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Human dopamine receptor D2/D3 availability predicts amygdala reactivity to unpleasant stimuliEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dopamine (DA) modulates the response of the amygdala. However, the relation between dopaminergic neurotransmission in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions and amygdala reactivity to affective stimuli has not yet been established. To address this issue, we measured DA D2/D3 receptor (DRD2/3) availability in twenty-eight healthy men (nicotine-dependent smokers and never-smokers) using positron emission tomography with [18F]fallypride. In the same group of participants, amygdala response to unpleasant visual stimuli was determined using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging. The effects...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - November 11, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Andrea Kobiella, Sabine Vollstädt-Klein, Mira Bühler, Caroline Graf, Hans-Georg Buchholz, Nina Bernow, Igor Y. Yakushev, Christian Landvogt, Mathias Schreckenberger, Gerhard Gründer, Peter Bartenstein, Christoph Fehr, Michael N. Smolka Source Type: journals

Drug effect on EEG connectivity assessed by linear and nonlinear couplingsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Quantitative analysis of human electroencephalogram (EEG) is a valuable method for evaluating psychopharmacological agents. Although the effects of different drug classes on EEG spectra are already known, interactions between brain locations remain unclear. In this work, cross mutual information function and appropriate surrogate data were applied to assess linear and nonlinear couplings between EEG signals. The main goal was to evaluate the pharmacological effects of alprazolam on brain connectivity during wakefulness in healthy volunteers using a cross-over, placebo-controlled design. Eighty-five pairs of EEG leads were ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - November 6, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Joan F. Alonso, Miguel A. Mañanas, Sergio Romero, Dirk Hoyer, Jordi Riba, Manel J. Barbanoj Source Type: journals

Cortical representation of verbs with optional complements: The theoretical contribution of fMRIEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Verbs like "eat" are special in that they can appear both with a complement (e.g., "John ate ice-cream") and without a complement ("John ate"). How are such verbs with optional complements represented? This fMRI study attempted to provide neurally based constraints for the linguistic theory of the representation of verbs with optional complements. One linguistic approach suggests that the representation of these verbs in the lexicon includes two complementation frames (one with and one without the complement), similarly to verbs that allow two different types of complements (e.g., discover). Another approach assumes that o...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - November 4, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Einat Shetreet, Naama Friedmann, Uri Hadar Source Type: journals

Influence of coherence between multiple cortical columns on alpha rhythm: A computational modeling studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we use a computational model of multiple alpha rhythm generators to determine the factor that dominantly causes ERS/ERD. Each alpha rhythm generator is modeled based on local column circuits in the primary visual cortex and made to interact with the neighboring generators through excitatory connections. We observe that the model consistently reproduces spontaneous alpha rhythms, event-related potentials, phase-locked alpha rhythms, and ERS/ERD in a specific range of connectivity coefficients. Independent analyses of the coherence and amplitude of multiple alpha rhythm generators reveal that the ERS/ERD in th...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - November 3, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Yasushi Naruse, Ayumu Matani, Yoichi Miyawaki, Masato Okada Source Type: journals

The neural origin of the priming distance effect: Distance-dependent recovery of parietal activation using symbolic magnitudesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Numerical magnitudes are known to be processed in areas around the intraparietal sulci of the brain. We used an fMRI-adaptation paradigm to investigate how they are actually coded at the neural level. In a number identification task, we manipulated the numerical distance between prime and target numbers (same, close, and far pairs) and their symbolic notation (Arabic and verbal numerals). We show that bilateral parietal activations present a distance-dependent recovery of activation positively correlated with the distance between primes and targets: the larger the prime-target distance, the higher the recovery of activatio...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 31, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Karolien Notebaert, Mauro Pesenti, Bert Reynvoet Source Type: journals

Neural correlates of the spacing effect in explicit verbal semantic encoding support the deficient-processing theoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Spaced presentations of to-be-learned items during encoding leads to superior long-term retention over massed presentations. Despite over a century of research, the psychological and neural basis of this spacing effect however is still under investigation. To test the hypotheses that the spacing effect results either from reduction in encoding-related verbal maintenance rehearsal in massed relative to spaced presentations (deficient processing hypothesis) or from greater encoding-related elaborative rehearsal of relational information in spaced relative to massed presentations (encoding variability hypothesis), we designed...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 30, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Daniel E. Callan, Nicolas Schweighofer Source Type: journals

