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How Many Casualties Are Too Many? Proportional Reasoning in the Valuation of Military and Civilian Lives1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
People frequently judge saved lives as less valuable and deaths more acceptable when they are characterized as small fractions of larger "at-risk" groups. Two studies with U.S. college students demonstrated this effect in judgments concerning acceptable numbers of U.S. military and Middle Eastern civilian casualties. At the beginning of the current U.S.[ndash]Iraq conflict (Study 1), priming cost[ndash]benefit reasoning produced greater proportional devaluation for Iraqi civilian than for U.S. military lives. In a hypothetical armed intervention in Iran to halt weapons development (Study 2), women but not men showed greate...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: James Friedrich, Tiffany L. Dood Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Effects of Assessment Mode and Privacy Level on Self-Reports of Risky Sexual Behaviors and Substance Use Among Young Women1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined differences in reported behaviors by assessment mode under differing privacy levels. Females were randomized to a computer-administered self-interview (CASI) or self-administered questionnaire (SAQ) assessment of sexual risk and substance use behaviors that was completed non-anonymously or anonymously. There were few differences in reported behaviors between assessment modes and privacy levels. However, an assessment mode by privacy-level interaction was found for 2 outcomes (unprotected oral sex, recent sexual partner). Greater disclosure occurred in the CASI-anonymous condition than the CASI-non-anony...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jennifer L. Brown, Peter A. Vanable Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Effects of Stereotype Threat and Pacing on Older Adults' Learning OutcomesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined the effects of stereotype threat and pacing on older adult training outcomes. Older adults (N = 51; M age = 71 years) were randomly assigned to stereotype threat and pacing conditions and completed computerized library training. Contrary to expectations, stereotype threat was found to improve performance significantly on both training practice exercises and a post-training knowledge test. Self-pacing was not found to affect training performance, but did produce more positive reactions to the training course. Implications for training design and for stereotype threat research are discussed. (Source: Jour...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Barbara A. Fritzsche, Renée E. DeRouin, Eduardo Salas Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Asian Risk Seeking and Overconfidence1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined the 2 seemingly separated domains of research: risk taking and overconfidence. It compared individual and collective (both family and group) decisions among Chinese in Singapore. This permitted tests of both the cushion and the argument recruitment hypotheses. The overall results obtained no support for the cushion effect and partial support for the argument recruitment hypotheses. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Shu Li, Yan-Ling Bi, Yuching Zhang Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Music as an Unconditioned Stimulus: Positive and Negative Effects of Country Music on Implicit Attitudes, Explicit Attitudes, and Brand Choice1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An experiment (N = 68) explored how background music in a realistic web advertisement could condition implicit and explicit attitudes toward a novel brand. Conditioning effects were apparent in both traditional explicit attitude measures and also in the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Further, brand choice was predicted by explicit attitudes, but prediction improved significantly when implicit attitudes were considered. Mood-congruent judgment, demand effects, and conditioning are considered as potential explanations for our results, and we argue that conditioning provides the most parsimonious explanation. Finally, the r...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Christopher M. Redker, Bryan Gibson Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Relationships Between Politics, Supervisor Communication, and Job OutcomesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated the influence of perceptions of politics on the consequences of turnover intentions and job frustration; 2 important outcomes in the organizational politics literature. Additionally, this study examined the role of supervisor communication as a moderator of these relationships. We investigated the relationships in a sample of 246 alumni from a midwestern university who were working in a wide range of occupations. Our results provide support for positive associations between POPs and intentions to turnover and job frustration; supervisor communication moderated these relationships. Managerial recomme...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kenneth J. Harris, Ranida B. Harris, Anthony R. Wheeler Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Perceived Organizational Support: An African PerspectiveEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study of perceived organizational support (POS) has received considerable attention in the literature. Despite the acknowledged impact of sociocultural values on organizational behaviors, there is paucity in non-Western work environments. The current study empirically examined supportive perceptions in an African context. Workers' demographic variables and consequences of POS were examined in light of their sociocultural values. POS were measured with the short version of Eisenberger et al.'s (1990) survey. Sociocultural values that explain the associations of demographic variables with psychological variables (e.g., j...