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[Claude Bernard and the Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie: the movie of the physiological revolution by him who made it (1849-1878).]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
[Claude Bernard and the Comptes Rendus de la Société de Biologie: the movie of the physiological revolution by him who made it (1849-1878).] J Soc Biol. 2009;203(3):211-8 Authors: Hainaut J Claude Bernard presented most of his fundamental results to the Société de Biologie, including proof of the modulation of the nervous system by the internal micromilieu. However, he did not describe the principle of a stable internal milieu as a condition for free life. Physiology, which is a part of biology, was not founded on cellular biology. Rather, Claude Bernard considered chemistry, anatomy and his...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 17, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Hainaut J Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Claude Bernard: beyond the controversy.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Claude Bernard created controversy because of his originality of thought, his rejection of dogma and lack of respect for tradition. Some of his controversies resulted in unjustifiable personal and scientific attacks by others which probably affected both his morale and his health. In addition, he was undoubtedly envied for his success and the firmness with which he supported his results and conclusions. The counterattacks which he directed towards others were also not always justified, and sometimes displayed disdain for his adversaries' method and results - without having the strength to admit his own rare errors. Non...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 17, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Wise P Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Claude Bernard and curare: epistemological questions at stake.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Long lasting polemics about the mechanisms of the action of curare took place at the Société de Biologie over thirty years. After a period during which poisoning protocols were developed on various animal species, where Claude Bernard, Vulpian and their colleagues were involved, German electrophysiology combined its results with new histological data about motor end-plates, elaborating a theory in which young physiologists fought against Claude Bernard's views and finally managed to convince him. According to the new theory proposed by Vulpian, curare blocked transmission between end-plate and muscle. This fi...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 17, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Barbara JG Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Claude Bernard, the experimental method, and the Société de Biologie.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
[Claude Bernard, the experimental method, and the Société de Biologie.] J Soc Biol. 2009;203(3):235-47 Authors: Bange C Claude Bernard was one of the founder of the Société de Biologie created in 1849. He actively took part to it from its very beginning by presenting various communications and several important memoirs. Epistemological thoughts found in these memoirs lead to the methodological chapters introducing the volumes of his edited lessons given at the Collège de France. In 1865, these texts formed the basis to his Introduction à l'étude de la Médecine expéri...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 17, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Bange C Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The discovery process in the pharmaceutical industry.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This paper reviews the process used in the pharmaceutical industry to discover new innovative drugs originating from medicinal chemistry or biotherapeutics. After a rapid description of the global Research and Development process (preclinical and clinical studies), the different steps involved specifically in the Discovery Research phase (from the initiation of the research program to the proposal of a candidate for development) are analysed in detail. As far as compounds originating from medicinal chemistry are concerned, we discuss the choice of the biological target (molecular or cellular) and its functional validat...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 17, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Scatton B Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Anti-oxidants, controversies and perspectives: How can the failure of clinical studies using anti-oxidants be explained?]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Since several decades anti-oxidants have been much studied, and scientists have tried to prove the preventive and curative effects in many chronic diseases. However, it is not uncommon to find highly contradictory clinical results, which may explain that consumers are less enthusiastic for anti-oxidants food supplements. First of all, definitions should be reviewed, such as that of free radicals (FR); all of them are not toxic. Some of them, such as nitric oxide, are necessary for the proper physiological functioning of the body, and eliminating them would be a mistake! However, other reactive oxygen species (ROS), whi...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 17, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Edeas M Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[In Process Citation]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19527624 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Dieterlent F, Jaffredo T Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Endothelial cell-cell junctions in vessel formation.