Innate ImmunityThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

This page shows you the latest items in this publication.

Pages: 1 2

83 records returned

Interleukin-6 is essential for zwitterionic polysaccharide-mediated abscess formation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abscess formation associated with secondary peritonitis causes severe morbidity and can be fatal. Formation of abscesses requires the presence of CD4(+) T-cells. Zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) represent a novel class of immunomodulatory bacterial antigens that stimulate CD4(+) T-cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-dependent manner. The capsular polysaccharide Sp1 of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 1 possesses a zwitterionic charge with free amino groups and promotes T-cell-dependent abscess formation in an experimental mouse model. So far, nothing is known about the function of Interleukin...
Source: Innate Immunity - November 6, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Meemboor S, Mertens J, Flenner E, Groneck L, Zingarelli A, Gamstätter T, Bessler M, Seeger JM, Kashkar H, Odenthal M, Kalka-Moll WM Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Transcriptional profiling at different sites in lungs of pigs during acute bacterial respiratory infection.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, we found subsets of genes expressed at different levels in the three selected areas of the infected lung as compared to the control group. Thus it is demonstrated that an infection with clearly defined infected loci leads to a rapid disseminated intra-organ response in neighbouring seemingly unaffected tissue areas of the infected organ. Within the lung, we found a clear division of induced genes as, in unaffected areas a large part of differently expressed genes were involved in systemic reactions to infections, while differently expressed genes in necrotic areas were mainly concerned with homeostasis regul...
Source: Innate Immunity - November 6, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Mortensen S, Skovgaard K, Hedegaard J, Bendixen C, Heegaard PM Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Muramyldipeptide augments the actions of lipopolysaccharide in mice by stimulating macrophages to produce pro-IL-1B and by down-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Muramyldipeptide (MDP), the minimum essential structure responsible for the immuno-adjuvant activity of peptidoglycan, is recognized by intracellular nuclear-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). Muramyldipeptide enhances the activities of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), but the mechanism underlying this effect is unclear. Here, we obtained evidence that intravenously injected MDP augments LPS-induced hypothermia in wild-type mice, but not in mice deficient in interleukin (IL)-1alpha/beta and/or tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Muramyldipeptide also: (i) increased pro-IL-1beta in tissues, but did not increase IL-1beta i...
Source: Innate Immunity - November 6, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Shikama Y, Kuroishi T, Nagai Y, Iwakura Y, Shimauchi H, Takada H, Sugawara S, Endo Y Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Expression of NOD2 is increased in inflamed human dental pulps and lipoteichoic acid-stimulated odontoblast-like cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated NOD2 expression in healthy and inflamed human dental pulps challenged by bacteria, and in cultured odontoblast-like cells stimulated with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist which is specific for Gram-positive bacteria. We found that NOD2 gene expression was significantly up-regulated in pulps with acute inflammation compared to healthy ones. In vitro, LTA augmented NOD2 gene expression and protein level in odontoblast-like cells. The increase was more pronounced in odontoblast-like cells compared to dental pulp fibroblasts. Blocking experiments in odontoblast-like c...
Source: Innate Immunity - October 30, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Keller JF, Carrouel F, Staquet MJ, Kufer TA, Baudouin C, Msika P, Bleicher F, Farges JC Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

The lipid A of Burkholderia multivorans C1576 smooth-type lipopolysaccharide and its pro-inflammatory activity in a cystic fibrosis airways model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive disorder and it is characterised by chronic bacterial airway infection which leads to progressive lung deterioration, sometimes with fatal outcome. Burkholderia multivorans and Burkholderia cenocepacia are the species responsible for most of the infections of cystic fibrosis patients. Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins (LPSs) are among the foremost factors of pathogenesis of Gram-negative infection and, in particular, lipid A is the endotoxic portion of LPS responsible for eliciting host innate immune response. In this work, the complete primary structure of the lipid A from B. mult...
Source: Innate Immunity - October 30, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Ierano T, Cescutti P, Leone MR, Luciani A, Rizzo R, Raia V, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Maiuri L, Silipo A, Molinaro A Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Enhanced antibody responses to a detoxified lipopolysaccharide-group B meningococcal outer membrane protein vaccine are due to synergistic engagement of Toll-like receptors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
When given passively or elicited actively, antibodies induced by a detoxified Escherichia coli Rc chemotype (J5) mutant lipopolysaccharide (J5dLPS)-group B meningococcal outer membrane protein (OMP) complex vaccine protected animals from lethal sepsis. The protection from sepsis is believed to be dependent on high levels of antibodies against the core glycolipid (CGL), a region of LPS that is rather conserved among Enterobacteriaceae. The addition of unmethylated deoxycytidyl-deoxyguanosine dinucleotide (CpG)-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) was used as an immuno-adjuvant to improve antibody responses. In prepara...
