Journal of AnatomyThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

This page shows you the latest items in this publication.

577 records returned

Micro-magnetic resonance imaging and embryological analysis of wild-type and pma mutant mice with clubfoot.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Gross similarities between the external appearance of the hind limbs of the peroneal muscle atrophy (pma) mouse mutant and congenital talipes equinovarus (CTEV), a human disorder historically referred to as 'clubfoot', suggested that this mutant could be a useful model. We used micro-magnetic resonance imaging to visualize the detailed anatomy of the hind limb defect in mutant pma mice and performed 3D comparisons between mutant and wild-type hind limbs. We found that the pma foot demonstrates supination (i.e. adduction and inversion of the mid foot and fore foot together with plantar flexion of the ankle and ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Duce S, Madrigal L, Schmidt K, Cunningham C, Liu G, Barker S, Tennant G, Tickle C, Chudek S, Miedzybrodzka Z Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Collagen fibril organization in the pregnant endometrium of decorin-deficient mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract In the pregnant mouse endometrium, collagen fibrillogenesis is characterized by the presence of very thick collagen fibrils which are topographically located exclusively within the decidualized stroma. This dynamic biological process is in part regulated by the small leucine-rich proteoglycans decorin and biglycan. In the present study we utilized wild-type (Dcn(+/+)) and decorin-deficient (Dcn(-/-)) time-pregnant mice to investigate the evolution of non-decidualized and decidualized collagen matrix in the uterine wall of these animals. Ultrastructural and morphometric analyses revealed that the organization o...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Sanches JC, Jones CJ, Aplin JD, Iozzo RV, Zorn TM, Oliveira SF Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Tissue distribution of cells derived from the area opaca in heterospecific quail-chick blastodermal chimeras.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of the current study was to determine the tissue distribution of cells derived from the area opaca in heterospecific quail-chick blastodermal chimeras. Quail-chick chimeras were constructed by transferring dissociated cells from the area opaca of the stage X-XII (EG&K) quail embryo into the subgerminal cavity of the unincubated chick blastoderm. The distribution of quail cells in embryonic as well as extra-embryonic tissues of the recipient embryo were examined using the QCPN monoclonal antibody after 6 days of incubation in serial sections taken at 100-mum intervals. Data gathered in the present study de...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Karagenç L, Sandikci M Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The evolution of anatomical illustration and wax modelling in Italy from the 16th to early 19th centuries.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Although the contribution to anatomical illustration by Vesalius and his followers has received much attention, less credit has been given to Veslingius and particularly Fabricius. By 1600, Fabricius had amassed more than 300 paintings that together made the Tabulae Pictae, a great atlas of anatomy that was highly admired by his contemporaries. Many of his new observations were incorporated into subsequent books, including those by Casserius, Spighelius, Harvey and Veslingius. Also of importance were the Tabulae by Eustachius (1552), which, although only published in 1714, greatly influenced anatomical wax mod...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Riva A, Conti G, Solinas P, Loy F Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The enamel-dentine junction in the postcanine dentition of Australopithecus africanus: intra-individual metameric and antimeric variation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract We used micro-computed tomography and virtual tools to study metric and morphological features at the enamel-dentine junction and on the outer enamel surface in the postcanine dentition of an exceptionally well-preserved maxilla and mandible of an early hominin. The fossil, Sts 52 from Sterkfontein, South Africa, is attributed to Australopithecus africanus and is about 2.5 million years old. For comparative purposes in this exploratory study, we also used micro-computed tomography to analyse the dentition of a common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), a pygmy chimpanzee (Pan paniscus) and three extant humans. Metam...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Braga J, Thackeray JF, Subsol G, Kahn JL, Maret D, Treil J, Beck A Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Dynamic expression of Six family genes in the dental mesenchyme and the epithelial ameloblast stem/progenitor cells during murine tooth development.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we examined expression of six members of the Six family genes in the dental mesenchyme and the dental epithelium of the developing tooth germs in mice by in situ hybridization. We found dynamic expression patterns for Six1, Six2, Six4 and Six5 in the oral epithelium and mesenchymal cells with distinct expression patterns at the early stage before invagination of the dental epithelium. In addition, expression of Six1 and Six4 was observed in the inner enamel epithelium of the incisor and molar tooth germs at the cap stage. Expression of Six5 was maintained in the bell stage tooth germs, and intense expression...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Nonomura K, Takahashi M, Wakamatsu Y, Takano-Yamamoto T, Osumi N Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Functional morphology of the sound-generating labia in the syrinx of two songbird species.