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The endothelium, lining the inner side of all vessel types, is constituted of a monolayer of endothelial cells with cobblestone morphology. Endothelial cell-cell contacts contain numerous transmembrane adhesive proteins that are either clustered in junctional structures or located along the intercellular cleft. These proteins promote cell-cell adhesion and control vascular permeability to fluids and molecules, as well as transmigration of various types of leukocytes. In addition, recent findings showed that constituents of the junctions might be part of the vascular invasion machinery by activating cell protrusions. Su...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Huber P Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Genes that make the endothelial identity.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The endothelium is a tissue with a distinct identity due to the specific expression of molecular markers by endothelial cells. Further, the endothelium displays a structural heterogeneity illustrated by the expression of specific markers in arteries and in veins. Here, we present a review of the transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms regulating the expression of the main markers of endothelial cells in man and mouse, demonstrating that there is no common and unique mechanism of specific expression of genes in these cells. L'endothélium forme un tissu qui possède une identité propre due à l'expres...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Le Bras A, Soncin F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The bHLH TAL1 protein: a key molecule in the hematopoietic and endothelial systems.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The formation of blood cells and vascular networks occurs simultaneously during development, and both lineages remain in close association in all adult tissues. The functional setting of both systems within the embryo and their renewal during adult life are highly complex processes, and require the involvement of numerous molecular actors, the activities of which are often overlapping. Here, I review the activity of TAL-1, a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor, which plays a key role in the formation and functioning of both blood and endothelial systems, with a particular emphasis on recent data that associate ...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Mathieu D Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The aortic endothelium in the embryo: genesis and role in hematopoiesis.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Intra-aortic haematopoiesis is a transient phenomenon, characterised by the emergence of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (HSC) from the ventral aortic endothelium through an endothelial cell (EC) to HSC lineage switch. HSC differentiation is followed by the colonization of definitive haematopoietic organs. Since intra-aortic haematopoiesis is born from EC of the aortic floor, we wondered how vascular integrity was maintained during hematopoietic production. We have used interspecific quail to chick grafts to study the aortic morphogenesis during hematopoiesis. We have demonstrated that: 1) before haematopoiesis, the aortic en...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Jaffredo T Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Embryological and genetic mechanisms of cardiac great arteries malformations.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Developmental genetics of congenital heart diseases have evolved from analysis of embryonic hearts towards molecular genetics of cardiac morphogenesis with a dynamic view of cardiac development. Ablation techniques, transgenic animal models and clonal analysis of the developing heart led to identification of different cardiac lineages and their respective roles. The mechanistic approach for great arteries anomalies has led to emerging concepts such as common embryological origin of anatomically different cardiac defects, phenotypic continuum of left heart obstructive defects, or developmental algorithms for cardiac iso...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Bonnet D, Zaffran S, Kelly R, Bajolle F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Tumoral angiogenesis: models, targets and inhibition.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Angiogenesis is a basic process during development and in pathology as well. The molecular networks involved in angiogenesis are not totally understood. We have recently developed a new model for tumoral angiogenesis in the chicken embryo, which allows large scale studies. On the other hand we have uncovered a new induction pathway, which involves stress of the endoplasmic reticulum. These investigations open up novel prospects for the future. L'angiogenèse est un processus fondamental au cours du développement ainsi qu'en pathologie. Les réseaux moléculaires impliqués dans l'angiogenèse s...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Bikfalvi A Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Apelin signalisation and vascular physiopathology.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The formation of the vascular system is an early step in organogenesis that involves the participation of various signalling pathways. Integration of the extracellular signals decoded by their cognate membrane receptors orchestrate the cell events, which act at different stages, from the primitive network formed by vasculogenesis to the arborescent network remodeled by angiogenesis. Our laboratory showed the participation of a new signalling pathway in physiological angiogenesis and tumour neovascularisation. This signalling pathway named apelin comprises a G protein-coupled receptor and a peptide ligand. Expression of...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Masri B, van den Berghe L, Sorli C, Knibiehler B, Audigier Y Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF): a model of gene regulation and a marker of tumour aggressiveness. An obvious therapeutic target?]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