Source: Innate Immunity - October 11, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Chen WH, Basu S, Bhattacharjee AK, Cross AS Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Platelet factor 4 (CXCL4) facilitates human macrophage infection with HIV-1 and potentiates virus replication.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, CXCL4-derived macrophages are compared with macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)-derived macrophages for their ability to support HIV-1 replication. We show that CXCL4-derived macrophages can be infected with macrophage-tropic HIV-1 that uses either CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) or CXC-chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) as a co-receptor for viral entry. We also find that M-CSF and the chemokines, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1; CCL2) and macrophage-inflammatory-protein-1-alpha (MIP-1alpha; CCL3) are produced upon R5- and X4-tropic HIV-1 replication in both M-CSF- and CXCL4-derived human macroph...
Source: Innate Immunity - September 21, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Schwartzkopff F, Grimm TA, Lankford CS, Fields K, Wang J, Brandt E, Clouse KA Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Characterization of the O-polysaccharide structure and biosynthetic gene cluster of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O:15.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotyping scheme contains 21 serotypes based on the distribution of about 30 different O-factors within the species. The chemical structures of LPSs and the genetic basis of their biosynthesis has been determined for a number of Y. pseudotuberculosis strains representing different serotypes; thus, an overall picture of the relationship between genetics and structures is emerging. In this work, we have performed a structural and genetic analysis of the Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype O:15 O-specific polysaccharide. Our results showed that the set-up of the Y. pseudotuberculosis O:15 gene clus...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: De Castro C, Skurnik M, Molinaro A, Holst O Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Lactoferrin decreases LPS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured cells and in animal endotoxemia model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Lactoferrin is a non-heme iron-binding glycoprotein, produced by mucosal epithelial cells and granulocytes in most mammalian species. It is involved in regulation of immune responses, possesses anti-oxidant, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory properties, and provides protection against various microbial infections. In addition, lactoferrin has been implicated in protection against the development of insult-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and its progression into septic conditions in vivo. Here we show a potential mechanism by which lactoferrin lessens oxidative insult at the cellular and tissue...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Kruzel ML, Actor JK, Radak Z, Bacsi A, Saavedra-Molina A, Boldogh I Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Class C CpG oligodeoxynucleotides as a single agent and in combination with radiotherapy efficiently delayed growth of subcutaneous B16F1 tumors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the combined therapy with CpG ODNs and irradiation creates a unique in situ DCs vaccine that could be easily applicable without prior knowledge of tumor antigens. PMID: 19723833 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Innate Immunity)
Source: Innate Immunity - August 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Cerkovnik P, Novakovic BJ, Stegel V, Novakovic S Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Differential effect of molecular weight hyaluronan on lipopolysaccharide-induced damage in chondrocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Hyaluronan is a biological polysaccharide that may exist in different degrees of polymerization. Several investigations reported that low molecular mass hyaluronan may have pro-inflammatory activity, while high molecular mass hyaluronan can exert beneficial effects. Starting from these data, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hyaluronan of different molecular mass in mouse articular chondrocyte cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Inflammation was induced in chondrocytes by acute treatment with 2.0 microg/ml LPS. High levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, D'Ascola A, Traina P, Rugolo CA, Calatroni A Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Endotoxin tolerance does not limit mild ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans in vivo.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Animal studies have shown that previous exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) can limit ischemia-reperfusion injury. We tested whether pretreatment with LPS also protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in humans in vivo. Fourteen volunteers received bolus injections of incremental dosages of LPS on 5 consecutive days (LPS group). Before the first and 1 day after the last LPS administration, the forearm circulation of the non-dominant arm was occluded for 10 min, with concomitant intermittent handgripping to induce transient ischemia. After reperfusion, 0.1 mg of (99m)Tc-labeled annexin A5 (400 MBq) was injected int...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Draisma A, de Goeij M, Wouters CW, Riksen NP, Oyen WJ, Rongen GA, Boerman OC, van Deuren M, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

A Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis LuxR regulates cell envelope and virulence.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis adapts to the environment via the regulation of genes affecting its envelope's composition. Bacteria grown in milk (in vivo conditions) presented differences in the cell wall-associated lipids and in the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism (FadE8, FadE6 and MAP1420) and host cell invasion (MAP1203, LprL). A different lipid profile was also observed in the envelope of intracellular bacteria after 1 h of infection. Intracellular bacteria showed up-regulation of a LuxR regulator which controls the envelope's composition by up-regulation of FadE8, MAP1420, MAP1203 an...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Alonso-Hearn M, Eckstein TM, Sommer S, Bermudez LE Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Lipopolysaccharide Stimulated Whole Blood Cytokine Production Does not Predict the Inflammatory Response in Human Endotoxemia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A widely applied method to study the activation of the innate immune system is in vitro stimulation of whole blood using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). However, it is unclear if in vitro cytokine production relates to in vivo cytokine levels elicited during experimental endotoxemia or sepsis. To determine the correlation between in vitro cytokine production and the in vivo inflammatory response, blood was obtained from 15 healthy volunteers for in vitro incubation with Escherichia coli LPS, immediately followed by experimental E. coli endotoxemia. Correlations of in vitro and peak in vivo cytokine concentrations were determ...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Dorresteijn MJ, Draisma A, van der Hoeven JG, Pickkers P Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Monitoring of endothelial cell activation in experimental sepsis with a two-step cell culture model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of this work was to establish and characterize a cell culture model for lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced activation of human endothelial cells. Monocytic THP-1 cells were stimulated for 4 h with 10 ng/ml LPS from Pseudomonas aeruginosa in media containing 10% human plasma. Culture supernatants containing LPS and factors secreted by THP-1 in response to stimulation were applied to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity, expression of adhesion molecules, and cytokine secretion were quantified. In addition, the effect of adsorptive removal of tumour necrosis fac...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Schildberger A, Rossmanith E, Weber V, Falkenhagen D Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

PLC, p38/MAPK, and NF{kappa} B-mediated induction of MIP-3{alpha}/CCL20 by porphyromonas gingivalis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha/C-C chemokine ligand 20 (MIP-3alpha/CCL20) is an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in innate immunity. In addition to direct microbicidal effects, MIP-3alpha/CCL20 also exhibits cytokine-like functions that are critical during dendritic cell activation. The aim of the present study was to investigate further which signaling pathways are involved in the MIP-3alpha/CCL20 mRNA expression in response to whole-cell Porphyromonas gingivalis. Primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and the immortalized oral keratinocyte cell-line OKF6/TERT-2 were stimulated with whole-c...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Dommisch H, Chung WO, Jepsen S, Hacker BM, Dale BA Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Hepatic gene expression changes in pigs experimentally infected with the lung pathogen Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as analysed with an innate immunity focused microarray.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Knowledge on gene expression in the liver during respiratory infections is limited although it is well-established that this organ is an important site of synthesis of several systemic innate immune components as response to infections. In the present study, the early transcriptional hepatic response of genes associated with innate immune responses was studied in pigs 14-18 h after intranasal inoculation with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, using innate immune focused microarrays and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). The microarray analysis of liver tissue established that 51 genes were differentially expressed. A la...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Skovgaard K, Mortensen S, Boye M, Hedegaard J, Heegaard PM Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

The non-peptide chemical 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol blocked lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from binding to LPS-binding protein and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
After binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein, LPS is transferred to CD14 and then to the MD2-Toll-like receptor 4 complex, which results in the progression of sepsis. We investigated how 3,4-methylenedioxyphenol (sesamol), an inexpensive natural product in sesame seeds, affects the binding of LPS and LPS-binding protein and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Sesamol: (i) dose-dependently inhibited LPS from binding to LPS binding protein; (ii) significantly decreased the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta in LPS-challenged peritoneal macrophages in medium and in the serum o...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Hsu DZ, Chu PY, Liu MY Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Anti-inflammatory effects of c1-Inhibitor in porcine and human whole blood are independent of its protease inhibition activity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
