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Clinical Effectiveness of Oseltamivir and Zanamivir for Treatment of Influenza A Virus Subtype H1N1 with the H274Y Mutation: A Japanese, Multicenter Study of the 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 Influenza SeasonsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion. The effectiveness of oseltamivir, but not that of zanamivir, decreased significantly for H1N1 virus infection during the 2008–2009 season. (Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - November 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article MAJOR ARTICLE Source Type: journals

Detection of Haemagglutination–Inhibiting Antibodies against Human H1 and H3 Strains of Influenza A Viruses in Pigs in Ibadan, NigeriaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was therefore designed to investigate the transmission of human influenza viruses to pigs in Ibadan, using serological surveillance. Serum specimens were collected from ninety-one (91/199) apparently healthy, unvaccinated Landrace pigs at three locations within Ibadan from April to June, 2008. Two strains of human influenza virus A: A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) and A/Brisbane/10/2007 (H3N2) were used in Haemagglutination-Inhibition Assay for antibody detection. Prevalence of HI antibodies to the two subtypes was 90.1%. Antibodies to influenza A/Brisbane/59/2007 (H1N1) were significantly (P < 0.05) more prevalent (8...
Source: Zoonoses and Public Health - November 13, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: O. A. Adeola, J. A. Adeniji, B. O. Olugasa Source Type: journals

A Live Attenuated H1N1 M1 Mutant Provides Broad Cross‐Protection against Influenza A Viruses, Including Highly Pathogenic A/Vietnam/1203/2004, in MiceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. The emergence of novel influenza A H1N1 and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses underscores the urgency of developing efficient vaccines against an imminent pandemic. M(NLS‐88R) (H1N1), an A/WSN/33 mutant with modifications in the multibasic motif 101RKLKR105 of the matrix (M1) protein and its adjacent region, was generated by reverse genetics. The M(NLS‐88R) mutant had in vitro growth characteristics similar to those of wild‐type A/WSN/33 (wt‐WSN), but it was attenuated in mice. Vaccination with M(NLS‐88R) n...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - November 12, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article MAJOR ARTICLE Source Type: journals

Efficacy of Inactivated Split‐Virus Influenza Vaccine against Culture‐Confirmed Influenza in Healthy Adults: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled TrialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion. TIV is efficacious against culture‐confirmed influenza in healthy adults. Trial Registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00363870. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - November 12, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article MAJOR ARTICLE Source Type: journals

AFLURIA (Influenza A Virus A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1n1) Antigen (Propiolactone Inactivated), Influenza A Virus A/Uruguay/716/2007(H3n2) Antigen (Propiolactone Inactivated), And Influenza B Virus B/Brisbane/60/2008 Antigen (Propiolactone Inactivated)) Injection, Suspension AFLURIA (Influenza A Virus A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1n1) Antigen (Propiolactone Inactivated), Influenza A Virus A/Uruguay/716/2007(H3n2) Antigen (Propiolactone Inactivated), And Influenza B Virus B/Brisbane/60/2008 Antigen (Propiolactone Inactivated)) Injection, Suspension [CSL Limited]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Updated Date: Nov 12, 2009 EST (Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST))
Source: DailyMed Drug Label Updates for the last seven days (since May 20, 2007 EST) - November 12, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: organizations

Innate immune response to H3N2 and H1N1 influenza virus infection in a human lung organ culture model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We studied cytokine responses to influenza virus PR8 (H1N1) and Oklahoma/309/06 (OK/06, H3N2) in a novel human lung tissue model. Exposure of the model to influenza virus rapidly activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling (MAPK) pathways ERK, p38 and JNK. In addition, RNase protection assay demonstrated the induction of several cytokine and chemokine mRNAs by virus. This finding was reflected at the translational level as IL-6, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha/beta, IL-8 and IP-10 proteins were induced as determined by ELISA. Immunohistochemistry for IP-10 and MIP-1alpha revealed that alveolar epithelial cells and macro...
Source: Virology - November 11, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Wu W, Booth JL, Duggan ES, Wu S, Patel KB, Coggeshall KM, Metcalf JP Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

H1N1 Cases Increase In China, Japan; Afghanistan Attempts To Contain VirusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The WHO on Friday reported on a rising number of H1N1 (swine flu) cases in China and Japan, Reuters/Washington Post reports. "In China, after an earlier wave of mixed influenza activity (seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1), pandemic H1N1 influenza activity now predominates and is increasing," the agency said. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - November 10, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Swine Flu Source Type: news