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract In songbirds, two sound sources inside the syrinx are used to produce the primary sound. Laterally positioned labia are passively set into vibration, thus interrupting a passing air stream. Together with subsyringeal pressure, the size and tension of the labia determine the spectral characteristics of the primary sound. Very little is known about how the histological composition and morphology of the labia affect their function as sound generators. Here we related the size and microstructure of the labia to their acoustic function in two songbird species with different acoustic characteristics, the white-crown...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Riede T, Goller F Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The evolution of human artistic creativity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Creating visual art is one of the defining characteristics of the human species, but the paucity of archaeological evidence means that we have limited information on the origin and evolution of this aspect of human culture. The components of art include colour, pattern and the reproduction of visual likeness. The 2D and 3D art forms that were created by Upper Palaeolithic Europeans at least 30 000 years ago are conceptually equivalent to those created in recent centuries, indicating that human cognition and symbolling activity, as well as anatomy, were fully modern by that time. The origins of art are therefor...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - November 9, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Morriss-Kay GM Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid are colocalized in restricted groups of neurons in the sea lamprey brain: insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitter colocalization in vertebrates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Since its discovery, the possible corelease of classic neurotransmitters from neurons has received much attention. Colocalization of monoamines and amino acidergic neurotransmitters [mainly glutamate and dopamine (DA) or serotonin] in mammalian neurons has been reported. However, few studies have dealt with the colocalization of DA and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neurons. With the aim of providing some insight into the colocalization of neurotransmitters during early vertebrate phylogeny, we studied GABA expression in dopaminergic neurons in the sea lamprey brain by using double-immunofluorescence method...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - October 12, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Barreiro-Iglesias A, Villar-Cerviño V, Anadón R, Rodicio MC Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Quantitative analysis of patch patterns in mosaic tissues with ClonalTools software.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Quantitative analysis of mosaic tissues is a powerful method for following developmental lineages; however, analytical techniques are often subjective and repetitious. Here a flexible, semi-automated image analysis method for mosaic patterns is described. ClonalTools is a free customizable tool-set designed for the open-source image analysis package ImageJ. Circular, polygonal or linear one-dimensional mosaic arrays can be interrogated to provide measurements of the total number and width of positive and negative patches in a region of interest. These results are adjusted for the effects of random clumping usi...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - October 12, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Mort RL Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Functional characteristics of the rat jaw muscles: daily muscle activity and fiber type composition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Skeletal muscles have a heterogeneous fiber type composition, which reflects their functional demand. The daily muscle use and the percentage of slow-type fibers have been shown to be positively correlated in skeletal muscles of larger animals but for smaller animals there is no information. The examination of this relationship in adult rats was the purpose of this study. We hypothesized a positive relationship between the percentage of fatigue-resistant fibers in each muscle and its total duration of use per day. Fourteen Wistar strain male rats (410-450 g) were used. A radio-telemetric device was implanted t...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - October 5, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Kawai N, Sano R, Korfage JA, Nakamura S, Tanaka E, van Wessel T, Langenbach GE, Tanne K Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Differential gene expression of bgp and mgp in trabecular and compact bone of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) vertebrae.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the osteoblasts covering the salmon vertebrae have unique gene expression patterns and levels of bgp and mgp. Further, the study confirms the presence of mRNA from the vitamin K-dependent proteins BGP and MGP in the vertebrae, fin and gills of Atlantic salmon. PMID: 19811564 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - October 5, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Krossøy C, Ornsrud R, Wargelius A Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The diagnosis of the cause of the death of Venerina.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Venerina (little Venus) is the name given to a wax model representing a pregnant young woman that was created in Florence (Italy) by Clemente Susini (1754-1814) in 1782. It is currently located in the historic Science Museum of the University of Bologna. The model was constructed so as to enable removal of the thoracic and abdominal walls and various organs, exposing the heart, diaphragm and an opened uterus with a well-developed fetus. The woman is small, about 145 cm (4' 9') tall and of delicate build; she looks like a teenage girl. We know that Clemente Susini worked directly with the cadaver and copied the...