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International Journal of Antimicrobial AgentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - November 3, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: journals

Antimicrobial resistance in Clostridium difficileEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea and the number of outbreaks has risen markedly since 2003. The emergence and spread of resistance in C. difficile is complicating treatment and prevention. Most isolates are still susceptible to vancomycin and metronidazole (MTZ), however transient and heteroresistance to MTZ have been reported. The prevalence of resistance to other antimicrobial agents is highly variable in different populations and in different countries, ranging from 0% to 100%. Isolates of common polymerase chain reaction (PCR) ribotypes are more resistant than uncommon...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 15, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Haihui Huang, Andrej Weintraub, Hong Fang, Carl Erik Nord Tags: Reviews Source Type: journals

Clinical significance of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of fosfomycin for the treatment of patients with systemic infectionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of fosfomycin do not preclude its use for various types of systemic infections and suggest further research on relevant clinical applications of this agent. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 15, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Nikos Roussos, Drosos E. Karageorgopoulos, George Samonis, Matthew E. Falagas Tags: Reviews Source Type: journals

Time–kill kinetics of oritavancin and comparator agents against Streptococcus pyogenesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: The activity of oritavancin in vitro against recent clinical isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes, including antibiotic-resistant strains, was characterised by determination of broth microdilution minimal inhibitory concentrations as well as time–kill assays. Ten clinical isolates of S. pyogenes, three of which were resistant to erythromycin, as well as one reference S. pyogenes strain were tested. In the time–kill assays, oritavancin and the comparators vancomycin, teicoplanin, linezolid, penicillin, erythromycin and daptomycin were tested at static concentrations approximating their free peak (fCmax) and free...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 9, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Francis F. Arhin, Geoffrey A. McKay, Sylvain Beaulieu, Ingrid Sarmiento, Thomas R. Parr, Gregory Moeck Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Antibacterial agents in patients with swine fluEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Your editorial has prompted me to write about our experience with a local epidemic of swine flu in June and July 2009 in the hope that it will assist colleagues in deciding when to use antibacterials in patients with this infection. At the start of the epidemic we established criteria for hospital admission which were based on earlier experience of the epidemic from the USA and Australia. Patients were admitted if they fulfilled World Health Organisation criteria for swine flu and, additionally, were either hypoxic (on pulse oximetry) or hypotensive. Patients meeting influenza diagnostic criteria who had significant asthma...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 5, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Christopher Ellis Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Propranolol inhibits Candida albicans adherence and biofilm formation on biotic and abiotic surfacesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Candida albicans is associated with nosocomial infections partly due to its ability to adhere to a variety of biomaterials such as catheters and form biofilms. Biofilms have clinical repercussions, mainly due to their notorious resistance to antimicrobial agents and host immune defences . A mature C. albicans biofilm is formed of a biphasic structure composed of a thin layer of yeast cells covered by hyphal elements embedded in a layer of extracellular material . Hyphal formation is essential to the structural integrity of C. albicans biofilms . Events that inhibit C. albicans filamentation probably impair biofilm formatio...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - October 5, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Lorena da Silveira Derengowski, Alex Leite Pereira, Alan Carvalho Andrade, Cynthia Maria Kyaw, Ildinete Silva-Pereira Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Apoptosis-like death in Leishmania donovani promastigotes induced by diospyrin and its ethanolamine derivativeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Previous studies have demonstrated that diospyrin (1), a quinonoid plant product, can inhibit the growth of Leishmania donovani parasites. Here, several derivatives of 1 were evaluated by the MTT assay and it was observed that the ethanolamine analogue (10) exhibited maximum cytotoxicity [50% inhibitory concentration (IC50)=2.9μM] against L. donovani promastigotes. Subsequently, the mode of cell death in promastigotes was investigated through externalisation of membrane-associated phosphatidylserine, mitochondrial membrane depolarisation, DNA laddering and in situ labelling of DNA fragmentation by terminal deoxy...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 28, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Piyali Mukherjee, Sutapa Biswas Majee, Subhalakshmi Ghosh, Banasri Hazra Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Correlation between free and total vancomycin serum concentrations in patients treated for Gram-positive infectionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Routine therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) reports only total vancomycin (VAN) concentrations, although protein binding varies and it is generally accepted that only free VAN is active. The aims of this study were to examine the correlation between free and total VAN concentrations in order to estimate whether free VAN levels can be predicted based on its total concentration. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was set up and validated (against routine laboratory immunoassays) for measurement of free [ultrafiltration (Centrifree®); cut-off 30kDa] and total [solid-phase extraction (Oasis® MCX c...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 28, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Karine Berthoin, Els Ampe, Paul M. Tulkens, Stephane Carryn Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Nanosized silver–anionic clay matrix as nanostructured ensembles with antimicrobial activityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Nanostructured ensembles of silver nanoparticles/zinc-substituted anionic clay matrix (Ag/ZnLDH) were obtained by a simple synthetic route in which reconstruction of the layered clay, synthesis of the silver nanoparticles and their organisation on the clay surface took place in a single step at room temperature. The morphology, composition and phase structure of the prepared powders were characterised by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and N2 adsorption. Results showed that the silver–anionic clay nanoarchitecture consists of nanoparti...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 28, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Gabriela Carja, Yoshikazu Kameshima, Akira Nakajima, Cristian Dranca, Kiyoshi Okada Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

ObituaryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Professor Emeritus Masaaki Ohkoshi, one of the most distinguished international authorities on urinary tract infection (UTI) research died on 31st July 2009 after a long illness. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 28, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Tetsuro Matsumoto, Joishi Kumazawa, Kurt G. Naber Tags: Obituary Source Type: journals

Effect of dosing interval on the efficacy of topical ophthalmic gatifloxacin against Enterococcus faecalis in an in vitro pharmacokinetic model simulating the local eye compartmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the relationship between dosing interval and antibacterial efficacy in an in vitro PK model mimicking post-operative endophthalmitis. The in vitro PK model simulated the aqueous humour concentration following topical application of 0.3% gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution to rabbit eyes. A clinical isolate of Enterococcus faecalis was exposed to gatifloxacin three times repeatedly at various intervals from 0h to 8h. The area between the control growth curve and the bacterial killing and re-growth curve for 24h (ABBC) was used to evaluate efficacy. The ABBC showed bell-shaped dependence on the do...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 27, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Seiko Kozai, Tomoyuki Wada, Tetsuo Kida, Tetsuya Tajika, Hideyuki Sakaki, Akira Ohtori Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Corrigendum to “Nationwide surveillance in Taiwan of the in-vitro activity of tigecycline against clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci” [Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 32 (2008) S184–S187]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors regret that was missing from the publication of the above paper in the Supplement to International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 32, S3 (2008). is included below. The author(s) would like to apologise for any inconvenience this may have caused to the authors of this article/(and) readers of the journal. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 24, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Shih-Ming Tsao, Hsiu-Chen Lin, Chun-Ming Lee, Gwo-Jong Hsu, Chih-Ming Chen, Wu Sun, Yung-Ching Liu, Tsrang-Neng Jang, Yu-Jen Cheng, Po-Liang Lu, Ping-Chreng Chiang, Lih-Shinn Wang, Hsiang-Chi Kung, Yin-Ching Chuang, Zhi-Yuan Shi, Jien-Wei Liu, Cheng-Hua H Tags: Corrigendum Source Type: journals

Isolation, identification and susceptibility of Pyrenochaeta romeroi in a case of eumycetoma of the foot in the UKEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Mycetoma, caused by fungi or filamentous bacteria, is a local, granulomatous, slowly progressive inflammatory disease with tumefaction and sinuses draining grain-filled pus primarily affecting the foot. The majority of the disease occurs between the latitudes of 15° south and 30° north . In Europe, only a few cases, presumably imported, have been reported . If untreated, this disease may lead to severe local tissue destruction with bone involvement, requiring surgical amputation . (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 24, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Daša Cerar, Yassen M. Malallah, Susan J. Howard, Paul Bowyer, David W. Denning Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

TitleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 14, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: journals

Candida albicans isolates from APECED patients show decreased susceptibility to miconazoleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Despite the extensive use of miconazole and ketoconazole, resistance to these drugs has remained low. However, where long systemic prophylactic and treatment courses have been used, acquisition of microbiological and clinical resistance predominantly for ketoconazole has been a clinical issue. Some studies have suggested that certain subpopulations of Candida albicans display resistance to miconazole, although the antifungal usage or clinical response were not analysed . Cut-offs for susceptibility to these drugs have been proposed . However, no Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) or European Committee on An...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 14, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Emilia Siikala, Malcolm Richardson, Michael A. Pfaller, Daniel J. Diekema, Shawn A. Messer, Jaakko Perheentupa, Harri Saxén, Riina Rautemaa Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Correlation between meropenem and doripenem use density and the incidence of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the correlation between antimicrobial use density (AUD) of carbapenems and imipenem/cilastatin (IPM/CS) or meropenem (MEPM) susceptibility of P. aeruginosa strains. The AUD of five carbapenems [IPM/CS, panipenem/betamipron, biapenem, MEPM and doripenem (DRPM)] was examined every 6 months between 2006 and 2008. The AUD was calculated using the defined daily doses methodology developed by the World Health Organisation. A minimum inhibitory concentration of IPM/CS or MEPM of ≤4mg/L was considered to be sensitive. There was a significant negative correlation between MEPM susceptibility and the ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 14, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Akari Shigemi, Kazuaki Matsumoto, Keiko Yaji, Yoshihiro Shimodozono, Yasuo Takeda, Hiroaki Miyanohara, Hideki Kawamura, Michiyo Orita, Koichi Tokuda, Junichiro Nishi, Katsushi Yamada Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide from 2005–2007: results from the SMART studyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: SMART (Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends) is an ongoing multiyear surveillance study to monitor worldwide antimicrobial resistance trends among aerobic and facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) isolated from intra-abdominal infections. During 2005–2007, a total of 255 laboratories from 37 countries in five global regions collected intra-abdominal GNB for antimicrobial susceptibility testing using broth microdilution according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. A total of 19703 GNB were isolated from intra-abdominal infections, comprising 5476, 6633 and 7594...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 14, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Stephen P. Hawser, Samuel K. Bouchillon, Daryl J. Hoban, Robert E. Badal Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Prevalence and types of extended-spectrum β-lactamases among urinary Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in New ZealandEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: The aims of this survey were (i) to determine the prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) among urinary Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in New Zealand (NZ), (ii) to identify the relative prevalence of ESBL types and (iii) to investigate clonality among ESBL-producing E. coli and Klebsiella spp. During a 4-week period in 2006, 86% of NZ hospital and community diagnostic microbiology laboratories participated in the survey and referred isolates to the national reference laboratory. A total of 86 ESBL-producing isolates were identified, comprising 55 E. coli and 31 Klebsiella spp. (all Klebsiella ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 14, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Helen M. Heffernan, Rosemary E. Woodhouse, Christopher E. Pope, Timothy K. Blackmore Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates in Japan to doripenem and other antipseudomonal agentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, doripenem had the most potent in vitro activity against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates among the tested antibiotics. Considering the trend of antimicrobial resistance of the clinical isolates in well-focused surveillance, pseudomonal infections should be treated with appropriate chemotherapy using antimicrobial agents with potent antipseudomonal activity and low resistance rates, such as doripenem, in order to prevent the outbreak of resistant strains. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 14, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Takaji Fujimura, Naomi Anan, Giichi Sugimori, Taeko Watanabe, Yutaka Jinushi, Isamu Yoshida, Yoshinori Yamano Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Bacteraemia with extended-spectrum β-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in Hong KongEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The increasing prevalence of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in enterobacteria has become a clinical concern in Hong Kong . In The Prince of Wales Hospital, a 1350-bed tertiary-care teaching hospital in Hong Kong, ESBL production was detected in 20% of Escherichia coli and 15% of Klebsiella spp. in 2008. To assist decision-making on infection control as well as prudent antimicrobial usage policies for ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of ESBL-producing E. coli on the clinical and economic outcomes of patients with bacteraemia. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 10, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Joyce H.S. You, Shirley S.M. Mok, Candis C.M. Chang, Nelson Lee, Margaret Ip Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