H1N1 Cases Increase In China, Japan; Afghanistan Attempts To Contain VirusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The WHO on Friday reported on a rising number of H1N1 (swine flu) cases in China and Japan, Reuters/Washington Post reports. "In China, after an earlier wave of mixed influenza activity (seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1), pandemic H1N1 influenza activity now predominates and is increasing," the agency said. (Source: Public Health News From Medical News Today)
Source: Public Health News From Medical News Today - November 10, 2009 Category: Primary Care Tags: Swine Flu Source Type: news

GSK announces trial data on co-administration of PandemrixT with annual seasonal influenza vaccine (Fluarix®)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Source: PharmaLive Area: News GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) has announced the results from the trial assessing PandemrixT, its adjuvanted H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine, administered at the same time as the annual seasonal influenza vaccine, Fluarix®. The trial involves 168 adults aged over 60 years of age and showed that 89.3% of the subjects receiving both vaccines at the same time demonstrated a response for the H1N1 virus that was above the regulatory threshold of 1:40 seroprotection considered indicative of protection. The immune response for the seasonal vaccine exceeded the regulatory threshold defined by inte...
Source: NeLM - Immunology and vaccination - November 10, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Source Type: organizations

Effects of Combinations of Favipiravir (T-705) and Oseltamivir on Influenza A (H1N1, H3N2, and H5N1) Virus Infections in Mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Favipiravir (T-705, 6-fluoro-3-hydroxy-2-pyrazinecarboxamide) and oseltamivir were combined to treat influenza A/NWS/33 (H1N1), A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2), and A/Duck/MN/1525/81 (H5N1) virus infections. T-705 alone inhibited viruses in cell culture at 1.4-4.3 muM. Oseltamivir inhibited these three viruses in cells at 3.7, 0.02, and 0.16 muM, and at 0.94, 0.46, and 2.31 nM in neuraminidase assays, respectively. Oral treatments were given twice daily to mice for 5-7 days starting generally 24 h after infection. Survival resulting from 5 days of oseltamivir treatment (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg/day) was significantly better in combina...
Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy - November 9, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Smee DF, Hurst BL, Wong MH, Bailey KW, Tarbet EB, Morrey JD, Furuta Y Tags: Antimicrob Agents Chemother Source Type: journals

Efficient Transmission of Swine‐Adapted but Not Wholly Avian Influenza Viruses among Pigs and from Pigs to FerretsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions. Our data indicate that swine‐adapted influenza viruses spread readily among pigs and from pigs to other susceptible mammalians and support the notion that AIVs undergo genetic adaptation to efficiently cross the species barrier. Our transmission models hold potential to study the factors that lead to the generation of pandemic influenza viruses. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - November 6, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article MAJOR ARTICLE Source Type: journals

New WHO Criteria To Qualify Flu Viruses As Pandemic StrainsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An editorial published today in BMJ Clinical Evidence reports that more flu viruses could qualify as pandemic strains as a result of recent changes to the World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria for a flu pandemic. A change from, for example, A [H2N2] influenza to A [H3N2] is a process known as a "shift". (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - November 4, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Swine Flu Source Type: news

Infection of Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with Influenza A Viruses [Retina]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this report, influenza A virus replication was studied for the first time in a relevant cell type derived from the retina (primary human retinal pigment epithelial cells), and the results indicate that H5N1 viruses have a greater potential to replicate in these cells than seasonal H3N2 or H1N1 influenza A viruses. (Source: Investigative Ophthalmology)
Source: Investigative Ophthalmology - November 2, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Michaelis, M., Geiler, J., Klassert, D., Doerr, H. W., Cinatl, J. Tags: Retina Source Type: journals

Reassortment between Amantadine‐Resistant and ‐Sensitive H1N1 Influenza A Viruses Generated an Amantadine‐Sensitive Virus during the 2007–2008 SeasonEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 0, Issue 0, Page 000, Latest Articles. The frequency of the amantadine‐resistant H1N1 influenza A virus has been increasing since the 2005–2006 season. It is unclear whether reassortment was involved in this trend. Here, we show that cocirculation of amantadine‐resistant and ‐sensitive strains led to the genesis of amantadine‐sensitive reassortant virus during the 2007–2008 season. Thereafter, the reassortant virus predominated. This contrasts with the trend for the H3N2 virus, in which the amantadine‐resistant reassortant virus became predominant. The results ...
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - October 29, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article BRIEF REPORT Source Type: journals