VEGF represents a model of gene expression regulation. RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3 Kinase pathways, activated in response to growth factors stimulation or by oncogenes, contribute to its expression by activating transcription factors or inactivating proteins implicated in degradation of its mRNA. These factors (Sp1/Sp3, HIF-1 and TTP) constitute molecular markers of tumor aggressiveness. VEGF is overexpressed in solid or hematologic tumors. Thus, numerous compounds regulating angiogenesis by targeting VEGF have been developed. However, their effects are not as spectacular as expected. The existence of anti-angiogenic isofo...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Grépin R, Pagès G Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The surgeon and anti-angiogenics.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The surgeon must know the importance of angiogenesis in wound healing. He must also use anti-angiogenics to change the clinical situations and make curative a potentially ineffective surgery. However, these strategies require daily biological indicators able to quantify the tissue activity, that we do not possess yet, nor have we any indicator to predict tumour sensitivity to anti-angiogenics. Le chirurgien doit connaître l'importance de l'angiogenèse dans la cicatrisation. Il doit aussi savoir utiliser les anti-angiogéniques pour modifier les situations cliniques et rendre curative une chirurgie potenti...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Pocard M Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Characterization of endothelial progenitor cells and putative strategies to improve their expansion.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Injection of endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) expanded ex vivo has been shown to increase neovascularization in preclinical models of ischemia and in adult patients, but the precise origin and identity of the cell population responsible for these clinical benefits are controversial. Given the potential usefulness of EPC as a cell therapy product, their thorough characterization is of major importance. This review describes the two cell populations currently called EPC and the means to find differential phenotypic markers. We have shown that BMP2/4 are specific markers of late EPC and play a key role in EPC commitment...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Smadja DM, Gaussem P Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[In Process Citation]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19527635 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - June 28, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Steding G, Karger B Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[In Process Citation]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19358805 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Dieterlen F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[In Process Citation]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19358806 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Orsal D Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[André Calas, the original path of a neuroendocrinologist.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
[André Calas, the original path of a neuroendocrinologist.] J Soc Biol. 2009;203(1):7-18 Authors: Tixier-Vidal A This talk, given as an introduction to a symposium organised to honor André Calas, calls forth his personality, recalls the major events in his carreer and summarizes the evolution of his research. Ce texte, prononcé en introduction à une journée organisée en l'honneur d'André Calas, évoque sa personnalité et retrace les grandes étapes de sa carrière ainsi que l'évolution de ses recherches. PMID: 19358807 [PubMed - in process] (Source: J...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Tixier-Vidal A Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Hypothalamic neuropeptides and control of GnRH neurones. Neuroanatomical study in the ewe.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reproduction in mammals is directly controlled by GnRH neurons. These neurons are regulated by many external and internal factors, among which sexual steroids, in particular oestradiol, play an important part. However the mechanisms through which these steroids regulate GnRH secretion are largely unappreciated, and the neurochemical identity of central neurons liable to transmit the steroidal information to GnRH neurons is not completely clarified. Many functional neuroanatomy studies have been carried out on the ovine model, which is particularly favorable to understand the neuroendocrine mechanisms controlling reprod...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Tillet Y, Picard S, Franceschini I Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Oestrogens and neurogenesis: new functions for an old hormone. Lessons from the zebrafish.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In contrast to other vertebrates, in which the adult brain shows limited adult neurogenesis, teleost fish exhibit an unparalleled capacity to generate new neurons as adults, suggesting that their brains present a highly permissive environment for the maintenance and proliferation of adult progenitors. Here, we examine the hypothesis that one of the factors permitting establishment of this favourable environment is estradiol. Indeed, recent data showed that radial glial cells strongly expressed one of two aromatase duplicated genes. Aromatase is the estrogen-synthesizing enzyme and this observation is of great interest,...