A new insertion sequence element containing a cfiA gene in the first imipenem-resistant Bacteroides fragilis strain isolated in ItalyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bacteroides fragilis is one of the most important anaerobic pathogens, often isolated from intra-abdominal and deep tissue infections. Among the human pathogenic anaerobes, B. fragilis is the most resistant to antimicrobials . (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 10, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Giuliana Lo Cascio, Laura Macaccaro, Anna Rita Centonze, Jozef Sóki, Roberta Fontana, Annarita Mazzariol Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Nephrotoxicity of continuous versus intermittent infusion of vancomycin in outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Intravenous (i.v.) vancomycin is increasingly used as outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT). Despite the potential advantages of administration by continuous infusion (CI) compared with intermittent infusion (II), the relative nephrotoxicity of these two modes of delivery has not been well established. We compared the rate of nephrotoxicity of vancomycin given by CI and II. A retrospective cohort study of OPAT patients receiving i.v. vancomycin between January 2004 to June 2008 was performed. All patients had a normal baseline serum creatinine concentration. Propensity scoring analysis was used to ad...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 10, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Paul R. Ingram, David C. Lye, Dale A. Fisher, Wei-Ping Goh, Vincent H. Tam Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Comparative activity of oritavancin against meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream isolates from Geneva University HospitalEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we assessed by broth microdilution the in vitro activity of oritavancin, a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide currently under development, against selected meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream isolates (n=56) from Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland, displaying a wide range of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) (0.25–4μg/mL). The MRSA resistance phenotype was confirmed by broth microdilution (oxacillin MIC ≥4μg/mL) for all isolates; 89% and 100% of the tested isolates were also resistant to erythromycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. For 53 MRSA isolates for ...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 10, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Pierre Vaudaux, Elzbieta Huggler, Francis F. Arhin, Gregory Moeck, Adriana Renzoni, Daniel P. Lew Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Impact of early appropriate antimicrobial therapy on survival in Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infectionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: The impact of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy for Acinetobacter baumannii bacteraemia on patient outcomes has not been clearly established. We assessed predictors of 30-day mortality and the effect of inappropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment on mortality among patients with A. baumannii bacteraemia between July 2005 and June 2008. Initial empirical antimicrobial therapy was considered to be appropriate if the initial antibiotics that were administered within 48h after the acquisition of a blood culture sample included at least one antibiotic that was active in vitro and when the dosage and rout...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 9, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Ayşe Erbay, Aysun İdil, M. Gökhan Gözel, İpek Mumcuoğlu, Neriman Balaban Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

The role of efflux pumps in macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study demonstrates that efflux pumps play an important role in MAC resistance to antibiotics. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 9, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Liliana Rodrigues, Daniela Sampaio, Isabel Couto, Diana Machado, Winfried V. Kern, Leonard Amaral, Miguel Viveiros Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Prevalence and spread of integron–IS26 in imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii clinical isolates in South KoreaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The increasing incidence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii is causing a serious clinical problem in recent years . An outbreak of imipenem-resistant A. baumannii (IRAB) occurred at Chosun University Hospital (CSUH), Gwangju, South Korea, in 2004. An unusual class 1 integron, the so-called ‘integron–IS26’, was found in the major IRAB clone in the outbreak. The integron–IS26 contained two gene cassettes, (i) the aac(6′)-Im cassette and (ii) a peculiar aadA1 cassette that was disrupted by the insertion of IS26 into the middle of aadA1 . (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 7, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Ok Yeon Jeoung, Sook-Jin Jang, Xue Min Li, Geon Park, Dong Eun Yong, Jung Oak Kang, Sun Hoe Koo, Won Yong Kim, Eui Chong Kim, Yeon Joon Park, Won Keun Song, Jong Hee Shin, Ji Young Ahn, Young Uh, Kyung Won Lee, Sung Hee Lee, Wee Gyo Lee, Hye Soo Lee, Tae Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