C1-Inhibitor (C1-INH) is an important biological inhibitor, regulating several protein cascade systems. Recent research has shown that the molecule exhibits properties not dependent on its protease inhibition activity. Serum and whole blood from pigs and humans were pre-incubated with C1-INH, iC1-INH or the complement inhibitors SPICE or compstatin. Whole, live Escherichia coli were then added for further incubation. Complement activation, a range of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, as well as the leukocyte activation markers wCD11R3 (pig) and CD11b (human) were measured. Both C1-INH and iC1-INH dose-dependent...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Thorgersen EB, Ludviksen JK, Lambris JD, Sfyroera G, Nielsen EW, Mollnes TE Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Evidence that a C1q/C1qR system regulates monocyte-derived dendritic cell differentiation at the interface of innate and acquired immunity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Growing evidence shows that C1q modulates the growth and function of cells committed to the monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) lineage. Because C1q regulates both innate and acquired immune responses, we postulated that C1q modulates the transition from monocytes to DCs, i.e. the interface between innate and acquired immunity. Human peripheral blood monocytes cultured with soluble C1q and DC growth factors (granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor + Interleukin-4) failed to down-regulate monocyte-associated (CD14, CD16) and up-regulate DC-associated (CD83, CD86) markers. Impaired DC differentiation was not du...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Hosszu KK, Santiago-Schwarz F, Peerschke EI, Ghebrehiwet B Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Enhanced Induction of a Histamine-Forming Enzyme, Histidine Decarboxylase, in Mice Primed With nod1 or nod2 Ligand in Response to Various Toll-Like Receptor Agonists.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We investigated the immunopharmacological aspects of innate immune responses via Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD1 and NOD2, in terms of induction of the histamine-forming enzyme, histidine decarboxylase (HDC), activity in mice. Intravenous injection of TLR4-agonistic synthetic lipid A definitely induced HDC activity in the liver, spleen, and lungs, especially the lungs, in mice, where maximum activity was induced about 3 h after the injection of lipid A. The TLR2/6 agonistic synthetic diacyl-type lipopeptide FSL-1 and TLR3-agonistic poly I:C were also effective in inducing HDC, while the NOD2-agonistic synthetic muramy...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Funayama H, Huang L, Asada Y, Endo Y, Takada H Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Biofilm-forming Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria undergo lipopolysaccharide structural modifications and induce enhanced inflammatory cytokine response in human monocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To determine whether growth of bacteria in biofilms triggers a specific immune response, we compared cytokine induction in human monocytes and mouse macrophages by planktonic and biofilm bacteria. We compared Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, two bacteria often colonizing the airways of cystic fibrosis patients. Planktonic and biofilm S. aureus induced equivalent amounts of cytokine in human monocytes. In contrast, biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa induced a higher production of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 than their planktonic counterpart, both for clinical isolates and laboratory strains. This...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Ciornei CD, Novikov A, Beloin C, Fitting C, Caroff M, Ghigo JM, Cavaillon JM, Adib-Conquy M Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Expression of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A6 isoform in Caco-2 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the in vitro effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the expression of the UGT1A6 isoform in human colon carcinoma Caco-2 cells. Results demonstrated a significant down-regulation of UGT1A6 expression, both in terms of mRNA and protein levels, and a reduced UGT activity after LPS exposure of cell cultures, suggesting a role for endotoxins on UGT regulation mechanisms. PMID: 19710100 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Innate Immunity)
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Panaro MA, Cavallo P, Acquafredda A, Cianciulli A, Calvello R, Mitolo V Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Influence of serum on the immune recognition of a synthetic lipopeptide mimetic of the 19-kDa lipoprotein from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The innate immune response provides a critical first-line defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an intracellular pathogen that represents a major health threat world-wide. A synthetic lipopeptide (LP) mimicking the lipid moiety of the cell-wall associated 19-kDa lipoprotein from M. tuberculosis has recently been assigned an important role in the induction of an antibacterial immune response in host macrophages. Here, we present experimental data on the biological activities and the biophysical mechanisms underlying cell activation by synthetic 19-kDa M. tuberculosis-derived lipopeptide (Mtb-LP). Investigation of ...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Schromm AB, Reiling N, Howe J, Wiesmüller KH, Roessle M, Brandenburg K Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes serious nosocomial infections, and an important virulence factor produced by this organism is lipopolysaccharide (LPS). This review summarizes knowledge about biosynthesis of all three structural domains of LPS - lipid A, core oligosaccharide, and O polysaccharides. In addition, based on similarities with other bacterial species, this review proposes new hypothetical pathways for unstudied steps in the biosynthesis of P. aeruginosa LPS. Lipid A biosynthesis is discussed in relation to Escherichia coli and Salmonella, and the biosyntheses of core sugar precursors and core oligosaccharide ar...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: King JD, Kocíncová D, Westman EL, Lam JS Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Up-regulation of integrin expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells caused by bacterial infection: in vitro study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Integrins are a large family of adhesion receptors that are known to be key signaling molecules in both physiological and pathological processes. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of integrin receptors in the pulmonary epithelium can change under various pathological conditions, such as injury, inflammation, or malignant transformation. We hypothesize that integrin expression can be altered by stimulation of lung epithelial cells with an opportunistic bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Using the A549 adenocarcinoma cell line that expressed a low level of several integrin subunits we have de...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Gravelle S, Barnes R, Hawdon N, Shewchuk L, Eibl J, Lam JS, Ulanova M Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Interleukin-6 is associated with liver lipid homeostasis but not with cell death in experimental hepatic steatosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, IL-6 ameliorated the mitochondria lipid disturbance in hepatocytes isolated from steatotic animals. Furthermore, PC is identified as a new survival agent that reverses several TNF-alpha-inducible responses that are likely to promote steatosis and necrosis. PMID: 19710104 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Innate Immunity)
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Sánchez-Garrido MA, Chico Y, González R, Ranchal I, González-Rubio S, Hidalgo AB, Díaz-López C, Costán G, Padillo FJ, De la Mata M, Ochoa B, Muntané J Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Regulation of Toll-like receptor 4-associated MD-2 in intestinal epithelial cells: a comprehensive analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we did a comprehensive analysis to understand the immune-mediated and epigenetic mechanisms by which IECs down-regulate MD-2 expression. Expression of MD-2 and TLR4 mRNA was examined in human inflammatory bowel disease and intestinal epithelial cell lines (T84, HT-29, Caco-2). Nuclear factor-kappaB transcriptional activation was used as a measure of LPS responsiveness. Intestinal epithelial cells in patients with inflammatory bowel disease exhibited increased expression of MD-2 and TLR4 mRNA. Lipopolysaccharide responsiveness in IECs was polarized to the basolateral membrane. Bisulfite sequencing of the MD-2...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 25, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Vamadevan AS, Fukata M, Arnold ET, Thomas LS, Hsu D, Abreu MT Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Differential modulation of human B-defensins expression in human gingival epithelia by Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide with tetra- and penta-acylated lipid A structures.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study suggests that P. gingivalis LPS with different lipid A structures could differentially modulate host innate immune responses in human gingival epithelia, which may be a hitherto undescribed novel pathogenic mechanism of P. gingivalis in periodontal pathogenesis. PMID: 19675119 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Innate Immunity)
Source: Innate Immunity - August 11, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Lu Q, Darveau RP, Samaranayake LP, Wang CY, Jin L Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Altered innate immune response in farmers and smokers.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pig farmers and cigarette smokers are continuously exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) have an increased prevalence of respiratory disorders, such as chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary decease (COPD). We hypothesized that markers of innate immunity, T-helper (Th) cell cytokine profile and acute responses to pro-inflammatory stimuli differ between smokers and farmers, who are exposed to organic material on a daily basis and healthy non-exposed subjects. Eleven non-smoking pig farmers, 12 non-farming smokers and 12 controls underwent bronchial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and...
Source: Innate Immunity - August 11, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Sahlander K, Larsson K, Palmberg L Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Interleukin (IL)-10 attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-6 production via inhibition of I{kappa}B-{zeta} activity by Bcl-3.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The inhibitory effect of interleukin-10 (IL-10), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced IL-6 production was characterized by simultaneous stimulation of RAW 264.7 cells with LPS and IL-10. The presence of IL-10 significantly inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 production at a transcriptional level. The expression of IkappaB-zeta, which promotes IL-6 production, was induced in response to LPS and it was definitely suppressed in the presence of IL-10. Further, IL-10 inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation. A pharmacological inhibitor of NF-kappaB prevented LPS-induced IkappaB-zeta expression, sugges...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Dagvadorj J, Naiki Y, Tumurkhuu G, Noman AS, Iftekar-E-Khuda I, Koide N, Komatsu T, Yoshida T, Yokochi T Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

TLR4-mediated induction of TLR2 signaling is critical in the pathogenesis and resolution of otitis media.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Otitis media is the most prevalent childhood disease in developed countries. The involvement of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in otitis media pathophysiology has been implicated by studies in cell lines and association studies of TLR gene polymorphisms. However, precise functions of TLRs in the etiology of otitis media in vivo have not been examined. We investigated the inflammatory response to nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae using a model of otitis media in wild-type, TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice by gene microarray, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, Western blot analysis and histopathology. Toll-like receptor-2(-/-) and TLR...