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Kah O, Pellegrini E, Mouriec K, Diotel N, Anglade I, Vaillant C, Thieulant ML, Tong SK, Brion F, Chung BC, Pakdel F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Vasopressin and angiogenesis.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In adult mammals, the CNS vasculature remains essentially quiescent, excepted for specific pathologies. In the seventies, it was reported that proliferation of astrocytes and endothelial cells occurs within the hypothalamic magnocellular nuclei when strong metabolic activation of the vasopressinergic and oxytocinergic neurons was induced by prolonged hyperosmotic stimulation. Using more appropriate techniques, we first demonstrated that in these nuclei, the proliferative response to osmotic stimulus is essentially associated with local angiogenesis. We then showed that hypothalamic magnocellular neurons express vascula...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Alonso G Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Mechanisms of structural plasticity associated with photic synchronization of the circadian clock within the suprachiasmatic nucleus.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The mammalian circadian clock, whose central component is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN), orchestrates rhythmic events in metabolism, physiology and behavior. Adaptation of the organism to its environment requires precise adjustment of the clock to the 24 h astronomical time, primarily by the light/dark cycle. Photic synchronization acts on both the molecular loops which trigger circadian oscillations and the phasing of the multiple SCN cellular oscillators whose coordination permits elaboration of the rhythmic message that will be distributed throughout the organism. It is concomitant...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Bosler O, Girardet C, Sage-Ciocca D, Jacomy H, François-Bellan AM, Becquet D Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Axonal mRNAs: from histochemical visualization to functional analyses.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The vertebrate neuron axon has long been considered as devoid of the protein synthesis machinery. During the early nineties however, the cytochemical visualization of identified mRNAs within certain rodent neuron axons challenged this dogma of cellular neurobiology. The aim of this paper is to illustrate, taking mainly the mouse olfactory system as an example, conceptual and methodological approaches developed in particular in my group, that aim at identifying the function of these axonal mRNAs. L'axone des neurones de vertébrés a longtemps été considéré comme étant dépourvu de l...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Trembleau A Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Synthesis of monoamines by non-monoaminergic neurons: illusion or reality?]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In contrast to monoaminergic (MA-ergic) neurons possessing the whole set of the enzymes for MA synthesis from the precursor amino-acid, some, mostly peptidergic, neurons co-express only one of the enzymes of monoamine synthesis. They are widely distributed in the brain, being particularly numerous in ontogenesis and, in adulthood, under certain physiological conditions. Most monoenzymatic neurons possess one of the enzymes for dopamine (DA) synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC). TH and AADC are enzymatically active in a substantial number of monoenzymatic neurons, where they...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Ugrumov MV Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[GABA(B) receptors and sensitization to pain.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The GABA(B) receptors belong to the family of class C metabotropic receptors. They are inhibitory receptors forming obligatory heterodimers. Their analgesic role in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord is well established since more than 25 years ago. However, Baclofen, the reference agonist of the GABA(B) receptor, proved to have little efficiency in clinics in neuropathic patients. It seems therefore useful to decipher GABA(B) functions in the nociceptive circuitry, and their regulation in conditions of chronic pain. In the present review, we will focus first on the distribution of the GABA(B) subtypes. Then, we will c...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Landry M, Nagy F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The cannabinoid system and pain: towards new drugs?]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The various components of the endocannabinoid system were discovered in the last twenty years. The cannabinoid system has attracted pharmacologists interest for its potential as therapeutic targets for several diseases ranging from obesity to Parkinson's disease and from multiple sclerosis to pain. Research initially focused on cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), but, due to psychotropic side effects related to its activation, the attempts to develop an agonist drug for this receptor has been so far unsuccessful. Recently the possibility to target CB2 has emerged as an alternative for the treatment of pain. The main advantag...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Beltramo M Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Neuroplasticity: from physiological adaptation to the concept of therapeutic plasticity.