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Seth Ayim Gyekye, Simo Salminen Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Religiosity and Attitudes Toward Diversity: A Potential Workplace Conflict?1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study investigates relationships between 2 measures of religiosity (immanence orientation and religious fundamentalism) and 2 measures of attitudes toward diversity (universal-diverse orientation and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians). As expected, different conceptualizations of religiosity relate differently to diversity attitudes. Immanence orientation related positively and religious fundamentalism related negatively with both measures of diversity attitudes. However, when both measures were included in the hierarchical regression equation, immanence orientation no longer related significantly with attitudes to...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Judy P. Strauss, Olukemi O. Sawyerr Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Helping Following Natural Disasters: A Social-Motivational Analysis1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present investigation explores how judgments of responsibility influence affective and helping reactions toward natural-disaster victims. Guided by Weiner's (1995, 2006) theory of social motivation, we hypothesized that judging victims responsible for a disaster would indirectly lead to low rates of helping. Two studies tested this hypothesis. In Study 1, a bogus earthquake was used to test experimentally the effects of responsibility judgments (low, high). In Study 2, we surveyed attitudes about the victims of Hurricane Katrina. Our results showed that Weiner's model was supported across studies. Responsibility judgme...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Zdravko Marjanovic, Esther R. Greenglass, , C. Ward Struthers, Cathy Faye Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Is a Manipulator's Externality Paradoxical? The Relationship Between Machiavellianism, Economic Opportunism, and Economic Locus of ControlEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated their relationship with economic internality. We hypothesized that individuals inclined to adopt defecting strategies would tend to have external economic locus of control (ELOC). A Greek sample of 175 participants completed the ELOC and Mach IV questionnaires and a scale of economic opportunism. Machiavellianism and opportunism were both positively correlated with the ELOC Chance factor. Opportunism was negatively correlated with the ELOC Internal factor. The findings confirmed the hypothesis and showed that this kind of defector overestimates the role of chance, uncertainty, and hazard as sources ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maria Sakalaki, Sofia Kanellaki, Clive Richardson Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Cultural Background and Individualistic–Collectivistic Values in Relation to Similarity, Perspective Taking, and EmpathyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A path model testing antecedents and consequences of perceived similarity was examined for Asian and European Australian participants (N = 240). Cultural background and values were measured, and participants read scenarios describing a target in distress acting according to individualistic or collectivistic values. Consistent with past research, feeling similar to the target was linked to perspective taking and empathy. Moreover, Asian participants were more collectivistic, and collectivistic values were linked to higher empathy. In the present data, however, both endorsed higher levels of collectivism than individualism; ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - October 26, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Miriam S. Heinke, Winnifred R. Louis Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Role of Perceived Wealth Competence, Wealth Values, and Internal Wealth Locus of Control in Predicting Wealth Creation Behavior1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of this research was to explore the possibility that Wallston's (1992) modified social learning theory would apply to wealth creation behavior. We hypothesized that those who have high scores on internal wealth locus of control, perceived wealth competence, and wealth value would be more likely to engage in wealth creation behavior, both currently and in the future. A community sample of 317 adults completed measures of all these constructs. Factor structure and reliability of the scales were established prior to analysis. Two separate hierarchical multiple regressions were conducted: The moderation hypothesis was ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lyndall Steed, Maxine Symes Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Perceived Investment in Permanent Employee Development and Social and Economic Exchange Perceptions Among Temporary EmployeesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated the mediating roles of social and economic exchange perceptions on the relationship between perceived investment in permanent employee development in the client organization and exchange outcomes among 375 temporary employees. The results support full mediation by exchange perceptions, where social exchange perception is positively related to both task performance and organizational citizenship behavior, and economic exchange perception is negatively related to task performance. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bård Kuvaas, Anders Dysvik Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Can Sex-Undifferentiated Teacher Expectations Mask an Influence of Sex Stereotypes?Alternative Forms of Sex Bias in Teacher Expectations1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This research investigated different forms of sex bias in teacher expectations relative to gymnastics performance. First, a laboratory experiment including 163 physical education teachers confirmed that stereotypes favorable to boys may influence teacher expectations in gymnastics. Next, a naturalistic study involving 15 teachers and 422 students showed that teachers expected no sex differences, even though girls performed better than boys. However, this sex bias was a result of reliance on nondiagnostic student personal characteristics favorable to boys, rather than on a stereotype per se. These results suggest that egali...