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Leichtle A, Hernandez M, Pak K, Yamasaki K, Cheng CF, Webster NJ, Ryan AF, Wasserman SI Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Detection and quantification of five major periodontal pathogens by single copy gene-based real-time PCR.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Periodontitis is a common chronic multibacterial infection in the tooth-supporting tissues. It has been shown that periodontitis patients carry higher number of disease-associated bacteria than healthy ones. The aim of this study was to generate a novel, single copy gene-based quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay for five major periodontal pathogens - Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia. The primer/probe sets were designed for conservative lipopolysaccharide-coding gene regions. They proved to be sensitive and able to d...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Hyvärinen K, Laitinen S, Paju S, Hakala A, Suominen-Taipale L, Skurnik M, Könönen E, Pussinen PJ Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

The potential role of T-cells and their interaction with antigen-presenting cells in mediating immunosuppression following trauma-hemorrhage.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: These results suggest that beside IFN-gamma other T-cell derived cytokines contribute to immunosuppression following trauma-hemorrhage causing diminished MHC II expression on APCs. Thus, T-cells appear to play an important role in this interaction at the time-point examined. Therapeutic approaches should aim at maintenance of T-cell function and their interaction with APCs to prevent extended immunosuppression following trauma-hemorrhage. PMID: 19586998 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Innate Immunity)
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Walz CR, Zedler S, Schneider CP, Albertsmeier M, Loehe F, Bruns CJ, Faist E, Chaudry IH, Angele MK Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Inhibitory role of cholinergic system mediated via {alpha}7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in LPS-induced neuro-inflammation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated the influence of the cholinergic system on neuro-inflammation using nicotinic and muscarinic receptor agonists and antagonists. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 microg) was used to induce neuro-inflammation in rats and estimations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) mRNA expression were done in striatum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus at 24 h after LPS injection. Nicotine (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) or oxotremorine (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered 2 h prior to sacrifice. We found that o...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Tyagi E, Agrawal R, Nath C, Shukla R Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Endotoxin-induced translocation of interleukin-6 from lungs to the systemic circulation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It is widely postulated that systemic inflammation related to lung infections is largely caused by cytokine translocation from the lungs into the systemic circulation but there is a paucity of animal models to evaluate this hypothesis. In this proof-of-concept study, we developed a murine model to determine whether interleukin (IL)-6, a primary inflammatory cytokine, translocates following airway exposure to endotoxin. We collected central venous blood from the right atrium and arterial blood from the aorta simultaneously at 4 h and 24 h following intratracheal exposure to endotoxin (25 microg) and measured IL-6 in the...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Tamagawa E, Suda K, Wei Y, Xing L, Mui T, Li Y, van Eeden SF, Paul Man SF, Sin DD Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Lipopolysaccharide induces alteration of serotonin transporter in human intestinal epithelial cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intestinal serotoninergic activity and serotonin transporter (SERT) function have been shown to be altered in intestinal inflammatory diseases. Serotonin (5-HT) plays a critical role in the regulation of gastrointestinal physiology. Activity of 5-HT depends on its extracellular availability, partly modulated by SERT that transports 5-HT into the cell. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of Gram-negative bacteria outer membrane, which acts as a potent activator of the inflammatory system in the intestine. The aim of this work was to determine, in the enterocyte-like cell line Caco-2, whether LPS treatment affects se...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Mendoza C, Matheus N, Iceta R, Mesonero JE, Alcalde AI Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

NOD1 gene polymorphisms in relation to aggressive periodontitis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conclusions: Although SNPs in the NOD1 gene have been strongly associated with cases of IBD, the current study failed to show an association of NOD1 SNPs with AgP. PMID: 19587002 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Innate Immunity)
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Loos BG, Fiebig A, Nothnagel M, Jepsen S, Groessner-Schreiber B, Franke A, Jervøe-Storm PM, Schenck K, van der Velden U, Schreiber S Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Replication or death: distinct fates of pathogenic Leptospira strain Lai within macrophages of human or mouse origin.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Pathogenic leptospires evoke severe diseases in humans but only cause mild chronic or asymptomatic infection in many host animals. The reasons for this diversity of infection remain unclear. Here, we demonstrated that Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai strain Lai had a similar ability to adhere to and enter primary and immortal (THP-1 and J774A.1) macrophages from human and mouse, but its intracellular fate in human macrophages differed markedly from that in mouse. The leptospires resided within membrane-bound vacuoles in the murine macrophages, but occurred free in the cytosol of human macrophages, with no surrounding...