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is considerable evidence that the human brain maintains the ability to reorganize itself throughout life, an ability known as neuroplasticity. Initially demonstrated in physiological situations, neuroplasticity includes, and relies on, a number of adaptive mechanisms that include not only phenotypic modifications of neurons or synaptic reorganisation but also major modifications of brain circuitry after insults. Recently, the presence of neurogenic zones in the adult brain has unveiled a new aspect of brain plasticity that, together with emerging stem cell therapy, opens the possibility to take advantage of these...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Onténiente B Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[University, Research, Neurosciences: forty years of experience and experiments.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Closing this symposium, André Calas remembers his teachers, his past and present collaborators, his students, his teaching and research itineraries and enlarges on the problems of public policy concerning these areas in France. En conclusion de cette journée, André Calas évoque ses maîtres, ses collaborateurs passés et présents, ses élèves, son itinéraire d'enseignement et de recherche et élargit sa réflexion aux problèmes de politique publique dans ces domaines en France. PMID: 19358817 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - April 11, 2009 Category: Biology Authors: Calas A Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Epidemiology of osteoporosis.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Osteoporosis leads to fragility fractures. Fracture incidence increases after the menopause among women and with age in both genders. More than 40 % of women will sustain at least one fragility fracture after the age of 50. Many risk factors have been described, including age, familial history of fracture, low bone mineral density, personal history of fracture, smoking and low body mass index. Fracture incidence is increasing worldwide, owing to population aging. Hip and vertebral fractures are associated with increased mortality and morbidity. Costs related to fragility fractures represent a significant burden for hea...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Chapurlat R Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Pathways regulating bone formation: a complex network.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bone tissue undergoes permanent remodeling based on the coupled activity of osteoclasts resorbing old bone and osteoblasts forming a new matrix. The latter are considered as the main target of remodeling control pathways. Indeed, they have the full control of osteoclastogenesis through RANK-L / osteoprotegerin, the most critical pathway in the balance between bone formation and resorption. They also are under the effects of numerous transcription factors, especially members of the AP1 complex as well as the canonic Wnt - betacatenin pathway. Most bone tissue pathologies are mediated by alterations of these remodeling c...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Thomas T, Martin A Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[The challenges of the bone micro-architecture.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Osteoporosis is a bone disorder that leads to increased fracture risk. It was defined by the World Health Organisation as a decrease of bone mass and a deterioration of bone quality. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. However, BMD assessment is not the only factor that influences bone strength. The main objective is that clinicians can use a combination of risk factors that are easily assessable, for a better prediction of osteoporosis risk fracture. Bone strength reflects both bone density and bone qualit...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Rachidi M, Breban S, Benhamou CL Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Daily clinical practice: Biological testing in osteoporosis.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although biological testing has nothing to do with the diagnosis of osteoporosis, it can help the physician to: 1) identify secondary causes of low bone mass and/or fracture. There is however currently no consensus to define the biochemical parameters to be measured in this case. The cost-effectiveness of the biological evaluation, that is, measuring a minimum of parameters to detect a maximum of anomalies needs to be considered. Most experts agree that malignancy and especially a myeloma should be ruled out, and that an evaluation of calcium/phosphorus metabolism including the measurement of serum calcium, phosphate, ...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Souberbielle JC, Cormier C Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Agrecan and articular cartilage: assessment of glycosyltransferases for the restoration of cartilage matrix in osteoarthritis.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study provides the basis for several therapy approaches (gene delivery, design of glycomimetics able to initiate GAG synthesis) to promote cartilage repair. L'arthrose, la maladie la plus fréquente du système musculo-squelettique, est la conséquence de processus mécaniques et biologiques qui rompent l'homéostasie du cartilage, de la synoviale et de l'os sous-chondral. Dans le but de développer de nouvelles thérapeutiques efficaces, visant à restaurer la matrice cartilagineuse, nous caractérisons les mécanismes moléculaires et les protéines-clés responsab...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Magdalou J, Netter P, Fournel-Gigleux S, Ouzzine M Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Pathophysiological relevance of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) to joint diseases - the pro and con of agonists.