Regional impact of field strength on voxel-based morphometry resultsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this study was to characterize the sensitivity of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) results to choice field strength. We chose to investigate the two most widespread acquisition sequences for VBM, FLASH and MP-RAGE, at 1.5 and 3 T. We first evaluated image quality of the four acquisition protocols in terms of SNR and image uniformity. We then performed a VBM study on eight subjects scanned twice using the four protocols to evaluate differences in grey matter (GM) density and corresponding scan-rescan variability, and a power analysis for each protocol in the context a longitudinal and cross-sectional VBM study...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 28, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Christine L. Tardif, D. Louis Collins, G. Bruce Pike Source Type: journals

Step-by-step: The effects of physical practice on the neural correlates of locomotion imagery revealed by fMRIEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, early and late practice stages of different kinds of locomotion (i.e., balanced and unbalanced) have been investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging during mental imagery of locomotion and stance. During the task, cardiac activity was also recorded. The cerebral network comprising supplementary motor area, basal ganglia, bilateral thalamus, and right cerebellum showed a stronger activation during the imagery of locomotion with respect to imagery of stance. The heart beat showed a significant increase in frequency during the imagery of locomotion with respect to the imagery of stance. Moreover, ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Silvio Ionta, Antonio Ferretti, Arcangelo Merla, Armando Tartaro, Gian Luca Romani Source Type: journals

Enhanced effectiveness in visuo-haptic object-selective brain regions with increasing stimulus salienceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The occipital and parietal lobes contain regions that are recruited for both visual and haptic object processing. The purpose of the present study was to characterize the underlying neural mechanisms for bimodal integration of vision and haptics in these visuo-haptic object-selective brain regions to find out whether these brain regions are sites of neuronal or areal convergence. Our sensory conditions consisted of visual-only (V), haptic-only (H), and visuo-haptic (VH), which allowed us to evaluate integration using the superadditivity metric. We also presented each stimulus condition at two different levels of signal-to-...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 14, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Sunah Kim, Thomas W. James Source Type: journals

Specific somatotopic organization of functional connections of the primary motor network during resting stateEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, 3 T resting-state fMRI time-series of 46 healthy subjects were acquired; and for all subregions along the precentral gyrus, the location of the maximum level of functional connectivity within the contralateral primary motor cortex was computed, together with whole brain functional connectivity maps, to examine a possible somatotopic organization of the functional connections of the motor network. Subregions of the primary motor cortex were found to be most strongly functionally linked to regions in the contralateral hemisphere with a similar spatial location along the contralateral primary motor cortex as th...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 13, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Martijn P. van den Heuvel, Hilleke E. Hulshoff Pol Source Type: journals

Unbiased group-level statistical assessment of independent component maps by means of automated retrospective matchingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This report presents and validates a method for the group-level statistical assessment of independent component analysis (ICA) outcomes. The method is based on a matching of individual component maps to corresponding aggregate maps that are obtained from concatenated data. Group-level statistics are derived that include an explicit correction for selection bias. Outcomes were validated by means of calculations with artificial null data. Although statistical inferences were found to be incorrect if bias was neglected, the use of the proposed bias correction sufficed to obtain valid results. This was further confirmed by ext...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 12, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Dave R.M. Langers Source Type: journals

Physical modeling of pulse artefact sources in simultaneous EEG/fMRIEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents analytic expressions and simulations describing two possible sources of the PA corresponding to different movements in the strong static field of the MR scanner: cardiac-pulse-driven head rotation and blood-flow-induced Hall voltages. Models of head rotation about a left-right axis and flow in a deep artery running in the anterior-posterior direction reproduced properties of the PA including the left/right spatial variation of polarity. Of these two sources, head rotation was shown to be the most likely source of the PA with simulated magnitudes of >200 [mu]V being generated at 3 T, similar to the in ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 11, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Winston X. Yan, Karen J. Mullinger, Gerda B. Geirsdottir, Richard Bowtell Source Type: journals

Being liked activates primary reward and midline self-related brain regionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study demonstrates that neural response to being liked has features that are consistent with response to other rewarding events, but it has additional features that reflect its intrinsically interpersonal character. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Human Brain Mapping)
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 11, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Christopher G. Davey, Nicholas B. Allen, Ben J. Harrison, Dominic B. Dwyer, Murat Yücel Source Type: journals