Synthesis and antiviral studies of novel N-sulphonamidomethyl piperazinyl fluoroquinolonesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Selvam P, Rathore P, Karthikumar S, Velkumar K, Palanisamy P, Vijayalakhsmi S, Witvrouw MIndian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009 71(4):432-436A series of novel N-Sulphonamidomethyl piperzinyl fluoroquinolones were synthesized and screened antiviral activity. Eight compounds were synthesized through modifying the N<sup> 4</sup> -hydrogen of piperazine in fluoroquinolones with formaldehyde and sulphanomides by Mannich reactions. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized by means of their IR and <sup> 1</sup> H-NMR spec...
Source: Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences - October 28, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Selvam P, Rathore P, Karthikumar S, Velkumar K, Palanisamy P, Vijayalakhsmi S, Witvrouw M Source Type: journals

The first Swedish H1N2 swine influenza virus isolate represents an uncommon reassortantEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The European swine influenza viruses (SIVs) show considerable diversity comprising different types of H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2 strains. The intensifying full genome sequencing efforts reveal further reassortants within these subtypes. Here we report the identification of an uncommon reassortant variant of H1N2 subtype influenza virus isolated from a pig in a multisite herd where H1N2 swine influenza was diagnosed for the first time in Sweden during the winter of 2008- 2009. The majority of the European H1N2 swine influenza viruses described so far possess haemagglutinin (HA) of the human-like H1N2 SIV viruses and the neuramini...
Source: BioMed Central - October 28, 2009 Category: Journals (General) Authors: Adam BalintGiorgi MetreveliFrederik WidenSiamak ZohariMikael BergMats IsakssonLena RenstromPer WallgrenSandor BelakThomas SegallIstvan Kiss Source Type: journals

Innate immune responses to influenza A H5N1: friend or foe?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Avian influenza A H5N1 remains unusual in its virulence for humans. Although infection of humans remains inefficient, many of those with H5N1 disease have a rapidly progressing viral pneumonia that leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome and death, but its pathogenesis remains an enigma. Comparison of the virology and pathogenesis of human seasonal influenza viruses (H3N2 and H1N1) and H5N1 in patients, animal models and relevant primary human cell cultures is instructive. Although the direct effects of viral replication and differences in the tropism of the virus for cells in the lower respiratory tract clearly c...
Source: Trends in Immunology - October 26, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Peiris JS, Cheung CY, Leung CY, Nicholls JM Tags: Trends Immunol Source Type: journals

Influenza virus CTL epitopes, remarkably conserved and remarkably variable.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) contribute to the control of virus infections including those caused by influenza viruses. Especially under circumstances when antibodies induced by previous infection or vaccination fail to recognize and neutralize the virus adequately, CTL are important and contribute to protective immunity. During epidemic outbreaks caused by antigenic drift variants and during pandemic outbreaks of influenza, humoral immunity against influenza viruses is inadequate. Under these circumstances, pre-existing CTL directed to the relatively conserved internal proteins of the virus may provide...
Source: Vaccine - October 22, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Rimmelzwaan GF, Kreijtz JH, Bodewes R, Fouchier RA, Osterhaus AD Tags: Vaccine Source Type: journals

Residual immunity in older people against the influenza A(H1N1)--recent experience in northern Spain.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus has a higher incidence in children and young adults, a pattern that has also been reported in seasonal influenza caused by the influenza A(H1N1)virus. We analysed age at infection in symptomatic patients with influenza in the Basque Country (northern Spain), reported through the sentinel influenza surveillance system which monitors 2.2-2.5%of the population. Between September 1999 and August 2009,influenza A(H3N2) or seasonal influenza A(H1N1) was detected in 941 patients, and from April to August 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was detected in 112 patients. The H3/H1 seasonal...
Source: Euro Surveill - October 11, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pérez-Trallero E, Piñeiro L, Vicente D, Montes M, Cilla G Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals

Oseltamivir susceptibility in south-western France during the 2007-8 and 2008-9 influenza epidemics and the ongoing influenza pandemic 2009.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report the prevalence of the oseltamivir resistance among influenza A viruses circulating in south-western France over the past three years: seasonal influenza A(H1N1), seasonal influenza A(H3N2), and the influenza A(H1N1)v viruses associated with the ongoing 2009 pandemic. The main result of the study is the absence of oseltamivir resistance in the pandemic H1N1 strains studied so far (n=129). PMID: 19814958 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Euro Surveill)
Source: Euro Surveill - October 11, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Burrel S, Roncin L, Lafon ME, Fleury H Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals

Differential suppressive effect of promyelocytic leukemia protein on the replication of different subtypes/strains of influenza A virus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) plays an important role in the defense against a number of viruses, including influenza A virus. However, the sensitivity of influenza A virus subtypes/strains to PML is unknown. We investigated the role of PML in the replication of different influenza A virus subtypes/strains using pan-PML knock-down A549 cells and PML-VI-overexpressed MDCK cells. We found that (i) depletion of pan-PML by siRNA rendered A549 cells more susceptible to influenza A virus strains PR8(H1N1) and ST364(H3N2), but not to strains ST1233(H1N1), Qa199(H9N2) and Ph2246(H9N2); (ii) overexpression of PML-VI in M...
Source: Biochemical and Biophysical Research communications - October 10, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Li W, Wang G, Zhang H, Zhang D, Zeng J, Chen X, Xu Y, Li K Tags: Biochem Biophys Res Commun Source Type: journals

Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for a novel Influenza A(H1N1) virus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, a real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay based on the hemagglutinin gene was developed that discriminates the novel H1N1 from swine influenza virus, seasonal H1N1/H3N2 virus and the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus. The sensitivity of this assay was 0.2 50% tissue culture infective dose of virus and 200 copies of in vitro-transcribed target RNA. Three hundred and forty-eight clinical specimens from suspected H1N1 patients were tested using this assay, and forty-two (12.07%) were found to be positive. Tests using the real-time PCR assay recommended by WHO and virus isolation gave ident...
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - October 4, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Jiang T, Kang X, Deng Y, Zhao H, Li X, Yu X, Yu M, Qin E, Zhu Q, Yang Y, Qin C Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: journals

Residual immunity in older people against the influenza A(H1N1) - recent experience in northern SpainEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The 2009 pandemic influenza A(H1N1) virus has a higher incidence in children and young adults, a pattern that has also been reported in seasonal influenza caused by the influenza A(H1N1) virus. We analysed age at infection in symptomatic patients with influenza in the Basque Country (northern Spain), reported through the sentinel influenza surveillance system which monitors 2.2-2.5% of the population. Between September 1999 and August 2009, influenza A(H3N2) or seasonal influenza A(H1N1) was detected in 941 patients, and from April to August 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) was detected in 112 patients. The H3/H1 seasonal ...
Source: Eurosurveillance latest news - October 1, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: journals

Detection of Influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 Mutations Conferring Resistance to Oseltamivir using Rolling Circle Amplification.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, RCA technology can provide rapid (<24hours), high-throughput diagnosis of OTV resistance mutations with a high specificity and sensitivity. PMID: 19800370 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Antiviral Research)
Source: Antiviral Research - September 29, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Steain MC, Dwyer DE, Hurt AC, Kol C, Saksena NK, Cunningham AL, Wang B Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: journals

Efficacy and safety of a live attenuated influenza vaccine in adults 60 years of age and older.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of LAIV in community-dwelling ambulatory adults >/=60 years of age in South Africa in 2001. Nose and throat swabs were obtained for influenza virus culture based on the symptoms of influenza-like illness. A total of 3242 subjects were enrolled, with a mean age of 69.5 years. The efficacy of LAIV against influenza viruses antigenically similar to the vaccine was 42.3% (95% CI, 21.6-57.8%). Efficacy against A/H3N2 viruses was 52.5% (95% CI, 32.1-67.2%); vaccine efficacy was not observed against antigenically ...
Source: Vaccine - September 27, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: De Villiers PJ, Steele AD, Hiemstra LA, Rappaport R, Dunning AJ, Gruber WC, Forrest BD, Tags: Vaccine Source Type: journals