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - October 5, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Mazzotti G, Falconi M, Teti G, Zago M, Lanari M, Manzoli FA Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Mechanism of skull suture maintenance and interdigitation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Skull sutures serve as growth centers whose function involves multiple molecular pathways. During periods of brain growth the sutures remain thin and straight, later developing complex fractal interdigitations that provide interlocking strength. The nature of the relationship between the molecular interactions and suture pattern formation is not understood. Here we show that by classifying the molecules involved into two groups, stabilizing factors and substrate molecules, complex molecular networks can be modeled by a simple two-species reaction-diffusion model that recapitulates all the known behavior of sut...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - October 5, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Miura T, Perlyn CA, Kinboshi M, Ogihara N, Kobayashi-Miura M, Morriss-Kay GM, Shiota K Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The elastin network: its relationship with collagen and cells in articular cartilage as visualized by multiphoton microscopy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A combination of two-photon fluorescence (TPF), second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) imaging has been used to investigate the elastin fibre network in healthy equine articular cartilage from the metacarpophalangeal joint. The elastin fibres were identified using their intrinsic two-photon fluorescence and immuno-staining was used to confirm the identity of these fibres. SHG was used to reveal the collagen matrix and the collagen fibre orientations were determined from their SHG polarization sensitivity, while CARS was used to clearly delineate the cell boundaries. Extensive ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - September 30, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Mansfield J, Yu J, Attenburrow D, Moger J, Tirlapur U, Urban J, Cui Z, Winlove P Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Secretory cells of the supraoptic nucleus have central as well as neurohypophysial projections.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Conventional neuroanatomical methods may fail to demonstrate the presence of axons that are finer than 1 microm in diameter because such processes are near or below the limit of resolution of the light microscope. The presence of such axons can, however, be readily demonstrated by recording. The most easily interpreted type of recording for this purpose is the demonstration of antidromic activation of the cell body following stimulation of the region through which the axon passes. We have exploited this technique in the hypothalamus and have demonstrated the presence of double axonal projections or axons branching very...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - September 18, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Inyushkin AN, Orlans HO, Dyball RE Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Chronic constriction injury induces aquaporin-2 expression in the dorsal root ganglia of rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Aquaporins are a family of water channel proteins involved in water homeostasis in several tissues. Current knowledge of aquaporin expression in the nervous system is very limited. Therefore the first aim of this study was to assess, by immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting analysis, the presence and localization of aquaporin-2 in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia of naïve adult rats. In addition, we evaluated aquaporin-2 expression in response to chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, a model of neuropathic pain. Our results showed that aquaporin-2 expression was not detectable either ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - September 8, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Buffoli B, Borsani E, Rezzani R, Rodella LF Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The Anatomy of the Human Embryo: A Scanning Electron-Microscope Atlas.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19737332 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - September 7, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Morriss-Kay G Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Erratum.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 19732209 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 26, 2009 Category: Anatomy Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Changes in collagen fibril network organization and proteoglycan distribution in equine articular cartilage during maturation and growth.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The aim of this study was to record growth-related changes in collagen network organization and proteoglycan distribution in intermittently peak-loaded and continuously lower-level-loaded articular cartilage. Cartilage from the proximal phalangeal bone of the equine metacarpophalangeal joint at birth, at 5, 11 and 18 months, and at 6-10 years of age was collected from two sites. Site 1, at the joint margin, is unloaded at slow gaits but is subjected to high-intensity loading during athletic activity; site 2 is a continuously but less intensively loaded site in the centre of the joint. The degree of collagen pa...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 26, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Hyttinen MM, Holopainen J, René van Weeren P, Firth EC, Helminen HJ, Brama PA Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The origin, molecular regulation and therapeutic potential of myogenic stem cell populations.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Satellite cells, originating in the embryonic dermamyotome, reside beneath the myofibre of mature adult skeletal muscle and constitute the tissue-specific stem cell population. Recent advances following the identification of markers for these cells (including Pax7, Myf5, c-Met and CD34) (CD, cluster of differentiation; c-Met, mesenchymal epithelial transition factor) have led to a greater understanding of the role played by satellite cells in the regeneration of new skeletal muscle during growth and following injury. In response to muscle damage, satellite cells harbour the ability both to form myogenic precur...