Distinct and shared cerebral activations in processing innocuous versus noxious contact heat revealed by functional magnetic resonance imagingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Whether innocuous heat (IH)-exclusive brain regions exist and whether patterns of cerebral responses to IH and noxious heat (NH) stimulations are similar remain elusive. We hypothesized that distinct and shared cerebral networks were evoked by each type of stimulus. Twelve normal subjects participated in a functional MRI study with rapidly ramped IH (38°C) and NH (44°C) applied to the foot. Group activation maps demonstrated three patterns of cerebral activation: (1) IH-responsive only in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL); (2) NH-responsive only in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), secondary somatosensory cortex (S...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - October 11, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Ming-Tsung Tseng, Wen-Yih I. Tseng, Chi-Chao Chao, Huai-En Lin, Sung-Tsang Hsieh Source Type: journals

Individual sensitivity to pain expectancy is related to differential activation of the hippocampus and amygdalaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Anxiety arising during pain expectancy can modulate the subjective experience of pain. However, individuals differ in their sensitivity to pain expectancy. The amygdale and hippocampus were proposed to mediate the behavioral response to aversive stimuli. However, their differential role in mediating anxiety-related individual differences is not clear. Using fMRI, we investigated brain activity during expectancy to cued or uncued thermal pain applied to the wrist. Following each stimulation participants rated the intensity of the painful experience. Activations in the amygdala and hippocampus were examined with respect to i...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 29, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Michal Ziv, Rachel Tomer, Ruth Defrin, Talma Hendler Source Type: journals

Neuroanatomical differences in brain areas implicated in perceptual and other core features of autism revealed by cortical thickness analysis and voxel-based morphometryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Autism spectrum disorder is a complex neurodevelopmental variant thought to affect 1 in 166 [Fombonne (): J Autism Dev Disord 33:365-382]. Individuals with autism demonstrate atypical social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors, but can also present enhanced abilities, particularly in auditory and visual perception and nonverbal reasoning. Structural brain differences have been reported in autism, in terms of increased total brain volume (particularly in young children with autism), and regional gray/white matter differences in both adults and children with autism, but the reports are inconsistent [Amaral e...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 28, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Krista L. Hyde, Fabienne Samson, Alan C. Evans, Laurent Mottron Source Type: journals

Hemodynamic responses to speech and music in newborn infantsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We used near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to study responses to speech and music on the auditory cortices of 13 healthy full-term newborn infants during natural sleep. The purpose of the study was to investigate the lateralization of speech and music responses at this stage of development. NIRS data was recorded from eight positions on both hemispheres simultaneously with electroencephalography, electrooculography, electrocardiography, pulse oximetry, and inclinometry. In 11 subjects, statistically significant (P < 0.02) oxygenated (HbO2) and total hemoglobin (HbT) responses were recorded. Both stimulus types elicited sign...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 28, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Kalle Kotilahti, Ilkka Nissilä, Tiina Näsi, Lauri Lipiäinen, Tommi Noponen, Pekka Meriläinen, Minna Huotilainen, Vineta Fellman Source Type: journals

Functional 5-HT1a receptor polymorphism selectively modulates error-specific subprocesses of performance monitoringEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Our study investigates the dependence of response monitoring and error detection on genetic influences modulating the serotonergic system. This was done using the event-related potentials (ERPs) after error (Ne/ERN) and correct trials (Nc/CRN). To induce a sufficient amount of errors, a standard flanker task was used. The subjects (N = 94) were genotyped for the functional 5-HT1A C(-1019)G polymorphism. The results show that the 5-HT1A C(-1019)G polymorphism specifically modulates error detection. Neurophysiological modulations on error detection were paralleled by a similar modulation of response slowing after an error, r...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 24, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Christian Beste, Katharina Domschke, Vasil Kolev, Juliana Yordanova, Anna Baffa, Michael Falkenstein, Carsten Konrad Source Type: journals

Comparing 3 T and 1.5 T MRI for tracking Alzheimer's disease progression with tensor-based morphometryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A key question in designing MRI-based clinical trials is how the main magnetic field strength of the scanner affects the power to detect disease effects. In 110 subjects scanned longitudinally at both 3.0 and 1.5 T, including 24 patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) [74.8 ± 9.2 years, MMSE: 22.6 ± 2.0 at baseline], 51 individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) [74.1 ± 8.0 years, MMSE: 26.6 ± 2.0], and 35 controls [75.9 ± 4.6 years, MMSE: 29.3 ± 0.8], we assessed whether higher-field MR imaging offers higher or lower power to detect longitudinal changes in the brain, using tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to reve...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 23, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: April J. Ho, Xue Hua, Suh Lee, Alex D. Leow, Igor Yanovsky, Boris Gutman, Ivo D. Dinov, Natasha Leporé, Jason L. Stein, Arthur W. Toga, Clifford R. Jack Jr., Matt A. Bernstein, Eric M. Reiman, Danielle J. Harvey, John Kornak, Norbert Schuff, Gene E. Alex Source Type: journals