Understanding The Flu VaccineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
David P. Calfee, MD, Infection Control Officer, The Mount Sinai Medical Center, recently discussed the flu vaccine: -- What is the seasonal flu shot? The seasonal flu shot is given annually and protects against three common viruses, one influenza A (H3N2) virus, one regular seasonal influenza A (H1N1) virus not the pandemic 2009 H1N1 virus and one influenza B virus. (Source: Health News from Medical News Today)
Source: Health News from Medical News Today - September 26, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Swine Flu Source Type: news

Live Attenuated Flu Vaccine May Be Less Effective Than Inactivated Flu VaccineEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the 2007-2008 flu season, the inactivated vaccine was more effective than the live attenuated vaccine in preventing laboratory-confirmed symptomatic influenza A (mostly H3N2) in healthy adults. Medscape Medical News (Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines)
Source: Medscape Medical News Headlines - September 24, 2009 Category: Consumer Health News Tags: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Oseltamivir susceptibility in south-western France during the 2007-8 and 2008-9 influenza epidemics and the ongoing influenza pandemic 2009Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report the prevalence of the oseltamivir resistance among influenza A viruses circulating in south-western France over the past three years: seasonal influenza A(H1N1), seasonal influenza A(H3N2), and the influenza A(H1N1)v viruses associated with the ongoing 2009 pandemic. The main result of the study is the absence of oseltamivir resistance in the pandemic H1N1 strains studied so far (n=129). (Source: Eurosurveillance latest news)
Source: Eurosurveillance latest news - September 24, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: journals

Evaluation of twenty rapid antigen tests for the detection of human influenza A H5N1, H3N2, H1N1, and B virusesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Twenty rapid antigen assays were compared for their ability to detect influenza using dilutions of virus culture supernatants from human isolates of influenza A H5N1 (clade 1 and 2 strains), H3N2 and H1N1 viruses, and influenza B. There was variation amongst the rapid antigen assays in their ability to detect different influenza viruses. Six of the 12 assays labeled as distinguishing between influenza A and B had comparable analytical sensitivities for detecting both influenza A H5N1 strains, although their ability to detect influenza A H3N2 and H1N1 strains varied. The two assays claiming H5 specificity did not detect eit...
Source: Journal of Medical Virology - September 21, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Janette Taylor, Kenneth McPhie, Julian Druce, Chris Birch, Dominic E. Dwyer Tags: Research Article Source Type: journals

Comparison of the usefulness of the CACO-2 cell line with standard substrates for isolation of swine influenza A viruses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Influenza A virus isolation is undertaken routinely in embryonated chicken eggs, but to improve virus detection various cell lines can be used. The CACO-2 cell line was compared to the MDCK cell line and embryonated chicken eggs for the isolation of H1N1, H1N2, H3N2 swine influenza A virus subtypes from clinical specimens. From 2006 to 2008, 104 influenza A samples found positive by PCR from 42 respiratory outbreaks in Italian swine farms were examined by virus isolation. Sixty swine influenza A viruses were isolated (16 H1N1, 28 H1N2, 16 H3N2) and their growth behaviour on the different substrates was examined. 16/16 ...
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - September 21, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Chiapponi C, Zanni I, Garbarino C, Barigazzi G, Foni E Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: journals

Detection of influenza A(H1N1)v virus by real-time RT-PCR.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Influenza A(H1N1)v virus was first identified in April 2009. A novel real-time RT-PCR for influenza A(H1N1)v virus was set up ad hoc and validated following industry-standard criteria. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 384 copies of viral RNA per ml of viral transport medium (95% confidence interval: 273-876 RNA copies/ml). Specificity was 100% as assessed on a panel of reference samples including seasonal human influenza A virus H1N1 and H3N2, highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and porcine influenza A virus H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 samples. The real-time RT-PCR assay for the influenza A matrix gene ...
Source: Euro Surveill - September 19, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Panning M, Eickmann M, Landt O, Monazahian M, Olschläger S, Baumgarte S, Reischl U, Wenzel JJ, Niller HH, Günther S, Hollmann B, Huzly D, Drexler JF, Helmer A, Becker S, Matz B, Eis-Hübinger A, Drosten C Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals

An Influenza A H1N1 Virus Revival – Pandemic H1N1/09 VirusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract In April 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza A virus, the so-called pandemic H1N1/09 virus (former designations include swine influenza, novel influenza, swine-origin influenza A [H1N1] virus [S-OIV], Mexican flu, North American Flu) was identified in Mexico. The virus has since spread throughout the world and caused an influenza pandemic as defined by the criteria of the World Health Organization. This represents the first influenza A virus pandemic since the emergence of H3N2 (“Hong Kong” Flu) in 1968. Vaccine production has started, and vaccines are expected to become available during the course of ...
Source: Infection - September 18, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Infection Source Type: journals