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Peroxisome proliferators activated receptors (PPAR) are ligand-inducible nuclear transacting factors comprising three subtypes, PPARalpha, PPARbeta/delta and PPARgamma, which play a key role in lipids and glucose homeostasis. All PPAR subtypes have been identified in joint or inflammatory cells and their activation resulted in a transcriptional repression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNFalpha), early inflammatory genes (NOS(2), COX-2, mPGES-1) or matrix metalloproteases (MMP-1, MMP-13), at least for the gamma subtype. PPAR full agonists were also shown to stimulate IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) production b...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Jouzeau JY, Moulin D, Koufany M, Sebillaud S, Bianchi A, Netter P Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Cell therapy in cartilage repair: cellular and molecular bases.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The destruction of articular cartilage represents the outcome of most inflammatory and degenerative rheumatic diseases and leads to severe disability. Articular cartilage being unable to repair spontaneously, alterations of the joint surface often results in end-stage osteoarthritis, requiring surgical intervention and total joint replacement. This makes damaged tissues repair a major challenge in our aging society. Cartilage harbors only one cell type, the chondrocyte, which synthesizes and secretes specific matrix proteins such as type II collagen and high molecular weight proteoglycans. Matrix proteins are responsib...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - December 20, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Corvol MT, Tahiri K, Montembault A, Daumard A, Savouret JF, Rannou F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Significance and limitations of first generation biofuels.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article introduces the current biofuel production technologies (so-called ;first generation'), whose common marker is the reliance on the storage organs of agricultural plants. This implies a relatively strong demand in arable areas, along with only moderately positive energy and environmental advantages compared to fossil fuels. 'Second generation' biofuels, which are based on generic biomass (ligno-cellulose) are expected to overcome these limitations, but will not be deployed on the market for another ten years. Inscrits à la marge dans le paysage agricole européen depuis une quinzaine d'années, les ...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Gabrielle B Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Thermoconversion of carbonated materials to produce synthetic fuels: the biomass case.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In the present energy context, there is a growing interest for the fuel production from biomass. While the first generation of biofuels has shown its limits, a second generation appears that is based on the valorisation of the unused resources of lignocellulosic biomass. This could significantly increase the biofuels potential in France. Up to 40 % of the total needs of transport fuel could be covered. Among the processes under development, the Biomass to Liquid (BtL) process seems as an interesting route, able to be shortly implemented at an industrial scale. This process consists in producing liquid fuel (such as Die...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Dupont C, Chataing T, Rougé S Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Bioenergy production from waste: Examples of biomethane and biohydrogen.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This new century addresses several environmental challenges among which distribution of drinking water, global warming and availability of novel renewable energy sources to substitute for fossil fuels are of utmost importance. The last two concerns are closely related because the major part of carbon dioxide (CO(2)), considered as the main cause of the greenhouse effect, is widely produced from fossil fuel combustion. Renewable energy sources fully balanced in CO(2) are therefore of special interest, especially the issue of biological production from organic wastes. Among the possibilities of bioenergy production from ...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Aceves-Lara CA, Trably E, Bastidas-Oyenadel JR, Ramirez I, Latrille E, Steyer JP Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Industrial exploitation of renewable ressources: from ethanol production to bioproducts development.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Plants, which are one of major groups of life forms, are constituted of an amazing number of molecules such as sugars, proteins, phenolic compounds etc. These molecules display multiple and complementary properties involved in various compartments of plants (structure, storage, biological activity etc.). The first uses of plants in industry were for food and feed, paper manufacturing or combustion. In the coming decades, these renewable biological materials will be the basis of a new concept: the "biorefiner" i.e. the chemical conversion of the whole plant to various products and uses. This concept, born in the 90ies, ...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Ferreira NL Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Lipid biofuel production with microalgae: potential and challenges.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Microalgae can accumulate fatty acids up to 80% of their dry weight (Chisti 2007). As a consequence the yield per hectare could be higher by a factor of 30 compared to terrestrial oleaginous species. Biodiversity of microalgae is enormous. It is estimated that there are between 200 000 and several million species. Such diversity is an unexplored potential for research and industry. In comparison to terrestrial oleaginous species, microalgae have many characteristics addressing environmental problems with a drastically enhanced oil production. Microalgae are currently generating mediatic enthusiasm, and many start-ups a...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Cadoret JP, Bernard O Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Postgenomic analysis of desiccation tolerance.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Desiccation tolerance is the capacity to survive complete drying. It is an ancient trait that can be found in prokaryotes, fungi, primitive animals (often at the larval stages), whole plants, pollens and seeds. In the dry state, metabolism is suspended and the duration that anhydrobiotes can survive ranges from years to centuries. Whereas genes induced by drought stress have been successfully enumerated in tissues that are sensitive to cellular desiccation, we have little knowledge as to the adaptive role of these genes in establishing desiccation tolerance at the cellular level. This paper reviews postgenomic approach...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Buitink J, Leprince O Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Metabolic control of seed germination.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We have used proteomics to better characterize germination and early seedling vigor in sugarbeet. Our strategy includes (1) construction of proteome reference maps for dry and germinating seeds of a high-vigor reference seed lot; (2) investigation of the specific tissue accumulation of proteins (root, cotyledon, perisperm); (3) investigation of changes in protein expression profiles detected in the reference seed lot subjected to different vigor-modifying treatments, e.g. aging and/or priming. More than 1 000 sugarbeet seed proteins have been identified by LC/MS-MS mass spectrometry (albumins, globulins and glutelins h...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Catusse J, Strub JM, Job C, Van Dorsselaer A, Job D Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Seed aging and survival mechanisms.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Aging and death are universal to living systems. In temperate climate latitudes the mature seeds of higher plants are exposed to aging and have developed resistance mechanisms allowing survival and plant propagation. In addition to the physicochemical properties of the seed that confer stress resistance, the protein metabolism contributes importantly to longevity mechanisms. Recently, genetic studies have demonstrated the occurrence of the Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase repair enzyme in controlling age-related protein damages and seed survival. These protective mechanisms by protein repair are widespread in al...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Grappin P, Bourdais G, Collet B, Godin B, Job D, Ogé L, Jullien M, Rajjou L Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Seed dormancy alleviation and oxidative signaling.]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent advances in plant physiology signaling pathways have led to consider reactive oxygen species (ROS) as being key actors in the regulation of germination and dormancy. ROS accumulation during seed dry storage or during their imbibition would trigger cellular events controlling the realization of germination. We show that ROS accumulation triggers specific carbonylation of proteins thus modifying the occurrence of enzyme-mediated reactions during germination or facilitating reserve protein degradation through the proteasome. This suggests that dormancy is in part controlled by protein oxidation. ROS can also act as...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Bailly C, El Maarouf Bouteau H, Corbineau F Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

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J Soc Biol. 2008;202(3):249 Authors: Dreux C Roger Boulu, membre du Conseil d'Administration de la Société de Biologie, nous a brusquement quitté le 29 janvier 2008.J'ai connu Roger Boulu alors qu'il venait d'être reçu au concours de l'internat en pharmacie des hôpitaux de Paris en 1953. Ayant choisi comme lui le service de biochimie de l'hôpital Lariboisière dirigé par le Professeur M. L. GIRARD, j'ai pu apprécier les qualités naissantes de ce jeune collègue. Il devait ensuite, après la Médaille d'or de l'internat, gravir les échelons de la...
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - November 5, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Dreux C Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Evolution, sperm and fertility]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18547506 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - October 24, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Joly D Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals

[Mechanisms underlying thyroid hormone response gene regulation during amphibian development]Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Amphibian metamorphosis is an excellent model to study the diverse effects of thyroid hormones (TH). TH modulate target gene expression via thyroid hormone receptors (TR). Generally, unliganded TR repress transcription, whereas liganded TR activate transcription. During metamorphosis, these dual effects of TR are evident. Moreover, we show that gene specific response to TH can underline the multiple effects of TH. Finally, studies of unliganded-thyroid hormone receptor function reveal a physiological role in eye development. PMID: 18547503 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie)
Source: Journal de la Societe de Biologie - July 30, 2008 Category: Biology Authors: Havis E, Bilesimo P, Demeneix BA, Sachs LM Tags: J Soc Biol Source Type: journals