Primary and multisensory cortical activity is correlated with audiovisual perceptsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Incongruent auditory and visual stimuli can elicit audiovisual illusions such as the McGurk effect where visual /ka/ and auditory /pa/ fuse into another percept such as/ta/. In the present study, human brain activity was measured with adaptation functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate which brain areas support such audiovisual illusions. Subjects viewed trains of four movies beginning with three congruent /pa/ stimuli to induce adaptation. The fourth stimulus could be (i) another congruent /pa/, (ii) a congruent /ka/, (iii) an incongruent stimulus that evokes the McGurk effect in susceptible individuals (lips ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 23, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Margo McKenna Benoit, Tommi Raij, Fa-Hsuan Lin, Iiro P. Jääskeläinen, Steven Stufflebeam Source Type: journals

Evidence for modulation of opioidergic activity in central vestibular processing: A [18F] diprenorphine PET studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Animal and functional imaging studies had identified cortical structures such as the parieto-insular vestibular cortex, the retro-insular cortex, or the anterior cingulate cortex belonging to a vestibular cortical network. Basic animal studies revealed that endorphins might be important transmitters involved in cerebral vestibular processing. The aim of the present study was therefore to analyse whether the opioid system is involved in vestibular neurotransmission of humans or not. Changes in opioid receptor availability during caloric air stimulation of the right ear were studied with [18F] Fluoroethyl-diprenorphine ([18F...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 23, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Bernhard Baier, Sandra Bense, Frank Birklein, Hans-Georg Buchholz, Anja Mischke, Matthias Schreckenberger, Marianne Dieterich Source Type: journals

Sensory-motor brain network connectivity for speech comprehensionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The act of listening to speech activates a large network of brain areas. In the present work, a novel data-driven technique (the combination of independent component analysis and Granger causality) was used to extract brain network dynamics from an fMRI study of passive listening to Words, Pseudo-Words, and Reverse-played words. Using this method we show the functional connectivity modulations among classical language regions (Broca's and Wernicke's areas) and inferior parietal, somatosensory, and motor areas and right cerebellum. Word listening elicited a compact pattern of connectivity within a parieto-somato-motor netwo...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 23, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Alessandro Londei, Alessandro D'Ausilio, Demis Basso, Carlo Sestieri, Cosimo Del Gratta, Gian-Luca Romani, Marta Olivetti Belardinelli Source Type: journals

Resting state and task-induced deactivation: A methodological comparison in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controlsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Changes in the default mode network (DMN) have been linked to multiple neurological disorders including schizophrenia. The anticorrelated relationship the DMN shares with task-related networks permits the quantification of this network both during task (task-induced deactivations: TID) and during periods of passive mental activity (extended rest). However, the effects of different methodologies (TID vs. extended rest) for quantifying the DMN in the same clinical population are currently not well understood. Moreover, several different analytic techniques, including independent component analyses (ICA) and seed-based correl...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 23, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Maggie V. Mannell, Alexandre R. Franco, Vince D. Calhoun, Jose M. Cañive, Robert J. Thoma, Andrew R. Mayer Source Type: journals

Source-based morphometry of gray matter volume in men with first-episode schizophreniaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusion: Multivariate analysis of gray matter volume seems to be a suitable method for characterization of the pattern of changes at the beginning of the illness in schizophrenia subjects. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Human Brain Mapping)
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 22, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Tomá[scaron] Ka[scaron]párek, Radek Mare[ccaron]ek, Daniel Schwarz, Radovan P[rcaron]ikryl, Ji[rcaron]í Vaní[ccaron]ek, Michal Mikl, Eva [Ccaron]e[scaron]ková Source Type: journals

The neural response to changing semantic and perceptual complexity during language processingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Speech comprehension involves processing at different levels of analysis, such as acoustic, phonetic, and lexical. We investigated neural responses to manipulating the difficulty of processing at two of these levels. Twelve subjects underwent positron emission tomographic scanning while making decisions based upon the semantic relatedness between heard nouns. We manipulated perceptual difficulty by presenting either clear or acoustically degraded speech, and semantic difficulty by varying the degree of semantic relatedness between words. Increasing perceptual difficulty was associated with greater activation of the left su...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 22, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: David J. Sharp, Jane E. Warren, Malaka Awad, Richard J.S. Wise, Gabriella Vigliocco, Sophie K. Scott Source Type: journals