An influenza A H1N1 virus revival – pandemic H1N1/09 virusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract In April 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza A virus, the so-called pandemic H1N1/09 virus (former designations include swine influenza, novel influenza, swine-origin influenza A [H1N1] virus [S-OIV], Mexican flu, North American Flu) was identified in Mexico. The virus has since spread throughout the world and caused an influenza pandemic as defined by the criteria of the World Health Organization. This represents the first influenza A virus pandemic since the emergence of H3N2 (‘‘Hong Kong’’ Flu) in 1968. Vaccine production has started, and vaccines are expected to become available during the co...
Source: Infection - September 18, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: Infection Source Type: journals

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 - update 66Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the temperate regions* of the northern hemisphere, influenza activity remains widely variable. In North America, the United States is reporting increases in influenza-like-illness activity above the seasonal baseline, most notably in the southern, southeastern, and parts of the northeastern United States. In Canada, influenza activity remains low. In Europe and Central Asia influenza activity remains low overall, except in France, which is reporting increases in influenza-like-illness activity (for week 37) above the seasonal epidemic threshold. Geographically localized influenza activity is being reported in severa...
Source: WHO Swine Flu - September 18, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: organizations

Effect of a second, booster, influenza vaccination on antibody responses in quiescent systemic lupus erythematosus: an open, prospective, controlled studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions. Additional value of a booster influenza vaccination in SLE is limited to patients who were not vaccinated in the previous year. (Source: Rheumatology)
Source: Rheumatology - September 14, 2009 Category: Rheumatology Authors: Holvast, A., van Assen, S., de Haan, A., Huckriede, A., Benne, C. A., Westra, J., Palache, A., Wilschut, J., Kallenberg, C. G. M., Bijl, M. Tags: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Autoimmunity CLINICAL Source Type: journals

Influenza virus vaccination in kidney transplant recipients: serum antibody response to different immunosuppressive drugsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Renal transplant patients vaccinated against influenza responded with antibody production for influenza A virus strains, but not for influenza B. Use of MMF and shorter time from transplantation decreased the immune response to the vaccine. (Source: Clinical Transplantation)
Source: Clinical Transplantation - September 14, 2009 Category: Transplant Surgery Authors: Mauro J.C. Salles, Yvoty A.S. Sens, Lucy S.V. Boas, Clarisse M. Machado Source Type: journals

Rapid quantification of single-nucleotide mutations in mixed Influenza A viral populations using Allele Specific Mixture Analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Monitoring antiviral resistance in influenza is critical to public health epidemiology and pandemic preparedness activities. Effective monitoring requires methods to detect low-level resistance and to monitor the change in resistance as a function of time and drug treatment. Resistance-conferring single nucleotide mutations in influenza virus are ideal targets for such methods. In the present study, fives sets of paired TaqMan(R) allele-specific PCR (ASPCR) assays were developed and validated for quantitative single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. This novel method using DeltaCt is termed Allele Specific Mixtur...
Source: Journal of Virological Methods - September 13, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Liu CM, Driebe EM, Schupp J, Kelley E, Nguyen JT, McSharry JJ, Weng Q, Engelthaler DM, Keim PS Tags: J Virol Methods Source Type: journals

Recent Human Influenza A/H3N2 Virus Evolution Driven by Novel Selection Factors in Addition to Antigenic DriftEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion. These data suggest that influenza strains can be selected in humans through mutations that increase replicative fitness and virulence, in addition to the well‐characterized antigenic changes in the surface glycoproteins. (Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue)
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases Latest Issue - September 10, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: article MAJOR ARTICLE Source Type: journals

Detection of Influenza A(H1N1)v virus by real-time RT-PCREmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Influenza A(H1N1)v virus was first identified in April 2009. A novel real-time RT-PCR for influenza A(H1N1)v virus was set up ad hoc and validated following industry-standard criteria. The lower limit of detection of the assay was 384 copies of viral RNA per ml of viral transport medium (95% confidence interval: 273-876 RNA copies/ml). Specificity was 100% as assessed on a panel of reference samples including seasonal human influenza A virus H1N1 and H3N2, highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and porcine influenza A virus H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 samples. The real-time RT-PCR assay for the influenza A matrix gene reco...
Source: Eurosurveillance latest news - September 10, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Source Type: journals