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 23, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Otto A, Collins-Hooper H, Patel K Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Shape and mechanics in thalattosuchian (Crocodylomorpha) skulls: implications for feeding behaviour and niche partitioning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Variation in modern crocodilian and extinct thalattosuchian crocodylomorph skull morphology is only weakly correlated with phylogeny, implying that factors other than evolutionary proximity play important roles in determining crocodile skull shape. To further explore factors potentially influencing morphological differentiation within the Thalattosuchia, we examine teleosaurid and metriorhynchid skull shape variation within a mechanical and dietary context using a combination of finite element modelling and multivariate statistics. Patterns of stress distribution through the skull were found to be very similar...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 23, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Pierce SE, Angielczyk KD, Rayfield EJ Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Masticatory muscle architecture in the Laotian rock rat Laonastes aenigmamus (Mammalia, Rodentia): new insights into the evolution of hystricognathy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present the first descriptive comparison of the skull, mandible and jaw muscles of the recently recovered Laotian rock rat Laonastes aenigmamus. The gross anatomy of five specimens captured in Laos and internal architecture of the jaw musculature were studied using dissections. The following muscles are described: temporal, masseter, pterygoids, digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid and transverse mandibular. The description of the masticatory apparatus of L. aenigmamus offers a rare opportunity to assess the order of establishment of the morphological characters during the evolution of Ctenohystrica. Striking convergences h...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 19, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Hautier L, Saksiri S Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Mast cells and macrophages in duodenal mucosa of mice overexpressing erythropoietin.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, by using a mouse model (designated tg6) that constitutively overexpresses human Epo in an oxygen-independent manner, we have investigated mast cell and macrophage number and distribution in duodenal mucosa using immunohistochemical, morphometric and image analysis methods. The results showed that tryptase-positive mast cells and BM8-positive macrophages were more numerous in duodenal mucosa specimens of tg6 mice compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, whereas in wild-type specimens both mast cells and macrophages were generally scattered throughout the villus, in tg6 specimens they were aligned along the axi...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 17, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ribatti D, Crivellato E, Nico B, Guidolin D, Gassmann M, Djonov V Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Color Atlas of Histology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19691659 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 17, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Forbes AE, Going JJ Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Three-dimensional volume rendering of the ankle based on magnetic resonance images enables the generation of images comparable to real anatomy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We have applied high-quality medical imaging techniques to study the structure of the human ankle. Direct volume rendering, using specific algorithms, transforms conventional two-dimensional (2D) magnetic resonance image (MRI) series into 3D volume datasets. This tool allows high-definition visualization of single or multiple structures for diagnostic, research, and teaching purposes. No other image reformatting technique so accurately highlights each anatomic relationship and preserves soft tissue definition. Here, we used this method to study the structure of the human ankle to analyze tendon-bone-muscle relationship...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 11, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Anastasi G, Cutroneo G, Bruschetta D, Trimarchi F, Ielitro G, Cammaroto S, Duca A, Bramanti P, Favaloro A, Vaccarino G, Milardi D Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 6th edn.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19678858 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - August 11, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Parson SH Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Analysis of biological networks.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19659604 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 29, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Bard J Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The intercellular organization of the two muscular systems in the adult salmonid heart, the compact and the spongy myocardium.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The ventricle of the salmonid heart consists of an outer compact layer of circumferentially arranged cardiomyocytes encasing a spongy myocardium that spans the lumen of the ventricle with a fine arrangement of muscular trabeculae. While many studies have detailed the anatomical structure of fish hearts, few have considered how these two cardiac muscle architectures are attached to form a functional working unit. The present study considers how the spindle-like cardiomyocytes, unlike the more rectangular structure of adult mammalian cardiomyocytes, form perpendicular connections between the two muscle layers th...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Pieperhoff S, Bennett W, Farrell AP Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Thoracolumbar fascia does not influence proprioceptive signaling from lumbar paraspinal muscle spindles in the cat.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The thoracolumbar fascia attaches to the lumbar spinous processes and encloses the paraspinal muscles to form a muscle compartment. Because muscle spindles can respond to transverse forces applied at a muscle's surface, we were interested in the mechanical effects this fascia may have on proprioceptive signaling from lumbar paraspinal muscles during vertebral movement. The discharge of paraspinal muscle spindles at rest and in response to muscle history were investigated in the presence and absence of the thoracolumbar fascia in anesthetized cats. Muscle-history was induced by positioning the L(6) vertebra in ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Cao DY, Pickar JG Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Tensile stress patterns predicted in the articular disc of the human temporomandibular joint.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The direction of the first principal stress in the articular disc of the temporomandibular joint was predicted with a biomechanical model of the human masticatory system. The results were compared with the orientation of its collagen fibers. Furthermore, the effect of an active pull of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle, which is directly attached to the articular disc, was studied. It was hypothesized that the markedly antero-posterior direction of the collagen fibers would be reflected in the direction of the tensile stresses in the disc and that active pull of the superior lateral pterygoid muscle would ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Koolstra JH, Tanaka E Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Mechanical constraints on the functional morphology of the gibbon hind limb.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we present quantitative anatomical data of the hind limb for four species of gibbon (Hylobates lar, H. moloch, H. pileatus and Symphalangus syndactylus). Muscle mass and fascicle lengths were obtained from all of the major hind limb muscles and the physiological cross-sectional area was calculated and scaled to remove the effect of body size. The results clearly indicate that, for all of the species studied, the major hip, knee and ankle extensors are short-fascicled and pennate. The major hip and knee flexors, however, are long-fascicled, parallel muscles with relatively small physiological cross-sectional ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 14, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Channon AJ, Günther MM, Crompton RH, Vereecke EE Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Ontogeny of the tessellated skeleton: insight from the skeletal growth of the round stingray Urobatis halleri.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The majority of the skeleton of elasmobranch fishes (sharks, rays and relatives) is tessellated: uncalcified cartilage is overlain by a superficial rind of abutting, mineralized, hexagonal blocks called tesserae. We employed a diversity of imaging techniques on an ontogenetic series of jaw samples to investigate the development of the tessellated skeleton in a stingray (Urobatis halleri). We compared these data with the cellular changes that characterize cartilage calcification in bony skeletons. Skeletal growth is characterized by the appearance of tesserae as well as changes in chondrocyte shape, arrangement...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 14, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Dean MN, Mull CG, Gorb SN, Summers AP Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The seminiferous epithelium cycle and its duration in different breeds of dog (Canis familiaris).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Testis structure and function in dogs are relatively poorly investigated. The aim of the present study was to carry out a comparative investigation of the stages of the seminiferous epithelium cycle and its duration in different breeds of dog. Fifty-six sexually mature dogs (mongrel, n = 12; pinscher, n = 12; beagle, n = 5; American pit bull, n = 9; poodle, n = 12; and Labrador retriever, n = 6) were analysed. Intratesticular injections of tritiated thymidine were given to determine the duration of spermatogenesis. Orchiectomy was performed at different time periods following injection (1 h, 2 and 4 weeks). Te...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 12, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Soares JM, Avelar GF, França LR Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Dimensions of forelimb muscles in orangutans and chimpanzees.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Eight forelimbs of three orangutans and four chimpanzees were dissected and the muscle mass, fascicle length and physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) of all forelimb muscles were systematically recorded to explore possible interspecies variation in muscle dimensions. Muscle mass and PCSA were divided by the total mass and total PCSA of the entire forelimb muscles for normalization. The results indicate that the mass and PCSA ratios of the monoarticular elbow flexors (M. brachialis and M. brachioradialis) are significantly larger in orangutans. In contrast, the mass ratios of the biarticular muscles in the...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 8, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Oishi M, Ogihara N, Endo H, Ichihara N, Asari M Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Analysis of intraindividual and intraspecific variation in semicircular canal dimensions using high-resolution x-ray computed tomography.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The semicircular canal system tracks head rotation and provides sensory input for the reflexive stabilization of gaze and posture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the intraspecific and intraindividual variation in the size of the three semicircular canals. The right and left temporal bones were extracted from 31 individuals of the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and scanned on a high-resolution x-ray computed tomography system. The radius of curvature was calculated for each of the three semicircular canals for each side. Paired t-tests and independent sample t-tests indicated no significa...