The Iowa Gambling Task in fMRI imagesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) is a sensitive test for the detection of decision-making impairments in several neurological and psychiatric populations. Very few studies have employed the IGT in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations, in part, because the task is cognitively complex. Here we report a method for exploring brain activity using fMRI during performance of the IGT. Decision-making during the IGT was associated with activity in several brain regions in a group of healthy individuals. The activated regions were consistent with the neural circuitry hypothesized to underlie somatic marker activat...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 22, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Xiangrui Li, Zhong-Lin Lu, Arnaud D'Argembeau, Marie Ng, Antoine Bechara Source Type: journals

Sensorimotor network rewiring in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study aimed at elucidating whether (a) brain areas associated with motor function show a change in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signal in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), (b) such change is linear over the course of the disease, and (c) fMRI changes in aMCI and AD are driven by hippocampal atrophy, or, conversely, reflect a nonspecific neuronal network rewiring generically associated to brain tissue damage. FMRI during the performance of a simple motor task with the dominant right-hand, and structural MRI (i.e., dual-echo, 3D T1-weighted, and diffusion tensor [DT]...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 22, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Federica Agosta, Maria Assunta Rocca, Elisabetta Pagani, Martina Absinta, Giuseppe Magnani, Alessandra Marcone, Monica Falautano, Giancarlo Comi, Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini, Massimo Filippi Source Type: journals

Real-time imaging of the medullary circuitry involved in the generation of spontaneous muscle sympathetic nerve activity in awake subjectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To understand the central neural processes involved in blood pressure regulation we recorded muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) via a tungsten microelectrode in the common peroneal nerve while performing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the brainstem at 3T. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) changes in signal intensity were measured over 4 s every 8 s (200) volumes; MSNA was recorded during the previous 4 s epoch, which takes into account peripheral conduction delays along unmyelinated axons and neurovascular coupling delays. Analysis of temporal coupling between BOLD signal intensity and nerve signal...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 22, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Vaughan G. Macefield, Luke A. Henderson Source Type: journals

Disorder-specific dysfunction in right inferior prefrontal cortex during two inhibition tasks in boys with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder compared to boys with obsessive-compulsive disorderEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigates differences and commonalities in functional neural networks mediating inhibitory control between adolescents with ADHD and those with OCD to identify disorder-specific neurofunctional markers that distinguish these two inhibitory disorders.Event-related fMRI was used to compare brain activation between 20 healthy boys, 18 (Stop task) or 12 boys (Switch task) with ADHD, and 10 boys with OCD during a tracking Stop task that measures inhibition and stopping failure and during a visual-spatial switching task measuring cognitive flexibility.Both patient groups shared brain dysfunction compared to healthy...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - September 22, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Katya Rubia, Ana Cubillo, Anna B. Smith, James Woolley, Isobel Heyman, Michael J. Brammer Source Type: journals

Neural decoding of goal locations in spatial navigation in humans with fMRIEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We demonstrate that multivoxel pattern analysis can be used to decode place-related information in fMRI. Subjects performed a working memory version of the Morris water maze task in a virtual environment with a single wall cue. The voxel data that corresponds to when subjects were located at the goal was extracted for seven regions implicated in spatial navigation, and then used to train a pattern classifier based on partial least squares. Using a leave-one-out (LOO) test procedure, goal locations at E, W, N positions (relative to the cue as S) were predicted significantly better than a naïve classifier for voxels in medi...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 30, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Paul F. Rodriguez Source Type: journals

Neuroanatomy of creativityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Creativity has long been a construct of interest to philosophers, psychologists and, more recently, neuroscientists. Recent efforts have focused on cognitive processes likely to be important to the manifestation of novelty and usefulness within a given social context. One such cognitive process - divergent thinking - is the process by which one extrapolates many possible answers to an initial stimulus or target data set. We sought to link well established measures of divergent thinking and creative achievement (Creative Achievement Questionnaire - CAQ) to cortical thickness in a cohort of young (23.7 ± 4.2 years), healthy...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 30, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Rex E. Jung, Judith M. Segall, H. Jeremy Bockholt, Ranee A. Flores, Shirley M. Smith, Robert S. Chavez, Richard J. Haier Source Type: journals

Executive function and error detection: The effect of motivation on cingulate and ventral striatum activityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study employed a mixed block design alternating between punishment and no punishment (neutral) conditions, enabling an assessment of tonic changes associated with cognitive control as well as trial-specific effects. Behavioural results revealed slower responses and fewer commission errors in the punishment condition. The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) had equal trial-specific activity for errors in the neutral and punishment conditions but had greater tonic activity throughout the punishment condition. A region of interest analysis revealed different activation patterns between the dorsal and the rostral parts...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 28, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Cristina Simões-Franklin, Robert Hester, Marina Shpaner, John J. Foxe, Hugh Garavan Source Type: journals