Detection of an oseltamivir-resistant pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus in Hong KongEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surveillance of adamantane and oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses was started in Hong Kong in 2006 following a report of high rate of adamantane resistance among influenza A/H3N2 viruses and the purchase of stockpile of oseltamivir for pandemic preparedness. With the emergence of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus, in addition to the RT-PCR to detect the virus rapidly, respiratory specimens from suspected cases were also inoculated onto MDCK cells. Isolates were identified using immunofluorescence and haemagglutination inhibition tests. Each isolate was tested for oseltamivir and zanamivir resistance by a neuramin...
Source: Journal of Clinical Virology - September 7, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Tommy W.C. Leung, Amy L.S. Tai, Peter K.C. Cheng, Margaret S.Y. Kong, Wilina Lim Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Detection and subtyping of influenza A virus based on a short oligonucleotide microarrayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report the design and characterization of a microarray with 46 short virus-specific oligonucleotides for detecting influenza A virus of 5 subtypes: H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, H5N1, and H9N2. A unique combination of 3 specific modifications was introduced into the microarray assay: (1) short probes of 19 to 27 nucleotides, (2) simple amplification of full-length hemagglutinin and neuraminidase cDNAs with universal primers, and (3) Klenow-mediated labeling and further amplification of the samples before hybridization. The assay correctly and specifically detected and subtyped 11 different influenza A isolates from human, avian, an...
Source: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease - September 6, 2009 Category: Microbiology Authors: Xihan Li, Xian Qi, Lv Miao, Yu Wang, Fangzheng Liu, Hongwei Gu, Sangwei Lu, Yonghua Yang, Fenyong Liu Tags: Virology Source Type: journals

Genomic events underlying the changes in adamantane resistance among influenza A(H3N2) viruses during 2006–2008Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions The decrease in adamantane resistance at that time was due to transient co-circulation of genotypes that emerged through reassortment. Our findings emphasize the importance of complete genome sequencing in understanding the complex nature of the relationship between influenza virus evolution and antiviral resistance. The recent emergence of the pandemic multi-reassortant H1N1 virus underscores the importance of whole genome sequence monitoring for rapid detection of such unusual and novel strains. (Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses)
Source: Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses - September 4, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Varough Deyde, Rebecca Garten, Tiffany Sheu, Catherine Smith, Allison Myrick, John Barnes, Xiyan Xu, Michael Shaw, Alexander Klimov, Larisa Gubareva Source Type: journals

Flu Treatment for Upcoming Season ClarifiedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
VAIL, COLO. — The recommended antiviral therapy during the coming influenza season will depend on whether a patient has laboratory-confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1). In patients with confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1), or in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) or B, the first-line antiviral is oseltamivir (Tamiflu). However, in patients with a positive laboratory test for influenza A or seasonal A(H1N1), the preferred agent is zanamivir (Relenza), according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations. (Source: Internal Medicine News)
Source: Internal Medicine News - August 31, 2009 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: BRUCE JANCIN Tags: News Source Type: journals

Flu Treatment for Upcoming Season ClarifiedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
VAIL, COLO. — The recommended antiviral therapy during the coming influenza season will depend on whether a patient has laboratory-confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1). In patients with confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1), or in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) or B, the first-line antiviral is oseltamivir (Tamiflu). However, in patients with a positive laboratory test for influenza A or seasonal A(H1N1), the preferred agent is zanamivir (Relenza), according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations based on antiviral resistance patterns. (Source: Skin and Allergy News)
Source: Skin and Allergy News - August 31, 2009 Category: Dermatology Authors: BRUCE JANCIN Tags: Infectious Diseases Source Type: journals

Antiviral Therapies for The Upcoming Flu Season ClarifiedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
VAIL, COLO. — The recommended antiviral therapy during the coming influenza season will depend on whether a patient has laboratory-confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1). In patients with confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1), or in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) or B, the first-line antiviral is oseltamivir (Tamiflu). However, in patients with a positive laboratory test for influenza A or seasonal A(H1N1), the preferred agent is zanamivir (Relenza), according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations based on antiviral resistance patterns. (Source: Ob.Gyn. News)
Source: Ob.Gyn. News - August 31, 2009 Category: OBGYN Authors: BRUCE JANCIN Tags: News Source Type: journals