Source: Innate Immunity - July 7, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Li S, Ojcius DM, Liao S, Li L, Xue F, Dong H, Yan J Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Modulation of Expression of Innate Immunity Markers CXCL5/ENA-78 and CCL20/MIP3{alpha} by Protease Activated Receptors (PARs) in Human Gingival Epithelial Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are G-protein-coupled receptors with an active role in host defense. The two most highly expressed members of the PAR family in gingival epithelial cells (GECs) are PAR1 and PAR2. The major virulence factors of periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis are its proteases which can activate PAR2. However, little is known about the function of PARs in GECs when they are activated by their endogenous agonist enzymes. The purpose of this study was to characterize how the expression of innate immune markers is modulated when PAR1 and PAR2 are activated by their agonist enzymes, thrombi...
Source: Innate Immunity - June 29, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Rohani MG, Beyer RP, Hacker BM, Dommisch H, Dale BA, Chung WO Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Structural prerequisites for endotoxic activity in the Limulus test as compared to cytokine production in mononuclear cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The structural prerequisites for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and its partial structures for the activation of the Limulus clotting cascade (Limulus amebocyte lysate [LAL] test) are described and compared with the corresponding requirements for the activation of human immune cells such as mononuclear cells. A necessary, but not sufficient, structural motif for this is the presence of the 4'-phosphate-diglucosamine backbone recognition structure ('epitope') in lipid A. High activity is only expressed by assemblies of endotoxins, but this is largely independent of the type of supramolecular aggregate structure. A particular ...
Source: Innate Immunity - June 29, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Gutsmann T, Howe J, Zähringer U, Garidel P, Schromm AB, Koch MH, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Moriyon I, Martínez-de-Tejada G, Brandenburg K Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Differential modulation of NF-{kappa}B-mediated pro-inflammatory response in human intestinal epithelial cells by cheY homologues of Vibrio cholerae.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vibrio cholerae, the etiological agent of cholera, colonizes the small intestine, produces an enterotoxin and causes acute inflammatory response at intestinal epithelial surface. Chemotaxis and motility greatly influence the infectivity of V. cholerae although the role of chemotaxis genes in V. cholerae pathogenesis is less well understood. Four cheY genes are present in three clusters in the complete genome sequence of V. cholerae. A less motile and less adherent mutant was generated by inactivation of cheY-3 (O395Y3N) or cheY-4 (O395Y4N) whereas alterations in motility or adherence were not observed for cheY-1 (O395Y...
Source: Innate Immunity - May 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Bandyopadhaya A, Chaudhuri K Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Rapid pulmonary fibrosis induced by acute lung injury via a lipopolysaccharide three-hit regimen.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Based on the common characteristic of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and highly pathogenic avian influenza and the mechanism of inflammation and fibrosis, it is speculated that there should exist a fundamental pathological rule that severe acute lung injury (ALI)-induced rapid pulmonary fibrosis is caused by various etiological factors, such as SARS coronavirus, H5N1-virus, or other unknown factors, and also by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the most common etiological factor. The investigation employed intratracheally, and intraperitoneally and intratracheally applied LPS three-hit regimen, compared with bleomyc...
Source: Innate Immunity - May 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Hui Li , Shaohui Du , Lina Yang , Yangyan Chen , Wei Huang , Rong Zhang , Yinghai Cui , Jun Yang , Dongfeng Chen , Yiwei Li , Saixia Zhang , Jianhong Zhou , Zhijun Wei , Zhibin Yao Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Activation of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 in Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we have shown that exposure of telomerase-immortalized human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) to A. fumigatus antigens resulted in up-regulation of TLR2 and TLR4, and release of IL-1beta and IL-10 in HCECs, effects that could be inhibited by treatment with TLR2, and TLR4 antibodies. In addition, the A. fumigatus antigens-induced production of IL-1beta and IL-10 in supernatants of corneal epithelial cells was also attenuated by NF-kappaB inhibitor. Aspergillus fumigatus keratitis developed in Wistar rats, as evidenced by high SLE scores, influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs), activation of TLR2 and TL...