Abnormal hippocampal shape in offenders with psychopathyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Posterior hippocampal volumes correlate negatively with the severity of psychopathy, but local morphological features are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate hippocampal morphology in habitually violent offenders having psychopathy. Manual tracings of hippocampi from magnetic resonance images of 26 offenders (age: 32.5 ± 8.4), with different degrees of psychopathy (12 high, 14 medium psychopathy based on the Psychopathy Checklist Revised), and 25 healthy controls (age: 34.6 ± 10.8) were used for statistical modelling of local changes with a surface-based radial distance mapping method. Both offenders and co...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Marina Boccardi, Rossana Ganzola, Roberta Rossi, Francesca Sabattoli, Mikko P. Laakso, Eila Repo-Tiihonen, Olli Vaurio, Mervi Könönen, Hannu J. Aronen, Paul M. Thompson, Giovanni B. Frisoni, Jari Tiihonen Source Type: journals

Disentangling syntax and intelligibility in auditory language comprehensionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Studies of the neural basis of spoken language comprehension typically focus on aspects of auditory processing by varying signal intelligibility, or on higher-level aspects of language processing such as syntax. Most studies in either of these threads of language research report brain activation including peaks in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and/or the superior temporal sulcus (STS), but it is not clear why these areas are recruited in functionally different studies. The current fMRI study aims to disentangle the functional neuroanatomy of intelligibility and syntax in an orthogonal design. The data substantiate func...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Angela D. Friederici, Sonja A. Kotz, Sophie K. Scott, Jonas Obleser Source Type: journals

Age-related differences in multiple measures of white matter integrity: A diffusion tensor imaging study of healthy agingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, patterns of age differences in white matter integrity were assessed by comparing younger and healthy older adults on multiple measures of integrity (FA, AD, and RD). Results revealed two commonly reported patterns (Radial Increase Only and Radial/Axial Increase), and one relatively novel pattern (Radial Increase/Axial Decrease) that varied by brain region and may reflect differential aging of microstructural (e.g., degree of myelination) and macrostructural (e.g., coherence of fiber orientation) properties of white matter. In addition, larger age differences in FA in frontal white matter were consistent with...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 6, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Ilana J. Bennett, David J. Madden, Chandan J. Vaidya, Darlene V. Howard, James H. Howard Jr. Source Type: journals

Dissecting structure-function interactions in acute optic neuritis to investigate neuroplasticityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Structural MRI, electrophysiology, and functional MRI (fMRI) elucidate different aspects of damage and repair in demyelinating diseases. We combined them to investigate why patients with optic neuritis (ON) exhibit a wide variation in severity of acute visual loss, with the following objectives: (1) To determine how structural and electrophysiological changes in the anterior and posterior visual pathways contribute to acute visual loss. (2) To combine these data with fMRI, to investigate whether cortical activity modulates visual acuity. The visual system of 28 patients with acute unilateral ON was assessed. Linear regress...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 5, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Thomas Jenkins, Olga Ciccarelli, Ahmed Toosy, Katherine Miszkiel, Claudia Wheeler-Kingshott, Daniel Altmann, Laura Mancini, Steve Jones, Gordon Plant, David Miller, Alan Thompson Source Type: journals

Correction for pulse height variability reduces physiological noise in functional MRI when studying spontaneous brain activityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, applying VIPH as a confounder diminishes physiological noise and allows a more reliable interpretation of fMRI results. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Human Brain Mapping)
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 5, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Petra J. van Houdt, Pauly P.W. Ossenblok, Paul A.J.M. Boon, Frans S.S. Leijten, Demetrios N. Velis, Cornelis J. Stam, Jan C. de Munck Source Type: journals

Brain structure and obesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Obesity is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular health problems including diabetes, hypertension, and stroke. These cardiovascular afflictions increase risk for cognitive decline and dementia, but it is unknown whether these factors, specifically obesity and Type II diabetes, are associated with specific patterns of brain atrophy. We used tensor-based morphometry (TBM) to examine gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume differences in 94 elderly subjects who remained cognitively normal for at least 5 years after their scan. Bivariate analyses with corrections for multiple comparisons strongly linked body ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - August 5, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Cyrus A. Raji, April J. Ho, Neelroop N. Parikshak, James T. Becker, Oscar L. Lopez, Lewis H. Kuller, Xue Hua, Alex D. Leow, Arthur W. Toga, Paul M. Thompson Source Type: journals