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - July 8, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Welker KL, Orkin JD, Ryan TM Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The intra-uterine environment and placentation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19563552 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 30, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Leach L, Mayhew TM Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Vascular dysfunction in the diabetic placenta: causes and consequences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The development and functioning of the human fetoplacental vascular system are vulnerable to the maternal diabetic milieu. These vessels are in direct continuum with the fetal vascular system and are therefore also vulnerable to fetal endocrine derangements. Increased angiogenesis, altered junctional maturity and molecular occupancy, together with increased leakiness, constitute a well-described phenotype of vessels in the Type 1 diabetic human placenta and can be related to increased levels of placental vascular endothelial growth factor. The causes of these observed changes, whether maternal hyperglycaemia or fetal h...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 30, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Leach L, Taylor A, Sciota F Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Morphological characterization of pecteneal hyalocytes in the developing quail retina.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, pecteneal hyalocytes are a special subtype of blood-borne macrophages that express markers not specifically associated with the haematopoietic system. PMID: 19566699 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Journal of Anatomy)
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 28, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Llombart C, Nacher V, Ramos D, Luppo M, Carretero A, Navarro M, Melgarejo V, Armengol C, Rodríguez-Baeza A, Mendes-Jorge L, Ruberte J Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Organogenesis of the juxta-oral organ in mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The juxta-oral organ is a bilateral organ in the mammalian bucca. It consists of epithelial cords with surrounding mesenchyme. It develops from embryonic oral epithelium, but its macroscopic morphology in mice is less studied and seems to be very different from that of humans. The juxta-oral organ in mice extends more widely from the subcutaneous tissue of the mandible near the lateral fascia of the masseter to the submucosa of the soft palate. In this paper, we report that the mutant mouse allele Bmp7(lacZ) presented intense lacZ expression in the epithelial component of the juxta-oral organ in its homo- and heterozyg...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 25, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Ito M, Nakashima M, Yoshioka M, Imaki J Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Identification of a stem cell niche in the zone of Ranvier within the knee joint.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A superficial lesion of the articular cartilage does not spontaneously self-repair and has been suggested to be partly due to lack of progenitor cells within the joint that can reach the site of injury. To study whether progenitor cells are present within the joint, 3-month-old New Zealand white rabbits were exposed to bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 12 consecutive days and were then sacrificed 4, 6, 10, 14, 28 and 56 days after the first BrdU administration. Presence of BrdU and localization of progenitor markers were detected using immunohistochemistry. After 10 days of BrdU exposure, BrdU-positive cells, i.e. prolifera...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 25, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Karlsson C, Thornemo M, Henriksson HB, Lindahl A Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Facial musculature in the rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta): evolutionary and functional contexts with comparisons to chimpanzees and humans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Facial expression is a common mode of visual communication in mammals but especially so in primates. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) have a well-documented facial expression repertoire that is controlled by the facial/mimetic musculature as in all mammals. However, little is known about the musculature itself and how it compares with those of other primates. Here we present a detailed description of the facial musculature in rhesus macaques in behavioral, evolutionary and comparative contexts. Formalin-fixed faces from six adult male specimens were dissected using a novel technique. The morphology, attachments, three-...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 25, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Burrows AM, Waller BM, Parr LA Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Effect of cyclosporin A on functional recovery in the spinal cord following contusion injury.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Considerable evidence has shown that the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A (CsA) may have neuroprotective properties which can be exploited in the treatment of spinal cord injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular environment within the spinal cord following injury and determine whether CsA has an effect on altering cellular interactions to promote a growth-permissive environment. CsA was administered to a group of rats 4 days after they endured a moderate contusion injury. Functional recovery was assessed using the Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale at 3, 5 and 7 weeks...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 23, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: McMahon SS, Albermann S, Rooney GE, Moran C, Hynes J, Garcia Y, Dockery P, O'Brien T, Windebank AJ, Barry FP Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Iliac cortical thickness in the neonate - the gradient effect.