Treatment Recommendations for Upcoming Flu Season ClarifiedEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
VAIL, COLO. — The recommended antiviral therapy during the coming influenza season will depend on whether a patient has laboratory-confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1). In patients with confirmed novel influenza A(H1N1), or in patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza A(H3N2) or B, the first-line antiviral is oseltamivir (Tamiflu). However, in patients with a positive laboratory test for influenza A or seasonal A(H1N1), the preferred agent is zanamivir (Relenza), according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommendations based on antiviral resistance patterns. (Source: Pediatric News)
Source: Pediatric News - August 31, 2009 Category: Journals (General) Authors: BRUCE JANCIN Tags: Infectious Diseases Source Type: news

Using a mutual information-based site transition network to map the genetic evolution of influenza A/H3N2 virusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Motivation: Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution pathways of influenza A is of critical importance in the vaccine development and drug design of influenza virus. In this article, we have analyzed more than 4000 A/H3N2 hemagglutinin (HA) sequences from 1968 to 2008 to model the evolutionary path of the influenza virus, which allows us to predict its future potential drifts with specific mutations. Results: The mutual information (MI) method was used to design a site transition network (STN) for each amino acid site in the A/H3N2 HA sequence. The STN network indicates that most of the dynamic interactions are position...
Source: Bioinformatics - August 30, 2009 Category: Bioinformatics Authors: Xia, Z., Jin, G., Zhu, J., Zhou, R. Tags: SEQUENCE ANALYSIS Source Type: journals

Identification of amino acid residues of influenza A virus H3 HA contributing to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acidEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: To identify a determinant of human H3 hemagglutinin (HA) amino acid residues linked to the recognition of molecular species of sialic acid, we generated six mutant viruses possessing either the wild-type HA gene from A/Memphis/1/71 (H3N2) or a genetically single-mutated HA gene at position 137, 144, 155, 158 or 193 from a genetic backbone of A/WSN/33 (H1N1) by reverse genetics. We evaluated the binding ability with four types of synthetic sialylglycolipids. The results indicate that the amino acid substitutions Thr155 to Tyr and Glu158 to Gly in H3 HA facilitate virus binding to N-glycolylneuraminic acid. (Source: FEBS Letters)
Source: FEBS Letters - August 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Tadanobu Takahashi, Asako Hashimoto, Mami Maruyama, Hideharu Ishida, Makoto Kiso, Yoshihiro Kawaoka, Yasuo Suzuki, Takashi Suzuki Tags: Research Letters Source Type: journals

Amantadine-resistant influenza A viruses isolated in South Korea from 2003 to 2009.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To investigate the frequency of amatadine resistance among influenza A viruses isolated in Korea during the 2003-2009 seasons, 369 (16.8%) 2,199 A/H1N1 viruses and 780 (14.8%) of 5,263 A/H3N2 viruses were randomly selected. The M2 and HA1 genes of each isolate were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and followed by nucleotide sequencing. The results showed that the resistance rate to amantadine among A/H1N1 viruses increased significantly from 2004-2005 (33.3%) to 2007-2008 (97.8%) and then decreased dramatically in 2008-2009 (1.9%). The A/H1N1 isolates recently detected in 2008-2009 turned am...
Source: Antiviral Research - August 27, 2009 Category: Virology Authors: Choi WY, Kim S, Lee N, Kwon M, Yang I, Kim MJ, Cheong SG, Kwon D, Lee JY, Oh HB, Kang C Tags: Antiviral Res Source Type: journals

Cluster analysis of the origins of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In March and April 2009, a new strain of influenza A(H1N1) virus has been isolated in Mexico and the United States. Since the initial reports more than 10,000 cases have been reported to the World Health Organization, all around the world. Several hundred isolates have already been sequenced and deposited in public databases. We have studied the genetics of the new strain and identified its closest relatives through a cluster analysis approach. We show that the new virus combines genetic information related to different swine influenza viruses. Segments PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP and NS are related to swine H1N2 and H3N2 inf...
Source: Euro Surveill - August 20, 2009 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Solovyov A, Palacios G, Briese T, Lipkin WI, Rabadan R Tags: Euro Surveill Source Type: journals