Noninvasive optical measures of CBV, StO2, CBF index, and rCMRO2 in human premature neonates' brains in the first six weeks of lifeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, FD-NIRS combined with DCS offers a safe and quantitative bedside method to assess CBV, StO2, CBF, and rCMRO2 in the premature brain, facilitating individual follow-up and comparison among patients. A stable CBV-CBF relationship may not be valid for premature neonates. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. (Source: Human Brain Mapping)
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 31, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Nadège Roche-Labarbe, Stefan A. Carp, Andrea Surova, Megha Patel, David A. Boas, P. Ellen Grant, Maria Angela Franceschini Source Type: journals

ERP generator anomalies in presymptomatic carriers of the Alzheimer's disease E280A PS-1 mutationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although subtle anatomical anomalies long precede the onset of clinical symptoms in Alzheimer's disease, their impact on the reorganization of brain networks underlying cognitive functions has not been fully explored. A unique window into this reorganization is provided by presymptomatic cases of familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Here we studied neural circuitry related to semantic processing in presymptomatic FAD cases by estimating the intracranial sources of the N400 event-related potential (ERP). ERPs were obtained during a semantic-matching task from 24 presymptomatic carriers and 25 symptomatic carriers of the E280...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 30, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: María A. Bobes, Yuriem Fernández García, Francisco Lopera, Yakeel T. Quiroz, Lídice Galán, Mayrim Vega, Nelson Trujillo, Mitchell Valdes-Sosa, Pedro Valdes-Sosa Source Type: journals

Impact of schizophrenia-risk gene dysbindin 1 on brain activation in bilateral middle frontal gyrus during a working memory task in healthy individualsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Working memory (WM) dysfunction is a hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Functional imaging studies using WM tasks have documented both prefrontal hypo- and hyperactivation in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is highly heritable, and it is unclear which susceptibility genes modulate WM and its neural correlates. A strong linkage between genetic variants in the dysbindin 1 gene and schizophrenia has been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of the DTNBP1 schizophrenia susceptibility gene on WM and its neural correlates in healthy individuals. Fifty-seven right-handed, healthy male volunteers genot...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 30, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Valentin Markov, Axel Krug, Sören Krach, Andreas Jansen, Thomas Eggermann, Karl Zerres, Tony Stöcker, N. Jon Shah, Markus M. Nöthen, Jens Treutlein, Marcella Rietschel, Tilo Kircher Source Type: journals

Neural correlates of efficacy of voice therapy in Parkinson's disease identified by performance-correlation analysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study serves to extend the analysis by correlating changes of regional neural activity with the main behavioral change following treatment, namely, increased vocal intensity. Ten IPD participants with hypophonia were studied before and after LSVT LOUD. Cerebral blood flow during rest and reading conditions were measured by H215O-positron emission tomography. Z-score images were generated by contrasting reading with rest conditions for pre- and post-LSVT LOUD sessions. Neuronal activity during reading in the pre- versus post-LSVT LOUD contrast was correlated with corresponding change in vocal intensity to generate corr...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 28, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Shalini Narayana, Peter T. Fox, Wei Zhang, Crystal Franklin, Donald A. Robin, Deanie Vogel, Lorraine O. Ramig Source Type: journals

Specialization in the default mode: Task-induced brain deactivations dissociate between visual working memory and attentionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The idea of an organized mode of brain function that is present as default state and suspended during goal-directed behaviors has recently gained much interest in the study of human brain function. The default mode hypothesis is based on the repeated observation that certain brain areas show task-induced deactivations across a wide range of cognitive tasks. In this event-related functional resonance imaging study we tested the default mode hypothesis by comparing common and selective patterns of BOLD deactivation in response to the demands on visual attention and working memory (WM) that were independently modulated within...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Jutta S. Mayer, Alard Roebroeck, Konrad Maurer, David E.J. Linden Source Type: journals

Cancellation of EEG and MEG signals generated by extended and distributed sourcesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Extracranial patterns of scalp potentials and magnetic fields, as measured with electro- and magnetoencephalography (EEG, MEG), are spatially widespread even when the underlying source in the brain is focal. Therefore, loss in signal magnitude due to cancellation is expected when multiple brain regions are simultaneously active. We characterized these cancellation effects in EEG and MEG using a forward model with sources constrained on an anatomically accurate reconstruction of the cortical surface. Prominent cancellation was found for both EEG and MEG in the case of multiple randomly distributed source dipoles, even when ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Seppo P. Ahlfors, Jooman Han, Fa-Hsuan Lin, Thomas Witzel, John W. Belliveau, Matti S. Hämäläinen, Eric Halgren Source Type: journals