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Aïna Chalabaev, Philippe Sarrazin, David Trouilloud, Lee Jussim Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Perils of Success in the Workplace: Comparison Target Responses to Coworkers' Upward Comparison Threat1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This field study investigated the coping behaviors utilized by award-winning real-estate agents who, as a consequence of their outperformance, perceived that they were the targets of threatening upward comparisons by those they had outperformed. We hypothesized that outperformers' comparison target discomfort (i.e., discomfort associated with being a target of upward comparisons) would moderate the relationships between comparison threat experienced by those outperformed and outperformers' modest self-presentation, avoidance behaviors, and socially motivated underachievement. Our results provide partial (and counterintuiti...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Stephanie C. Henagan, Arthur G. Bedeian Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Standardized Goals and Performance Feedback Aggregated Beyond the Work Unit: Optimizing the Use of Engineered Labor Standards and Electronic Performance MonitoringEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Electronic performance monitoring can monitor employee performance, while providing proximal goals and immediate feedback. A warehouse management system was enhanced to depict goal and performance on handheld wireless computers to improve order selection in an auto-parts aftermarket distribution center. Upon the onset of the intervention of an engineered labor standard and electronic performance monitoring, performance immediately increased by 24 units picked per hour per person and was maintained for the duration of the study, an increase of 12.9%. Evidence from this study suggests that performance goals and feedback can ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: David T. Goomas, Timothy D. Ludwig Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Workplace Expression of Emotions and Escalation of Commitment1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
These studies examined the effects of expressions of anger and guilt in the workplace on escalation of commitment. Study 1 examined the relationship between employees' reports of coworkers' emotion expressions and continued investment in a poorly performing subordinate. Study 2 tested the effects of leader expressions of anger and guilt on continued investment in a failing project. Results of both studies demonstrate that expressions of anger lead to greater escalation of commitment, while expressions of guilt lead to de-escalation. Experimental results indicate that the effects of emotion expressions on escalation are str...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Olivia A. O'Neill Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

LMX and Subordinate Political Skill: Direct and Interactive Effects on Turnover Intentions and Job SatisfactionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous research has demonstrated a positive relationship between leader[ndash]member exchange (LMX) quality and positive outcomes. However, little is known about how the dispositional variable of subordinate political skill impacts LMX[ndash]consequence relationships. Thus, this study investigated this interaction in predicting turnover intentions and job satisfaction. Additionally, we employed a relatively unexamined multidimensional measure of LMX, which could then help to establish the generalizability of outcomes related to LMX. We investigated these hypotheses in a sample of 239 working employees, and found support ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kenneth J. Harris, Ranida B. Harris, Robyn L. Brouer Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Attitude and Norm Accessibility and Cigarette SmokingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social norms and attitudes play a critical role in adolescent smoking initiation and maintenance. Focus theory predicts that making a norm more salient[mdash]and thereby temporarily increasing its accessibility from memory[mdash]will increase the influence of the norm on behavior for as long as the norm remains salient. Likewise, the process model of the attitude[ndash]behavior relationship predicts that accessible attitudes are more predictive of behavior. The present research examining the role of the chronic accessibility of smoking related normative beliefs and attitudes in predicting smoking behavior in college studen...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nancy Rhodes, David R. Ewoldsen Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Measuring Sexism, Racism, Sexual Prejudice, Ageism, Classism, and Religious Intolerance: The Intolerant Schema MeasureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Despite similarities between sexism, racism, sexual prejudice, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance, investigators do not routinely investigate these intolerant beliefs simultaneously. The purpose of this project was to create a brief, psychometrically sound measure of intolerance reflecting these 6 constructs. Data from existing measures (Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Neosexism Scale, Modern and Old-Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, Frabroni Scale of Ageism, Economic Beliefs Scale, and M-GRISM) and from items created by the authors were obtained from several college samples to create the Intolerant S...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Allison C. Aosved, Patricia J. Long, Emily K. Voller Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Examining Implementation Intentions in an Exercise Intervention: The Effects on Adherence and Self-Efficacy in a Naturalistic Setting1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined the effect of implementation intentions on adherence and SE over an 11-week exercise program. Women (N = 72) were randomly assigned to an experimental (i.e., implementation intention) or a control group, with 52 participants completing the study. Results showed that while adherence decreased over time in both groups, the experimental group had better adherence than did the control group. Scheduling SE was also higher in the experimental group. Implementation intentions may help to maintain adherence and scheduling SE. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Terra C. Murray, Wendy M. Rodgers, Shawn N. Fraser Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Customer Satisfaction and Switching Barriers: Effects on Repurchase Intentions, Positive Recommendations, and Price Tolerance1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The current article attempts to extend previous research by testing the effects of customer satisfaction and 2 types of switching barriers[mdash]negative and positive[mdash]on key manifestations of attitudinal loyalty (repurchase intentions, positive recommendations, and price tolerance). The work also studies whether the effect of customer satisfaction is linear or nonlinear. Finally, the paper analyzes whether switching barriers moderate the relative strength of the customer satisfaction/attitudinal loyalty relation. To this end, a total of 554 private mobile-phone customers were surveyed. The distinction between negativ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Rodolfo Vázquez-Casielles, Leticia Suárez-Álvarez, Ana Belén Del Río-Lanza Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Rater Effects and Attitudinal Barriers Affecting People With Disabilities in Personnel Selection1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study assessed potential barriers of the employment of individuals with disabilities. Participants reviewed the interview notes and résumé of a simulated applicant with a disability, along with the job description for a simulated position. Hiring ratings were assigned, followed by a series of measures assessing personality and attitudes toward people with disabilities. Results indicate that variance in both hiring ratings and attitudes differed as a function of individual differences in raters, suggesting that individual differences not only affect attitudes toward individuals with disabilities, but also impact subs...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Megan K. Leasher, Corey E. Miller, Martin P. Gooden Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Predicting Transformational Leadership in Naval Cadets: Effects of Personality Hardiness and TrainingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present study investigated whether personality hardiness predicts peer ratings of leadership style in Navy officer cadets. Cadets (n = 71) completed the Dispositional Resiliency (hardiness) Scale, and later rated their peers using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (full range of leadership model). Results show the hardy[ndash]commitment facet predicted peer ratings of all leadership styles covered in the model, both before and after and intensive military exercise. The challenge facet was a positive predictor of transformational and transactional leadership and was negatively related to passive-avoidant leadersh...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bjørn Helge Johnsen, Jarle Eid, Staale Pallesen, Paul T. Bartone, Odd A. Nissestad Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Monitoring Online Training Behaviors: Awareness of Electronic Surveillance Hinders E-Learners1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Web-based training programs commonly capture data reflecting e-learners' activities, yet little is known about the effects of this practice. Social facilitation theory suggests that it may adversely affect people by heightening distraction and arousal. This experiment examined the issue by asking volunteers to complete a Web-based training program designed to teach online search skills. Half of participants were told their training activities would be tracked; the others received no information about monitoring. Results supported the hypothesized effects on satisfaction, performance, and mental workload (measured via heart...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lori Foster Thompson, Jeffrey D. Sebastianelli, Nicholas P. Murray Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Subtle Bias Against Muslim Job Applicants in Personnel Decisions1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Contemporary theories of prejudice suggest that racism still exists in society, but is expressed in subtle and justifiable manners. Employing such theoretical frameworks, the present study examined subtle ways in which social category information is used differentially in personnel decisions. Participants (managers or undergraduates) were presented with background information and a résumé (with a typical Muslim or European American name) for a hypothetical job applicant. After reviewing the résumés, participants judged the applicant on hirability, salary assignment, and other job-related characteristics. Results showed...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jaihyun Park, Eva Malachi, Orit Sternin, Roni Tevet Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Episodic EnvyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Episodic envy, the unpleasant emotion resulting from a specific negative social comparison, is discussed. A new measure designed to assess it is developed, validated, and cross-validated in 3 studies. The implications of episodic envy are also examined. Results show that episodic envy is composed of a feeling component and a comparison component; and is different from unfairness, admiration, and competition. The feeling component is strongly correlated with negative emotional reactions (anxiety, depression, negative mood, hostility) and behavioral reactions (e.g., harming the other, creating a negative work atmosphere) to ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Yochi Cohen-Charash Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Workplace Bullying and Intention to Leave Among Schoolteachers in China: The Mediating Effect of Affective Commitment1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examines whether the relationship between workplace bullying and intention to leave is mediated by affective commitment. Based on data from 142 schoolteachers in China, a partial least squares analysis revealed that affective commitment partially mediates the effect of bullying on intention to leave. Furthermore, the direct effect of bullying on intention to leave is stronger than the indirect effect. Theoretical and practical implications include that awareness needs to be raised about what constitutes bullying behavior and that more emphasis needs to be placed on preventing bullying in the workplace. (Source: ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Darcy McCormack, Gian Casimir, Nikola Djurkovic, Li Yang Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Social Attractiveness and BlameEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Blame attributions are influenced by various extralegal factors, although at present there is no compelling evidence to link what may be one of the most pervasive sources of bias in blame judgments[mdash]an actor's social attractiveness or likableness[mdash]to blame attributions. We conducted 2 studies that varied an actor's social attractiveness and assessed its influence on blame. Social attractiveness influenced blame ratings in both studies, and perceptions of the actor's likableness mediated this effect. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mark D. Alicke, Ethan Zell Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Influence of Identification Decision and DNA Evidence on Juror Decision Making1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study examined the influence of identification decision type and DNA evidence on mock jurors' ratings of evidence reliability, witness credibility, and verdict decisions. Type of identification decision was found to influence jurors' perceptions of the reliability of eyewitnesses' descriptions of various details related to the crime. Specifically, positive identifications resulted in the highest reliability ratings. Type of DNA evidence presented was found to impact on ratings of expert witness reliability. Overall, inconsistent DNA evidence that was statistical in nature resulted in the lowest reliability ratings. DN...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Joanna D. Pozzulo, Julie M. T. Lemieux, Angela Wilson, Charmagne Crescini, Alberta Girardi Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Theoretical Antecedents of Distress Disclosure in a Community Sample of Young People1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Distress Disclosure Index (Kahn & Hessling, 2001) measures the tendency to disclose psychological distress and is important in understanding psychological well-being, interpersonal relationships, and help seeking. This paper used the disclosure decision model (Omarzu, 2000) to explore the theoretical antecedents of distress disclosure. Results of a community-based survey of 17[ndash]18-year-olds in South Wales (United Kingdom), suggesting that private self-consciousness, social support, and femininity were associated with higher distress disclosure. Shame was associated with lower distress disclosure. Moderating effect...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - September 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Katy Greenland, Jonathan Scourfield, Nina Maxwell, Lindsay Prior, Jane Scourfield Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Role of Negative Emotions on Adolescent Evaluation of Clinical Reproductive Healthcare ServicesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, survey responses from 135 adolescent clinic users in the western U.S. support a client-satisfaction model that differs from the traditional coping response framework by featuring negative emotions as a primary antecedent of service-quality evaluations, rather than a consequence. Quality evaluations directly impacted satisfaction, which, in turn, affected word of mouth and intentions to return to the clinic. This research represents an initial step toward better understanding of ways that adolescents may differ from adults on factors influencing satisfaction with clinical reproductive healthcare and, hence, h...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - August 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dana L. Alden, Qimei Chen Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

They Saw a Triple Lutz: Bias and Its Perception in American and Russian Newspaper Coverage of the 2002 Olympic Figure Skating Scandal1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We explored bias and its perception in newspaper reports of the 2002 Olympics figure skating controversy. American and Russian articles were examined for their perceptions of the Canadian and Russian pairs' performances, directionality of the Russian and American media and publics' biases, and media awareness of those biases. Reporters' accounts varied as a function of country of affiliation and indicated a one-sided acknowledgment of media and public bias. The American media acknowledged a pro-Canadian bias in their reporting; there was no self-bias acknowledgment in the Russian press. Country of affiliation produced one-...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 28, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Elena V. Stepanova, Michael J Strube, John J. Hetts Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

ErratumEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Erratum Source Type: journals

Predicting the Timing of Coming Out in Gay and Bisexual Men From World Beliefs, Physical Attractiveness, and Childhood Gender Identity/Role1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In a questionnaire study, we examined the age of "coming out" (i.e., acknowledging one's sexual identity) in gay and bisexual men as predicted by belief in a just world (BJW), personal efficacy (PE), physical attractiveness, childhood gender identity/role, and demographics. As hypothesized, men with a higher BJW, greater physical attractiveness, greater degree of same-sex behavior, and younger age reported an earlier age of coming out. An interaction between BJW and childhood gender identity/role showed, as expected, that the relation with BJW only occurred among men with greater childhood femininity. Unexpectedly, PE was ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Anthony F. Bogaert, Carolyn L. Hafer Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Effects of a Humanities Reading Program on Economically and Educationally Disadvantaged IndividualsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The effects of a 2-semester college-level humanities course were examined in a group of economically and educationally disadvantaged individuals in Portland, OR, and a group of incarcerated males at a medium-security prison in Pendleton, OR. Student responses