An AcrAB-mediated multidrug-resistant phenotype is maintained following restoration of wild-type activities by efflux pump genes and their regulatorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we aimed to answer the following question: ‘How does a bacterium become so resistant to a given antibiotic even though the levels of antibiotic to which it has become resistant remained constant in the patient?’ Escherichia coli AG100 strain induced to high-level resistance due to overexpression of an AcrAB efflux pump was serially cultured in 10mg/L tetracycline for 60 passages. Between each passage it became increasingly resistant to tetracycline, β-lactams and quinolones with concomitant restoration of wild-type AcrAB activity. Because the multidrug-resistant phenotype could not be reversed with tran...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 7, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: A. Martins, C. Iversen, L. Rodrigues, G. Spengler, J. Ramos, W.V. Kern, I. Couto, M. Viveiros, S. Fanning, J.M. Pages, L. Amaral Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Intracellular concentrations of enrofloxacin in quinolone-resistant Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar CholeraesuisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the intracellular concentration of enrofloxacin in S. Choleraesuis to determine the existence of a relationship with the emergence of quinolone resistance. The intracellular concentration of enrofloxacin was significantly lower in nalidixic acid-resistant isolates compared with nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates. In the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, the intracellular concentration of enrofloxacin increased in all isolates, with no significant difference in the intracellular concentration between nalidixic acid-susceptible and -resistant isolates. The frequency of emergence of fluoroquin...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 7, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Masaru Usui, Mariko Uchiyama, Mari Iwanaka, Hidetaka Nagai, Yoshimi Yamamoto, Tetsuo Asai Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Differences in phenotypic and genotypic characteristics among imipenem-non-susceptible Acinetobacter isolates belonging to different genomic species in TaiwanEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, different isolates of imipenem-non-susceptible A. baumannii and non-baumannii Acinetobacter contained different carbapenemases and had different antimicrobial susceptibilities. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 4, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Yi-Tzu Lee, Li-Yueh Huang, Dung-Hung Chiang, Chien-Pei Chen, Te-Li Chen, Fu-Der Wang, Chang-Phone Fung, Leung-Kei Siu, Wen-Long Cho Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Efficacy of a new formulation of amphotericin B in murine disseminated infections by Candida glabrata or Candida tropicalisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we tested the efficacy of this new formulation for treating murine disseminated infections by Candida glabrata or Candida tropicalis. M-AMB showed a similar efficacy to that of amphotericin B deoxycholate and liposomal amphotericin B in the treatment of both disseminated murine infections. Its low toxicity and inexpensive production costs make this formulation potentially attractive for the treatment of fungal infections. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 4, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Marçal Mariné, Raquel Espada, Juan Torrado, F. Javier Pastor, Josep Guarro Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of colistin-induced nephrotoxicityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, colistin-induced nephrotoxicity occurred at a high rate, and hypoalbuminaemia and concomitant use of NSAIDs were significant risk factors. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 1, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Jieun Kim, Kyoung-Ho Lee, Sunmi Yoo, Hyunjoo Pai Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam administered by prolonged infusion in hospitalised patientsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of piperacillin/tazobactam, administered by prolonged infusion, in hospitalised patients requiring antimicrobial therapy. Thirteen patients received 4.5g every 8h (q8h), infused over 4h, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by non-compartmental methods. Monte Carlo simulations (10 000 patients) were performed to calculate the cumulative fraction of response (CFR) for seven Gram-negative pathogens using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) data from the Meropenem Yearly Susceptibility Test Information Collection (2...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - September 1, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katherine M. Shea, S. Christian Cheatham, Matthew F. Wack, David W. Smith, Kevin M. Sowinski, Michael B. Kays Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
With the advent of recently recognised infections, newly identified micro-organisms and novel antimicrobial agents, infectious diseases have become an increasingly complicated speciality. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 31, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: A.M. Geddes Tags: Book review Source Type: journals