Coherence in consciousness: Paralimbic gamma synchrony of self-reference links conscious experiencesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A coherent and meaningful percept of the world is essential for human nature. Consequently, much speculation has focused on how this is achieved in the brain. It is thought that all conscious experiences have reference to the self. Self-reference may either be minimal or extended, i.e., autonoetic. In minimal self-reference subjective experiences are self-aware in the weak sense that there is something it feels like for the subject to experience something. In autonoetic consciousness, consciousness emerges, by definition, by retrieval of memories of personally experienced events (episodic memory). It has been shown with tr...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 20, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Hans C. Lou, Joachim Gross, Katja Biermann-Ruben, Troels W. Kjaer, Alfons Schnitzler Source Type: journals

Functional specialization and dynamic resource allocation in visual cortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We studied the spatiotemporal characteristics of cortical activity in early visual areas and the fusiform gyri (FG) by means of magnetoencephalography (MEG). Subjects performed a visual classification task, in which letters and visually similar pseudoletters were presented in different surrounds and under different task demands. The stimuli appeared in a cued half of the visual field (VF). We observed prestimulus effects on amplitudes in V1 and Cuneus relating to VF and task demands, suggesting a combination of active anticipation and specialized routing of activity in visual processing. Amplitudes in the right FG between ...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 19, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Gijs Plomp, Cees van Leeuwen, Andreas A. Ioannides Source Type: journals

The impact of dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) on neural correlates of episodic memory encoding and retrievalEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Episodic memory impairment is a frequently reported symptom in schizophrenia. It has been shown to be associated with reduced neural activity of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Given the high heritability of schizophrenia the question arises if alterations in brain activity are modulated by susceptibility genes and might be detectable in healthy risk allele carriers. The present study investigated the effect of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1018381 (P1578) of the dystrobrevin-binding protein 1 (DTNBP1) on brain activity in 84 healthy subjects assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) whil...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 19, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Markus Thimm, Axel Krug, Valentin Markov, Sören Krach, Andreas Jansen, Klaus Zerres, Thomas Eggermann, Tony Stöcker, Nadim Jon Shah, Markus M. Nöthen, Marcella Rietschel, Tilo Kircher Source Type: journals

Variation in TREK1 gene linked to depression-resistant phenotype is associated with potentiated neural responses to rewards in humansEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The TREK1 gene has been linked to a depression-resistant phenotype in rodents and antidepressant response in humans, but the neural mechanisms underlying these links are unclear. Because TREK1 is expressed in reward-related basal ganglia regions, it has been hypothesized that TREK1 genetic variation may be associated with anhedonic symptoms of depression. To investigate whether TREK1 genetic variation influences reward processing, we genotyped healthy individuals (n = 31) who completed a monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Three genotypes previously linked to positive antidepr...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 19, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Daniel G. Dillon, Ryan Bogdan, Jesen Fagerness, Avram J. Holmes, Roy H. Perlis, Diego A. Pizzagalli Source Type: journals

Test-retest reproducibility of the default-mode network in healthy individualsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we assessed the reproducibility of the DMN components within and between imaging sessions in 18 healthy young subjects (mean age, 27.5 years) who were scanned three times with two resting state scans during each session at 3.0T field strength. Statistical analysis of fMRI time-series was done using ICA implemented with BrainVoyager QX. At all three sessions the essential components of the DMN could be identified in each individual. Spatial extent of DMN activity and size of overlap within and between sessions were most reproducible for the anterior and posterior cingulate gyrus. The degree of reproducibility...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 19, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Thomas Meindl, Stefan Teipel, Rachid Elmouden, Sophia Mueller, Walter Koch, Olaf Dietrich, Ute Coates, Maximilian Reiser, Christian Glaser Source Type: journals

The neural origins of superficial and individuated judgments about ingroup and outgroup membersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We often form impressions of others based on superficial information, such as a mere glimpse of their face. Given the opportunity to get to know someone, however, our judgments are allowed to become more individuated. The neural origins of these two types of social judgment remain unknown. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to dissociate the neural mechanisms underlying superficial and individuated judgments. Given behavioral evidence demonstrating impairments in individuating others outside one's racial group, we additionally examined whether these neural mechanisms are race-selective. Superficial judgments rec...
Source: Human Brain Mapping - July 16, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Jonathan B. Freeman, Daniela Schiller, Nicholas O. Rule, Nalini Ambady Source Type: journals