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigates cortical bone thickness across both gluteal and pelvic iliac shells in the human neonatal ilium. Measurements of specific regions of interest on the iliac cortices were recorded using reconstructed micro-computed tomography scans from 30 neonatal ilia. Analysis of gluteal and pelvic cortical thicknesses revealed a distinctive patterning consistent with the expected bone distribution achieved through early bone modelling and remodelling. The analysis of this pattern is important for understanding the relationship between trabecular bone patterning and cortical bone structure in the earliest stages of...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Cunningham CA, Black SM Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Linked morphological changes during palate evolution in early tetrapods.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the shapes and sizes of dermal bones of the palate of selected Palaeozoic tetrapods in order to identify the ancestral states of palatal bone morphologies in the earliest tetrapods, to learn how the composition of the palate varies within and among early tetrapod radiations, and to recognize evolutionary correlations among the size and shapes of skeletal elements in this important group of animals. We find that whereas the palatal bones themselves and their arrangements are usually conserved, considerable correlated evolutionary change occurs in the shapes and sizes of the bones. Some of the changes in the bone...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Kimmel CB, Sidlauskas B, Clack JA Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Serotonin and GABA are colocalized in restricted groups of neurons in the larval sea lamprey brain: insights into the early evolution of neurotransmitter colocalization in vertebrates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Colocalization of the classic neurotransmitters serotonin (5-HT) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (or the enzyme that synthesizes the latter, glutamate decarboxylase) has been reported in a few neurons of the rat raphe magnus-obscurus nuclei. However, there are no data on the presence of neurochemically similar neurons in the brain of non-mammalian vertebrates. Lampreys are the oldest extant vertebrates and may provide important data on the phylogeny of neurochemical systems. The colocalization of 5-HT and GABA in neurons of the sea lamprey brain was studied using antibodies directed against 5-HT and GABA and confoca...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Barreiro-Iglesias A, Cornide-Petronio ME, Anadón R, Rodicio MC Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactivity in the human cerebellum: qualitative and quantitative analyses.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, using four different anti-VIP antibodies, the first evidence of VIP immunoreactivity is herein supplied in the human post-mortem cerebellum, with similar qualitative/quantitative patterns of distribution among the different cerebellum lobes. Owing to the function performed by VIP as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator, it is a candidate for a role in intrinsic and extrinsic (projective) circuits of the cerebellum, in agreement with previous demonstrations of receptors for VIP in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. As VIP signalling pathways are implicated in the regulation of cognitive and psychic functions, cer...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 21, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Benagiano V, Flace P, Lorusso L, Rizzi A, Bosco L, Cagiano R, Ambrosi G Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

The pattern of endocranial ontogenetic shape changes in humans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we use virtual endocasts to provide a detailed description of shape changes during human postnatal ontogeny with geometric morphometric methods. Using CT scans of 108 dried human crania ranging in age from newborns to adults and several hundred landmarks and semi-landmarks, we find that the endocranial ontogenetic trajectory is curvilinear with two bends, separating three distinct phases of shape change. We test to what extent endocranial shape change is driven by size increase and whether the curved ontogenetic trajectory can be explained by a simple model of modular development of the endocranial base and ...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 14, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Neubauer S, Gunz P, Hublin JJ Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Development of the stapedius muscle and pyramidal eminence in humans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of the study was to systematize the key developmental phases of the stapedius muscle and the pyramidal eminence to clarify their formation, as well as to understand the variations and anomalies that can affect these structures. Sixty human embryos and fetuses between 38 days and 17 weeks of development were studied. The stapedius muscle is formed by two anlagen, one for the tendon, which derives from the internal segment of the interhyale, and another for the belly, located in the second pharyngeal arch medial to the facial nerve and near the interhyale but forming a completely independent anlage. In the interh...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 14, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Rodríguez-Vázquez JF Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals

Cell proliferation and death in the brain of active and hibernating frogs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
'Binomial' cell proliferation and cell death have been studied in only a few non-mammalian vertebrates, such as fish. We thought it of interest to map cell proliferation/apoptosis in the brain of the frog (Rana esculenta L.) as this animal species undergoes, during the annual cycle, physiological events that could be associated with central nervous system damage. Therefore, we compared the active period and the deep underground hibernation of the frog. Using western blot analysis for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), we revealed a positive 36 kDa band in all samples and found higher optical density values in t...
Source: Journal of Anatomy - June 14, 2009 Category: Anatomy Authors: Cerri S, Bottiroli G, Bottone MG, Barni S, Bernocchi G Tags: J Anat Source Type: journals