Effectiveness of teicoplanin versus vancomycin lock therapy in the treatment of port-related coagulase-negative staphylococci bacteraemia: a prospective case-series analysisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: The aim of this study was to analyse the effectiveness of teicoplanin versus vancomycin lock therapy in the treatment of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) venous access port-related bloodstream infection (BSI). The study included 44 consecutive patients during a 36-month prospective case-series study. The primary endpoint was failure to cure. Treatment was successful in 39 patients. At the end of the study, the cumulative port survival rate was 100% in the teicoplanin lock group compared with 77% in the vancomycin lock group (P=0.06). In the Cox regression analysis, fever beyond 48h of treatment was a signi...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 26, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: J.L. Del Pozo, M. García Cenoz, S. Hernáez, A. Martínez, A. Serrera, A. Aguinaga, M. Alonso, J. Leiva Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Efficacy of the quinolones trovafloxacin and grepafloxacin for therapy of experimental tularaemia and plagueEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Francisella tularensis and Yersinia pestis are Gram-negative organisms that cause the diseases tularaemia and plague, respectively. Tularaemia is endemic in North America and some parts of Northern Europe, where F. tularensis is usually transmitted to humans by the bite of a tick vector or through handling or eating infected animal carcasses. Francisella tularensis biovar tularensis, also known as type A, can cause up to 30% mortality in untreated patients and, until recently, was confined to North America. Francisella tularensis biovar paleartica, known as type B, usually causes a non-fatal but severely debilitating disea...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 24, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Dermot J. Kenny, Armine M. Sefton, Jackie Steward, Timothy J.G. Brooks, Andrew J.H. Simpson, Helen S. Atkins Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Efficacy of caspofungin and itraconazole as secondary antifungal prophylaxis: analysis of data from a multinational case registryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Patients surviving invasive fungal disease (IFD) and needing further antineoplastic chemotherapy are at high risk of recurrent fungal infection. In the absence of randomised controlled trials in this area, secondary prophylactic regimens are diverse. From 448 patients registered with the Multinational Case Registry of Secondary Antifungal Prophylaxis, we performed an analysis of patients receiving caspofungin (CAS) or itraconazole (ITC). All patients had an underlying haematological malignancy and had been diagnosed with an episode of IFD earlier in their course of treatment. Data collected comprised demographics...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 24, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Jörg J. Vehreschild, Michal Sieniawski, Stefan Reuter, Dorothee Arenz, Dietmar Reichert, Johan Maertens, Angelika Böhme, Gerda Silling, Rodrigo Martino, Georg Maschmeyer, Maria J.G.T. Rüping, Andrew J. Ullmann, Oliver A. Cornely Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Moxifloxacin is non-inferior to combination therapy with ceftriaxone plus metronidazole in patients with community-origin complicated intra-abdominal infectionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: Management of community-origin complicated intra-abdominal infections (cIAIs) requires surgical intervention and antimicrobial therapy. This multinational, randomised, double-blind clinical trial carried out in Asia compared the efficacy and safety of moxifloxacin monotherapy and ceftriaxone/metronidazole combination therapy in adults with confirmed or suspected cIAI. Patients received surgical intervention and either intravenous (i.v.) moxifloxacin 400mg once daily or i.v. ceftriaxone 2g once daily plus i.v. metronidazole 500mg twice daily. A total of 364 patients were randomised [intent-to-treat (ITT), moxiflox...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 18, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Joseph Solomkin, Yu-Pei Zhao, En-Ling Ma, Min-Jun Chen, Barbara Hampel, Members of the DRAGON Study Team Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Frequency and characterisation of spontaneous lipiarmycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis mutants selected in vitroEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Enterococci are the third to fourth most prevalent nosocomial pathogen worldwide. An increasing number of isolates have acquired resistance to penicillin/ampicillin, aminoglycosides (high-level) and/or vancomycin. For such isolates, the therapeutic spectrum is limited to molecules introduced recently into clinical practice, e.g. quinupristin/dalfopristin, linezolid, tigecycline and daptomycin. However, resistance to these drugs has already been reported and biopharmaceutical companies have developed the next generation of antibiotics, e.g. lipiarmycin. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 17, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Maxime Gualtieri, Audrey Tupin, Konstantin Brodolin, Jean-Paul Leonetti Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Efficacy of moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin as prophylaxis against experimental murine Brucella melitensis infectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: The prophylactic potential of moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin was assessed in comparison with doxycycline, an established therapeutic antibiotic, to limit or control infection by Brucella melitensis in an experimental mouse model, determined by reduced bacterial burden in the spleen. Although moxifloxacin was found to have a small protective effect when administered 6h following infection, neither moxifloxacin nor gatifloxacin showed significant efficacy in vivo. In comparison, doxycycline provided significant protection when prophylaxis was started at 6h, 7 days or 14 days following infection. Overall, these resul...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 16, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Helen S. Atkins, Stephen Spencer, Simon D. Brew, Thomas R. Laws, Rachel E. Thirlwall, Alastair P. MacMillan, Timothy J.G. Brooks, Andrew J.H. Simpson Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

In vitro analysis of the occurrence of a paradoxical effect with different echinocandins and Candida albicans biofilmsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The echinocandins have excellent in vitro activity against Candida albicans biofilms . The in vitro activities of caspofungin (CAS), micafungin (MFG) and anidulafungin (AFG) against Candida biofilms have been compared with other antifungal agents including the azoles and polyenes . Although each echinocandin exhibits certain unique pharmacological characteristics, all three echinocandins are believed to be clinically equivalent for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. We sought to compare directly the in vitro antifungal effects of AFG, CAS and MFG against mature C. albicans biofilms. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 11, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Marisa H. Miceli, Stella M. Bernardo, Samuel A. Lee Tags: Letters to the Editor Source Type: journals

Efficacy of linezolid against Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a mouse model of haematogenous pulmonary infectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, a mouse model of haematogenous pulmonary infection was used to compare the efficacies of LZD and vancomycin (VAN) against pulmonary infection caused by PVL-positive S. aureus. Following antibiotic administration for 3 days, the number of viable bacteria (mean±standard error of the mean) in the control, VAN and LZD groups was 6.77±0.14, 5.29±0.27 and 4.25±0.33log colony-forming units/lung, respectively. LZD significantly decreased the number of viable bacteria in the lungs compared with the control and VAN groups (P (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 9, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Katsunori Yanagihara, Rie Kihara, Nobuko Araki, Yoshitomo Morinaga, Masafumi Seki, Koichi Izumikawa, Hiroshi Kakeya, Yoshihiro Yamamoto, Yasuaki Yamada, Shigeru Kohno, Kazuhiro Tsukamoto, Shimeru Kamihira Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Detection of lfrA and tap efflux pump genes among clinical isolates of non-pigmented rapidly growing mycobacteriaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was performed to detect LfrA and Tap efflux pumps among clinical isolates of non-pigmented rapidly growing mycobacteria (NPRGM). Gene detection was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers designed for each gene. Susceptibility of the strains to doxycycline, tigecycline and ciprofloxacin was analysed using the broth microdilution reference technique. In total, 166 clinical isolates were included in the study. The lfrA gene was detected in four strains (2.4%), comprising two strains of Mycobacterium chelonae (6.7% of this species), one Mycobacterium fortuitum (1.1%) and one Mycobacter...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 9, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: J. Esteban, N.Z. Martín-de-Hijas, A. Ortiz, T.J. Kinnari, A. Bodas Sánchez, I. Gadea, R. Fernández-Roblas Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Minocycline—an old drug for a new century: emphasis on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Acinetobacter baumanniiEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, minocycline is an old drug that has the potential to become an important part of the armamentarium against emerging infections such as CA-MRSA and A. baumannii. Owing to its promising profile against these clinically important pathogens as well as excellent pharmacokinetic properties, minocycline merits evaluation in serious infections. (Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 9, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Eliahu Bishburg, Kathryn Bishburg Tags: Discussion Source Type: journals

International Journal of Antimicrobial AgentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 7, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: journals

Influence of selected antimicrobials on the viability, endotoxicity and lipopolysaccharide composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vitroEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: This research focused on the influence of selected antimicrobial agents (AMAs) on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common causative agent of nosocomial infections. As LPS has been shown to play a role in attachment and virulence, the research is primarily aimed at shedding light on the response of these organisms to cleaning regimens in healthcare settings using various disinfectants. The endotoxicity and viability of the organisms following disinfection were further investigated via propagation in sublethal concentrations of the selected AMAs. The AMAs included a CIP chlorina...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 4, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: M. Abraham, P. Venter, J.F.R. Lues, I. Ivanov, O. de Smidt Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Detection of point mutations associated with antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study describes the development of a technique for detecting point muations in the fluoroquinolone resistance-determining region of the gyrA and parC genes as well as the efflux regulatory genes mexR, mexZ and mexOZ that are associated with fluoroquinolone and aminoglycoside resistance. The assay is based on a short DNA sequencing method using multiplex-fast polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Pyrosequencing™ for amplification and sequencing of the selected genes. Fifty-nine clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were examined for mutations in the abovementioned genes. Mutations related to antibiotic resistance were det...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 4, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Neda Gorgani, Scott Ahlbrand, Andrew Patterson, Nader Pourmand Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Fitness cost of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuniEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, C. jejuni macrolide-resistant mutants and the susceptible parent were compared by non-competitive growth, pair-wise competitive growth, and the ability to tolerate a chilling process commonly used in poultry processing plants. Overall, mutants demonstrated slower growth rates (average doubling time of 136min vs. 112min for the parent strain) and a lower survival ratio in the competitive growth experiment. However, mutants were equally competent in tolerating the chilling treatment. Our findings indicate that macrolide resistance incurs an obvious fitness cost in C. jejuni. However, the ability of macrolide-r...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 2, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Feifei Han, Shuaihua Pu, Fei Wang, Jianghong Meng, Beilei Ge Tags: Short communications Source Type: journals

Molecular analysis and susceptibility patterns of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains circulating in the community in the Ligurian area, a northern region of Italy: emergence of USA300 and EMRSA-15 clonesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: For many years meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been considered a typical nosocomial pathogen. Recently, MRSA has emerged as a frequent cause of infections in the community. A multicentre surveillance study was carried out in the Ligurian area of Italy to evaluate the incidence, molecular nature and susceptibility patterns of MRSA strains circulating among outpatients. The genetic background of MRSA strains was analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Determination of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, staphylococcal cassette chromosome me...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - August 2, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Anna Marchese, Laura Gualco, Elisabetta Maioli, Eugenio Debbia Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

Carbapenems and subsequent multiresistant bloodstream infection: does treatment duration matter?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract: It has been proposed that initial empirical broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy will result in better clinical outcomes and that shorter courses will reduce the ‘collateral damage’ of promoting antibiotic resistance. There are few data from Intensive Care Units (ICUs) that support this latter conclusion. A prospective observational study was undertaken at the National University Hospital, Singapore, to examine the relationship between duration of carbapenem therapy and subsequent nosocomial multidrug-resistant (MDR) bloodstream infection (BSI). Over a 2-year period, 415 ICU patients receiving empirical carbapen...
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 23, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Authors: Annabelle D. Donaldson, Lubna Razak, Li Jia Liang, Dale A. Fisher, Paul A. Tambyah Tags: Full length articles Source Type: journals

TitleEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents)
Source: International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents - July 23, 2009 Category: Drugs & Pharmacology Source Type: journals