Source: Innate Immunity - May 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Jie Zhao , Wu XY, Yu FS Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-{gamma} potentiates pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and adrenal and somatotropic changes of weaned pigs after Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide challenge.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this report, to test the hypothesis that activation of PPAR-g in immune system modulates inflammatory response, and adrenal and somatotropic responses associated with immune challenge, we administered intraperitoneally PPAR-g agonist and/or antagonist in weaned pigs subjected to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge. Unexpectedly, we found that a single injection of the PPAR-g agonist rosiglitazone (given at 3 mg/kg body weight 30 min before LPS injection) failed to block pro-inflammatory cytokine production induced by LPS injection. Rather, plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a) and interleukin-...
Source: Innate Immunity - May 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Yulan Liu , Junxia Shi , Jing Lu , Guoquan Meng , Huiling Zhu , Yongqing Hou , Yulong Yin , Shengjun Zhao , Binying Ding Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Review: Immunity mechanisms in crustaceans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Crustacean aquaculture represents a major industry in tropical developing countries. As a result of high culture densities and increasing extension of aquaculture farms, the presence of diseases has also increased, inducing economic losses. Invertebrates, which lack adaptive immune systems, have developed defense systems that respond against antigens on the surface of potential pathogens. The defense mechanisms of crustaceans depend completely on the innate immune system that is activated when pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized by soluble or by cell surface host proteins, such as lectins, antimicrobi...
Source: Innate Immunity - May 31, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Vazquez L, Alpuche J, Maldonado G, Agundis C, Pereyra-Morales A, Zenteno E Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Invited review: Breaking barriers -- attack on innate immune defences by omptin surface proteases of enterobacterial pathogens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The omptin family of Gram-negative bacterial transmembrane aspartic proteases comprises surface proteins with a highly conserved beta-barrel fold but differing biological functions. The omptins OmpT of Escherichia coli, PgtE of Salmonella enterica, and Pla of Yersinia pestis differ in their substrate specificity as well as in control of their expression. Their functional differences are in accordance with the differing pathogenesis of the infections caused by E. coli, Salmonella, and Y. pestis, which suggests that the omptins have adapted to the life-styles of their host species. The omptins Pla and PgtE attack on inna...
Source: Innate Immunity - April 1, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Haiko J, Suomalainen M, Ojala T, Lähteenmäki K, Korhonen TK Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Profile of the bovine acute-phase response following an intravenous bolus-dose lipopolysaccharide challenge.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Our objective was to characterize further the acute-phase response following endotoxin (i.e. lipopolysaccharide; LPS) exposure in the bovine. Nine pure-bred Angus castrated males (i.e. steers; average body weight = 299 +/- 5 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design in environmentally controlled chambers, set at thermoneutral level, to characterize the acute physiological, endocrine, immune, and acute-phase protein responses following an i.v. bolus administration of 2.5 mug of LPS/kg body weight. One day before administration of LPS, all steers were fitted with an indwelling jugular vein catheter for serial b...
Source: Innate Immunity - April 1, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Carroll JA, Reuter RR, Chase CC, Coleman SW, Riley DG, Spiers DE, Arthington JD, Galyean ML Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Cetuximab-mediated cellular cytotoxicity is inhibited by HLA-E membrane expression in colon cancer cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cetuximab, an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, has been shown to increase the median survival of colorectal cancer patients. We previously reported that the expression of HLA-E is significantly increased in primary human colorectal cancer, perhaps contributing to tumour escape from immune surveillance. To establish if HLA-E could be a factor that renders colorectal cancer cells less susceptible to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in the present study we analysed Cetuximab-mediated cytotoxicity against several colorectal cancer cell lines expressing, or not, HLA-E at the cell su...
Source: Innate Immunity - April 1, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Levy EM, Sycz G, Arriaga JM, Barrio MM, von Euw EM, Morales SB, González M, Mordoh J, Bianchini M Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals

Intra-amniotic LPS modulation of TLR signaling in lung and blood monocytes of fetal sheep.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Epidemiological studies suggest that intra-uterine exposure to inflammation may prime postnatal immune responses. In fetal sheep, intra-amniotic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced chorioamnionitis, lung inflammation and maturation, matured lung monocytes to macrophages and initiated systemic tolerance of fetal monocytes to subsequent challenge with LPS. We hypothesized that LPS-mediated chorioamnionitis altered the response of lung and blood monocytes to Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands such as PamCysK4 (TLR2), flagellin (TLR5), and human CpG-DNA (TLR9). Time-mated ewes were given intra-amniotic injections o...
Source: Innate Immunity - April 1, 2009 Category: Allergy & Immunology Authors: Kramer BW, Kallapur SG, Moss TJ, Nitsos I, Newnham JP, Jobe AH Tags: Innate Immun Source Type: journals