on a pre- and post-course survey were compared. Within-group comparisons indicated that Portland students displayed significant improvement in participation in volunteer organizations, enrollment in college classes, life satisfaction, verbal ability, and analysis of the major course themes. Inmates improved on desire to participate in community organizations, vote in ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Richard Katzev, Jennifer Allen, Cheryl L. Peters Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Reducing White Juror Bias: The Role of Race Salience and Racial Attitudes1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined if race salience could reduce White juror racial bias, even for individuals who reported high levels of racism. Making race salient reduced White juror racial bias toward a Black defendant. Jurors' racist beliefs were only associated with the verdict when the defendant's race was not made salient. This finding suggests that the effects of individual prejudice toward a Black defendant can be reduced by making the defendant's race salient. (Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ellen S. Cohn, Donald Bucolo, Misha Pride, Samuel R. Sommers Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Biobehavioral Model of Persuasion: Generating Challenge Appraisals to Promote Health1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
By borrowing from the biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat, we may understand when health communications adequately motivate behavior change or when they are overly distressing and inhibit behavior change. The present studies were guided by the biobehavioral model of persuasion, which predicts that different health appeals should evoke different appraisals, as well as psychological and physiological responses that motivate the adoption or rejection of health behaviors. Challenging messages should be associated with approach motivational tendencies, whereas threatening messages should be linked to avoidance. Findin...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tamera R. Schneider, Susan E. Rivers, Joseph B. Lyons Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Using the Knowledge-and-Appraisal Personality Architecture to Predict Physically Active Leisure Self-Efficacy in University Students1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although self-efficacy is a construct found throughout research literature, little is known about the psychological mechanisms that give rise to perceptions of personal confidence. This situation is changing as a result of the introduction of the knowledge-and-appraisal personality architecture (KAPA; Cervone, 2004), a theory proposed to explain the origins of self-efficacy percepts. In the present study, KAPA's framework was utilized to predict university students' self-efficacy toward 3 physically demanding leisure activities. The results support the theory's validity. Confidence was strongly related to how personal char...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: James B. Wise Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Optimism and College Retention: Mediation by Motivation, Performance, and Adjustment1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although higher education has been linked to better income, longer life expectancy, and better health, about 25[ndash]45% of incoming college freshmen never graduate. The current study examined whether optimistic expectancies are associated with college retention. Participants (N = 2,189) were given surveys when entering college, and academic records were attained after freshman year completion. Dispositional and academic optimism were associated with less chance of dropping out of college, as well as better motivation and adjustment. Academic optimism was also associated with higher grade point average (GPA). Structural e...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lise Solberg Nes, Daniel R. Evans, Suzanne C. Segerstrom Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Transactional Leadership Revisited: Self–Other Agreement and Its ConsequencesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In a field study involving 209 leader[ndash]follower dyads, we examined leader[ndash]follower agreement regarding perceptions of the leaders' behavior style and follower outcomes of performance, organizational citizenship behavior, affective commitment, and trust in the leader. Using the self[ndash]other agreement paradigm, we found that agreement about a leader's style as transactional was positively related to these outcomes, whereas there was no relationship between agreement about a leader's transformational style and any of the outcomes. These findings support our view that a shared interpretation of the leader's tran...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: J. Lee Whittington, Renee H. Coker, Vicki L. Goodwin, William Ickes, Brian Murray Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Transforming Dissatisfaction With Services Into Self-Determination: A Social Psychological Perspective on Community Program Effectiveness1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A field study of supported employment for adults with mental illness provided an experimental test of cognitive dissonance theory. We predicted that most work-interested individuals randomly assigned to a non-preferred program would reject services and lower their work aspirations. However, individuals who chose to pursue employment through a non-preferred program were expected to resolve this dissonance through favorable service evaluations and strong efforts to succeed at work. Significant Work Interest × Service Preference interactions supported these predictions. Over 2 years, participants interested in employment who...