International Journal of Toxicology 
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This is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader or to display this data on your own website or blog.Mycophenolic Acid-Induced Developmental Defects in Zebrafish Embryos
With the increasing use of mycophenolic acid (MPA) in solid organ transplantation, some clinical studies indicate that it is also a human teratogen. However, it is unknown by which mechanism MPA acts as a teratogen. Mycophenolic acid was a selective blocker of de novo purine synthesis, and its immunosuppressive effect is mediated by the inhibition of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase, which could be a target for MPA-induced toxicity as well. The aim of our study was to examine the direct influence of MPA exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Morphological defects including tail curvature and severe pericardial ede...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Jiang, L.-L., Liu, M.-H., Li, J.-Y., He, Z.-H., Li, H., Shen, N., Wei, P., He, M.-F. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Oral Toxicity of 2,4-Dinitroanisole in Rats
Subacute and subchronic studies were conducted to assess the toxicity of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) and to provide information important for protecting the health of military and civilian personnel. In the subchronic study, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were dosed with DNAN via oral gavage at 0, 1.25, 5, 20, and 80 mg/kg/d. Likely owing to its conversion to 2,4-dinitrophenol, an inhibitor of energy homeostasis, DNAN caused an apparent increase in metabolism, leading to reduced feed efficiency ratios and body mass gains in males. Anemia, splenic enlargement, hemosiderosis, and extramedullary hematopoiesis indicated blo...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Lent, E. M., Crouse, L. C. B., Wallace, S. M. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
A 28-Day Repeated Dose Toxicological Study of an Aqueous Extract of Morus Alba L.
Morus alba L. (white mulberry) leaves are one of the oldest recognized traditional Chinese medicines. More recently, M alba leaves and their constituents, particularly iminosugars (or azasugars), have garnered attention for their ability to maintain normal blood glucose concentrations, an effect identified in both animal studies and human clinical trials. Reducose (Phynova Group Limited) is a commercial water-soluble extract of M alba leaves standardized to 5% 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), an iminosugar with α-glucosidase inhibition properties. Although there is an extensive history of consumption of M alba leaves by hum...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Marx, T. K., Glavits, R., Endres, J. R., Palmer, P. A., Clewell, A. E., Murbach, T. S., Hirka, G., Pasics, I. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Cytotoxicity of Manganese (III) Complex in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Is Mediated by the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species Followed by Mitochondrial Damage
In this study, the Mn (III) complex was evaluated for its biological activity by measuring its cytotoxicity in human breast adenocarcinoma cell line (MCF-7). Cytotoxic effects of the Mn (III) complex were determined using established biomarkers in an attempt to delineate the mechanism of action and the utility of the complex as a potential anticancer drug. The Mn (III) complex induces cell death in a dose- and time-dependent manner as shown by microculture tetrazolium assay, a measure of cytotoxic cell death. Our results demonstrated that cytotoxic effects were significantly increased at higher concentrations of Mn (III) c...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Al-anbaky, Q., Al-karakooly, Z., Kilaparty, S. P., Agrawal, M., Albkuri, Y. M., RanguMagar, A. B., Ghosh, A., Ali, N. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Antiproliferative Effect of Synadenium grantii Hook f. stems (Euphorbiaceae) and a Rare Phorbol Diterpene Ester
Synadenium grantii is frequently used for the treatment of various diseases such as allergies, gastric disorders, and especially cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible antiproliferative potential of the methanol extract, fractions, and pure compounds from the stems of S grantii. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by conventional chromatographic techniques, and the antiproliferative activity was analyzed using the sulforhodamine B assay and an MTT-based assay. Nonpolar fraction and its subfractions from the stems of S grantii exhibited promising cytostatic effect against several human tumor cell line...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Campos, A., Vendramini-Costa, D. B., Longato, G. B., Zermiani, T., Ruiz, A. L. T. G., de Carvalho, J. E., Pandiella, A., Cechinel Filho, V. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Hepatic Overexpression of Annexin A1 and A2 in Thioacetamide-Primed Mice Protects Them Against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Failure and Death
This study was aimed at investigating the mechanisms of CTR-mediated heteroprotection in mice. Male Swiss Webster mice received a priming dose of TA (40 mg/kg body weight [BW] in 10 mL distilled water [DW]/kg BW, intraperitoneally [IP]). Thioacetamide-induced liver injury, CTR, and expression of annexin A1 and A2 (ANX1 and ANX2), the endogenous inhibitors of the death protein secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2), were measured over a time course of 84 hours after TA priming. Both centrilobular necrosis and CTR peaked at 36 hours after TA priming as indicated by significantly increased plasma alanine transaminase (ALT) and as...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Dadhania, V. P., Muskhelishvili, L., Latendresse, J. R., Mehendale, H. M. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Evaluation of Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain on the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species and Cytotoxicity in HaCaT Cells Induced by Nanosized Titanium Dioxide Under UVA Irradiation
Nanosized titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) is widely used in the chemical, electrical, and electronic industries. Nanosized TiO2 has been reported to be an efficient photocatalyst, which is able to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UVA irradiation. In the present work, we evaluate the effect of mitochondrial respiratory chain on the generation of ROS and cytotoxicity in keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells induced by nano-TiO2 under UVA irradiation. HaCaT cells were pretreated with different inhibitors of mitochondrial respiratory chain and followed by treatment with 200 µg/mL nano-TiO2, then exposed to UVA (365 nm) for ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Xue, C., Li, X., Liu, G., Liu, W. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Intravenous Administration of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Aggravates High-Fat Diet-Induced Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Sprague Dawley Rats
In conclusion, our results suggest that MWCNTs can aggravate nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in Sprague Dawley rats, and oxidative injury may be involved in this process. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Xu, Y.-Y., Ge, J., Zhang, M.-H., Sun, W.-J., Zhang, J., Yu, P.-L., Zheng, Y.-F., Yang, J., Zhu, X.-Q. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
The Hens Egg Test on Chorioallantoic Membrane: An Alternative Assay for the Assessment of the Irritating Effect of Vaccine Adjuvants
Local reactions are the most frequent adverse event associated with vaccines. Adjuvants are major constituents of many vaccines and they are frequently involved in these reactions, associated with their irritating effect and the stimulation of local inflammation. The hen’s egg test on chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) is an alternative toxicological method widely used to determine ocular irritation potential, but very few studies have demonstrated the utility of this method for assessing the irritant properties of vaccine adjuvants. In this work, known/experimental adjuvants were evaluated by both HET-CAM and an in ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - December 1, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Batista-Duharte, A., Jorge Murillo, G., Perez, U. M., Tur, E. N., Portuondo, D. F., Martinez, B. T., Tellez-Martinez, D., Betancourt, J. E., Perez, O. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Robert M. Diener
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 20, 2016 Category: Toxicology Tags: In Memoriam Source Type: research
Book Review: Essential Pharmacokinetics--A Primer for Pharmaceutical
(Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 20, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Budny, J. A. Tags: Book Review Source Type: research
Neurobehavioral and Cardiovascular Effects of Potassium Cyanide Administered Orally to Mice
This study describes the short- and long-term sensory, motor, cognitive, and behavioral changes associated with oral dosing of a sublethal but toxic dose of KCN utilizing functional observation battery and Tier II CNS testing in adult and juvenile mice of both sexes. Selected tissues (histopathology) were evaluated for changes associated with KCN exposure with special attention to brain regions. Telemetry (adult mice only) was used to evaluate cardiovascular and temperature changes. Neurobehavioral capacity, sensorimotor responsivity or spontaneous locomotor activity, and rectal temperature were significantly reduced in ad...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 20, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Hawk, M. A., Ritchie, G. D., Henderson, K. A., Knostman, K. A. B., Roche, B. M., Ma, Z. J., Matthews, C. M., Sabourin, C. L., Wakayama, E. J., Sabourin, P. J. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
Characterization of a Mouse Model of Oral Potassium Cyanide Intoxication
Potassium cyanide (KCN) is an inhibitor of cytochrome C oxidase causing rapid death due to hypoxia. A well-characterized model of oral KCN intoxication is needed to test new therapeutics under the Food and Drug Administration Animal Rule. Clinical signs, plasma pH and lactate concentrations, biomarkers, histopathology, and cyanide and thiocyanate toxicokinetics were used to characterize the pathology of KCN intoxication in adult and juvenile mice. The acute oral LD50s were determined to be 11.8, 11.0, 10.9, and 9.9 mg/kg in water for adult male, adult female, juvenile male, and juvenile female mice, respectively. The time ...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 20, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Sabourin, P. J., Kobs, C. L., Gibbs, S. T., Hong, P., Matthews, C. M., Patton, K. M., Sabourin, C. L., Wakayama, E. J. Tags: Regular Articles Source Type: research
A Safety Evaluation of a Nature-Identical L-Ergothioneine in Sprague Dawley Rats
In conclusion, EGT+ administered over 90 days was well tolerated with a no adverse effect level at 1,600 mg/kg bw/d, the highest dose tested for male and female rats. In addition, the nature-identical test substance, EGT+ was not mutagenic in a bacterial reverse mutation assay at plate concentrations of up to 5,000 μg/mL in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. (Source: International Journal of Toxicology)
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 20, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Marone, P. A., Trampota, J., Weisman, S. Tags: Food Ingredient Safety Evaluation Source Type: research
Toxicological Evaluation of {beta}-Caryophyllene Oil: Subchronic Toxicity in Rats
In a subchronic toxicity study, administration of β-caryophyllene (BCP) oil by oral gavage to Wistar rats at dosages of 0, 150, 450, or 700 mg/kg/d for 90 days, including a 21-day recovery period, did not produce any significant toxicologic manifestations. The study design also included a 28-day interim sacrifice in the control and high-dose groups. The BCP oil test article was well tolerated as evidenced by the absence of major treatment-related changes in the general condition and appearance of the rats, neurobehavioral end points, growth, feed and water intake, ophthalmoscopic examinations, routine hematology and c...
Source: International Journal of Toxicology - September 20, 2016 Category: Toxicology Authors: Schmitt, D., Levy, R., Carroll, B. Tags: Food Ingredient Safety Evaluation Source Type: research
