiluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with 51 H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 FLUAV isolated in Germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. According to the mean IC(50) values (0.38-0.91 nM for oseltamivir and 0.76-1.13 nM for zanamivir) most H1N1 and H3N2 FLUAV were NAI-susceptible. But, about four times higher zanamivir concentrations were necessary to inhibit neuraminidase activity of H...
Source: Antiviral Research - April 1, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Bauer K, Richter M, Wutzler P, Schmidtke M Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: journals

A human case of swine influenza virus infection in Europe--implications for human health and research.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Swine are susceptible to the same influenza A virus subtypes as humans--H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2--and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. Many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. Indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic material and lead to the production of a new "hybrid" virus. This has led to the thinking that perhaps pandemic viruses could emerg...
Source: Euro Surveill - February 26, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Van Reeth K, Nicoll A Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals

Ongoing evolution of swine influenza viruses: a novel reassortantEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract A novel H3N2 influenza virus strain isolated in Germany from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza is described. It was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome. The data demonstrate the emergence of a H3N2 reassortant with the human-like HAH3 gene of prevalent European porcine H3N2 influenza viruses and a NAN2 gene of the European porcine H1N2 viruses. The gene segments of the internal proteins are avian-like, consistent with European porcine influenza viruses. Analysis of GenBank sequence data reveals numerous reassortment even...
Source: Archives of Virology - November 6, 2008 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Prevalence of avian influenza viruses, Borrelia garinii, Mycobacterium avium, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in waterfowl and terrestrial birds in Slovakia, 2006.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The prevalence of Borrelia, Mycobacteria and avian influenza virus (AIV) infections, together with the distribution of different AIV subtypes, was studied in migratory waterfowl and terrestrial birds trapped in three localities in Slovakia during 2006. Samples obtained from waterfowl captured in the Senianske Ponds area of Eastern Slovakia showed the highest diversity of AIV isolates. A total of 13 different subtypes were detected in 19 samples from this location (H1N2, H2N2, H3N2, H6N6, H7N6, H9N2, H9N5, H9N6, H10N5, H10N6, H12N6, H13N6, and H16N6). H3N5 virus was detected in 50% of passerines testing positive for AIV...
Source: Avian Pathology - September 18, 2008 Category: Pathology Authors: Gronesova P, Ficova M, Mizakova A, Kabat P, Trnka A, Betakova T Tags: Avian Pathol Source Type: journals

Seroprevalence and genetic evolutions of swine influenza viruses under vaccination pressure in Korean swine herds.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An overall 8427 total of blood samples collected from growing to finishing pigs were submitted for diagnosis of swine influenza virus infection between January 2002 and December 2006. Sera from 2002 to 2005 were examined for antibodies against four different swine influenza subtypes using the hemagglutination inhibition test to investigate seroprevalence rates by natural infection in Korean swine herds while nasal swabs and lung tissue samples were used for viral isolation. The natural infection rate of subtypes H1, H3, and the dual positive were 41.5%, 3.6%, and 0.9%, respectively. Of the 660 swine nasal swab specimen...
Source: Virus Research - September 10, 2008 Category: Virology Authors: Pascua PN, Song MS, Lee JH, Choi HW, Han JH, Kim JH, Yoo GJ, Kim CJ, Choi YK Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

[Molecular analyses of human influenza viruses. Circulation of new variants since 1995/96.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The evolution of influenza viruses is increasingly pursued by molecular analyses that complement classical methods. The analyses focus on the two surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) which determine the viral antigenic profile. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses are exceptionally variable, so that usually at least two virus variants cocirculate at the same time. Together with influenza B viruses they caused approximately 90% of influenza virus infections in Germany during the last 12 seasons, while influenza A(H1N1) viruses only played a subordinate part. Unexpectedly, reassorted viruses of subtype A(H1N2)...
Source: Bundesgesundheitsblatt, Gesundheitsforschung, Gesundheitsschutz - September 6, 2008 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Biere B, Schweiger B Tags: Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz Source Type: journals

Phylogenetic analysis of swine influenza viruses recently isolated in KoreaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Several influenza A viral subtypes were isolated from pigs during a severe outbreak of respiratory disease in Korea during 2005 and 2006. They included a classical swine H1N1 subtype, two swine-human-avian triple-recombinant H1N2 subtypes, and a swine-human-avian triple-recombinant H3N2 subtype. In the current study, genetic characterization to determine the probable origin of these recent isolates was carried out for the first time. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all the recent Korean isolates of H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 influenza are closely related to viruses from the United States. Serologic a...
Source: Virus Genes - June 24, 2008 Category: Stem Cells Tags: Virus Genes Source Type: journals

Seroprevalence of H1N1, H3N2 and H1N2 Influenza Viruses in Pigs in Seven European Countries in 2002-2003Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The seroprevalence of the H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 influenza virus in pigs throughout different European regions were determined. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses (Source: Medscape Pulmonary Medicine Headlines)
Source: Medscape Pulmonary Medicine Headlines - June 18, 2008 Category: Respiratory Medicine Tags: Infectious Diseases Source Type: info

Surveillance of avian and swine influenza in the swine population in Taiwan, 2004.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Different subtypes of SIV co-circulate among swine from different farms within the same county and may cause clinical outbreaks of the disease in Taiwan. PMID: 18629419 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection)
Source: Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection - June 1, 2008 Category: Microbiology Authors: Shieh HK, Chang PC, Chen TH, Li KP, Chan CH Tags: J Microbiol Immunol Infect Source Type: journals

One-step multiplex RT-PCR for detection and subtyping of swine influenza H1, H3, N1, N2 viruses in clinical samples using a dual priming oligonucleotide (DPO) system.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The swine influenza virus (SIV) H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes circulate in Korean farm. A novel multiplex RT-PCR (m-RT-PCR) was developed to detect and subtype swine influenza viruses. This m-RT-PCR assay could identify H1, H3, N1 and N2 from clinical samples in single tube reaction using DPO system. Korean SIVs are closely related to the United States influenza viruses, and primers were developed for SIV from North American viruses and recently Korean isolates. The sensitivity of the m-RT-PCR was 10TCID(50)/ml for H1N1, H1N2 or H3N2. The lowest viral concentrations detected by single PCR were 1TCID(50)/ml for each sub...
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - May 16, 2008 Category: Virology Authors: Lee CS, Kang BK, Lee DH, Lyou SH, Park BK, Ann SK, Jung K, Song DS Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: journals

Genetic characterization of H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 swine influenza virus in ThailandEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, 12 SIV isolates from the central and eastern part of Thailand were subtyped and the molecular genetics of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were elucidated. Three subtypes, H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2, are described. Phylogenetic analysis of the SIV hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes shows individual clusters with swine, human or avian influenza virus at various global locations. Furthermore, amino acid substitutions were detected either at the receptor binding site or the antigenic sites of the hemagglutinin gene. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticleDOI 10.1007/s00705-008-0097-7Authors Sa...
Source: Archives of Virology - May 6, 2008 Category: Virology Tags: Archives of Virology Source Type: journals

Flow cytometric monitoring of influenza A virus infection in MDCK cells during vaccine productionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: It is shown that flow cytometry is a sensitive and robust method for the monitoring of viral infection in fixed cells from bioreactor samples. Therefore, it is a valuable addition to other detection methods of influenza virus infection such as immunotitration and RNA hybridisation. Thousands of individual cells are measured per sample. Thus, the presented method is believed to be quite independent of the concentration of infected cells (multiplicity of infection and total cell concentration) in bioreactors. This allows to perform detailed studies on factors relevant for optimization of virus yields in cell cul...
Source: BMC Biotechnology - Latest articles - April 30, 2008 Category: Biotechnology Authors: Josef Schulze-Horsel, Yvonne Genzel and Udo Reichl Source Type: journals

The evolution of human influenza A viruses from 1999 to 2006 - a complete genome studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: The present study is the first to our knowledge to characterise the evolution of complete genomes of influenza A H3N2, H1N1 and H1N2 isolates from Europe over a time period of seven years from 1999 to 2006. More precise knowledge about the circulating strains may have implications for predicting the following season circulating viruses and thereby better matching the vaccine composition. (Source: Virology Journal)
Source: Virology Journal - March 7, 2008 Category: Virology Authors: Karoline Bragstad, Lars P Nielsen and Anders Fomsgaard Source Type: journals

Identification and characterization of a late AH1N2 human reassortant in France during the 2002-2003 influenza season.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We have previously shown a clear differential genetic evolution of the hemagglutinin (HA) of human AH1N1 and AH1N2 viruses, isolated in southern France between 2001 and 2004. However, our analysis revealed that one single AH1N2 isolate, detected in 2003 (A/Lyon/0838/2003), had its HA clustering within the HAs of the AH1N1 subtypes. To determine if this virus was a new reassortant, the nucleotide sequences of its eight RNA gene segments were compared with those of five representative strains of the AH1N1, AH1N2 and AH3N2 viruses, isolated during the same time-period. According to the sequences obtained, the neuraminidas...
Source: Virus Research - December 2, 2007 Category: Virology Authors: Al Faress S, Ferraris O, Moules V, Valette M, Hay A, Lina B Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

Evolutionary analyses of European H1N2 swine influenza A virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times of origins of the genome segments in European H1N2 swine viruses, and deduced that novel neuraminidase, hemagglutinin and other internal protein genes were introduced to the European H1N2 lineage at the 1970s, early 1980s and late 1980s, respectively through reassortments. Furthermore, in light of the evolutionary timescale reconstructed for the H1N2 viruses, we argue that further reassortments, in addition to those responsible for the introductions of novel genome segments, might have also occur...
Source: Virus Research - October 11, 2007 Category: Virology Authors: Lam TY, Hon CC, Wang Z, Hui RK, Zeng F, Leung FC Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

Pathogenesis and inflammatory responses of swine H1N2 influenza viruses in pigs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we wanted to know whether swine H1N2 influenza viruses circulating in Korean pigs would cause clinical signs in pigs when experimentally infected. When pigs were infected with swine H1N2 viruses isolated from Korean pigs, pigs suffered from severe clinical signs of coughing, nasal discharge, labored breathing, facial edema, anorexia, and diarrhea. When the level of cytokine induction was measured using lung tissues, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1, and IL-8 were induced higher in lungs of infected pigs than in lungs of uninfected pigs. However, no increased induction of the anti-inflammato...
Source: Virus Research - June 17, 2007 Category: Virology Authors: Jo SK, Kim HS, Cho SW, Seo SH Tags: Virus Res Source Type: journals

Genetic analysis of two influenza A (H1) swine viruses isolated from humans in Thailand and the PhilippinesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Influenza viruses A/Philippines/341/2004 (H1N2) and A/Thailand/271/2005 (H1N1) were isolated from two males, with mild influenza providing evidence of sporadic human infection by contemporary swine influenza. Both viruses were antigenically and genetically distinct from influenza A (H1N1 and H1N2) viruses that have circulated in the human population. Genetic analysis of the haemagglutinin genes found these viruses to have the highest degree of similarity to the classical swine H1 viruses circulating in Asia and North America. The neuraminidase gene and the internal genes were found to be more closel...
Source: Virus Genes - April 12, 2007 Category: Stem Cells Tags: Virus Genes Source Type: journals

Serological Profiles after Consecutive Experimental Infections of Pigs with European H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 Swine Influenza VirusesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Viral Immunology Jun 2006, Vol. 19, No. 3: 373-382. (Source: Viral Immunology)
Source: Viral Immunology - September 20, 2006 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: journals

Amantadine Resistance among Porcine H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 Influenza A Viruses Isolated in Germany between 1981 and 2001Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intervirology 2006;49:286-293 (DOI:10.1159/000094244) (Source: Intervirology)
Source: Intervirology - September 11, 2006 Category: Virology Source Type: journals

Influenza Vaccine Immunogenicity in 6- to 23-Month-Old Children: Are Identical Antigens Necessary for Priming?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS. Although the immune response to the identical A/H1N1 vaccine antigen was similar in both groups, priming with different A/H3N2 antigens and B antigens in the spring produced a lower immune response to both antigens than that shown in children who received 2 doses of the same vaccine in the fall. However, ~70% of children in the spring group had a protective response to the H3N2 antigen after 2 doses. Initiating influenza immunization in the spring was superior to 1 dose of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in the fall. The goal of delivering 2 doses of influenza vaccine a month apart to vaccine-naive chi...
Source: PEDIATRICS - September 1, 2006 Category: Pediatrics Authors: Walter, E. B., Neuzil, K. M., Zhu, Y., Fairchok, M. P., Gagliano, M. E., Monto, A. S., Englund, J. A. Source Type: journals