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Cathaleene Macias, Elliot Aronson, William Hargreaves, Gifford Weary, Paul J. Barreira, John Harvey, Charles F. Rodican, Leonard Bickman, William Fisher Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Structural Modeling of Car Use on the Way to the University in Different Settings: Interplay of Norms, Habits, Situational Restraints, and Perceived Behavioral Control1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This manuscript presents the results of the application of an extended norm activation model to the explanation of car use on the way to the university with a sample of 430 students of 3 German universities. The proposed two-stage structural model is supported by the data. First, a norm activation process starting with awareness of consequences activates subjective and personal norms. Second, behavior is determined by car-use habits, perceived behavioral control (PBC), car access, and effort to use public transportation. The influence of personal norms on behavior is mediated by habits. Subgroup analyses of the second stag...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Christian A. Klöckner, Ellen Matthies Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Children's Moral Evaluations of Ecological Damage: The Effect of Biocentric and Anthropocentric Intentions1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Moral evaluations of ecologically damaging events were studied in 5th, 8th, and 11th graders and college students (N = 246). Participants made 4 kinds of judgments about 2 scenarios: decision rightness, damage rightness, blame of the decision maker, and blame of the agents causing the damage. In both scenarios, the decision maker's intentions varied (biocentric vs. anthropocentric) as did the damage severity. Overall, participants' judgments were less harsh when the decision maker had biocentric intentions and when the damage was less severe. However, there were age differences in use of intentions to judge decision rightn...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Katherine V. Kortenkamp, Colleen F. Moore Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Influences of Upstream Social Factors on Downstream Perceptions of Social Support in Cardiac Rehabilitation1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Within Berkman et al.'s (2000) framework, we examined sociodemographic correlates of social networks (SN) and social support (SS) in 155 heart patients (33 women, 122 men), who completed measures of sociodemographics, SN, and SS. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the relationship between sociodemographic factors and SN; and between sociodemographic factors, SN, and SS. Higher social status and more income were related to larger, more diverse networks and more SS. Higher social status and being married were related to more SS. Being married was related to more belonging and tangible support. Results show the complex...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Shawn N. Fraser, Wendy M. Rodgers Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Psychological Reactance and Adolescents' Attitudes Toward Tobacco-Control MeasuresEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The theory of psychological reactance predicts that, to the extent that smoking-control measures are perceived as threatening the individual's freedom to choose among behavioral alternatives, they may be met with resistance. Data were collected from a national representative sample of 2,400 young people (ages 16[ndash]20) by telephone interviews. Dispositional reactance was shown to be associated with smoking. Principal components analyses revealed that a distinction should be made between attitudes toward weak and attitudes toward strong smoking-control measures. Attitudes toward strong measures were particularly negative...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nora Wiium, Leif E. Aarø, Jørn Hetland Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Predictive Factors of Ethnic Prejudice Toward Immigrants in a Representative Subsample of Spanish Young People1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This research aimed to study those factors that predict different types of ethnic prejudice in a representative subsample of Spanish young people. The instrument we used was Pettigrew & Meertens' (1995) blatant/subtle prejudice scale. Results show that although there is a similar underlying pattern in both types of ethnic prejudice, subtle prejudice is based more on cultural differences, whereas blatant prejudice also stresses the racial, economic, and labor effects of immigration. Moreover, blatant prejudice is also influenced by the formal level of education and political position. The results are interpreted within the ...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: José Luis González-Castro, Silvia Ubillos, Jaime Ibáñez Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Race Shapes Perceptions of Juvenile Offenders in Criminal Court1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We investigated the effects of defendant race, victim race, and juror gender on non-African American mock jurors' perceptions of crimes committed by juvenile offenders. We predicted that mock jurors, particularly men, would render more pro-prosecution case judgments when the defendant was African American than White. We also predicted that defendants would be judged more harshly when the crime victim was portrayed as White rather than as African American. Although there were few main effects of defendant race or victim race on case judgments, defendant and victim race by juror gender interactions revealed that men (but not...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Margaret C. Stevenson, Bette L. Bottoms Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Solving the Dilemma: Family Communication About Organ Donation Among Chinese, Japanese, and Caucasian American College Students1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study surveyed 800 students in the United States, Hong Kong, and Japan to determine associations between the components of the theory of reasoned action and early communication about organ-donation decisions within the family. Results showed that among the 3 ethnic groups, Japanese students reported the least favorable attitudes and subjective norms about organ donation and were also the least likely to discuss this topic with their families. Moreover, the moderating effect of ethnicity indicated that attitudes were a significant factor of family discussion among American and Japanese students but not among Chinese st...
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology - July 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Anise M. S. Wu, Catherine S. Tang Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals