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Food safety: pathogen transmission routes, hygiene practices and prevention.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19902794 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Unicomb LE Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Survey of food-hygiene practices at home and childhood diarrhoea in Hanoi, Viet Nam.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the potential factors of food-hygiene practices of mothers on the prevalence of diarrhoea among their children. Mothers who had children aged 6 months-5 years were recruited in a hamlet in Viet Nam. The food-hygiene practices included hand-washing, method of washing utensils, separation of utensils for raw and cooked food, and the location where foods were prepared for cooking. A face-to-face interview was conducted, and data on 206 mothers were analyzed. The risk of diarrhoea was significantly higher among children whose mothers prepared food for cooking somewhere o...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Takanashi K, Chonan Y, Quyen DT, Khan NC, Poudel KC, Jimba M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Phenotypic characterization of Salmonella typhimurium isolates from food-animals and abattoir drains in Buea, Cameroon.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Salmonella spp. have been extensively incriminated worldwide as common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in humans, with food-animals serving as important reservoirs. The study was aimed at investigating cattle and pigs slaughtered in Buea as reservoirs of Salmonella Typhimurium and the susceptibility of isolates to antibiotics. In total, 230 specimens (comprising 50 each from the rectum, ileum, and gall bladder of cattle; and 10 each from same anatomical sites of pigs and 50 from abattoir drains) were analyzed for Salmonella using the standard microbiological, biochemical and serological techniques. Antibiotic susce...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Akoachere JF, Tanih NF, Ndip LM, Ndip RN Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Effect of prenatal zinc supplementation on birthweight.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although iron and zinc deficiencies are known to occur together and also appear to be high in Ghana, a few supplementation studies addressed this concurrently in pregnancy. In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 600 pregnant women in Ghana were randomly assigned to receive either a combined supplement of 40 mg of zinc as zinc gluconate and 40 mg of iron as ferrous sulphate or 40 mg of elemental iron as ferrous sulphate. Overall, there was no detectable difference in the mean birthweight between the study groups, although the effect of iron-zinc supplementation on the mean birthweight was masked by a strong int...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Saaka M, Oosthuizen J, Beatty S Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Zinc deficiency: descriptive epidemiology and morbidity among preschool children in peri-urban population in Delhi, India.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Community-based data relating to factors influencing zinc deficiency among preschool children in India are inadequate. Data of a large, double-blinded, randomized, controlled zinc-supplementation trial were used for assessing the descriptive epidemiology of zinc deficiency among children aged 6-35 months (n = 940). In total, 609 children were followed up for 120 days for information on morbidity. Of these children, 116 from the control group belonging to the upper and the lower 25th quartile of plasma zinc status at baseline were selected for assessing the association of zinc deficiency with prospective morbidity. At b...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Dhingra U, Hiremath G, Menon VP, Dhingra P, Sarkar A, Sazawal S Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Simplified dosing of gentamicin for treatment of sepsis in Bangladeshi neonates.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Extended-interval dosing of gentamicin has several advantages over conventional multiple-daily dosing for the treatment of sepsis. The study was conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin for the treatment of neonatal sepsis in predetermined doses at 24- or 48-hour intervals, according to weight category, and to develop a simplified protocol for use in peripheral healthcare settings in developing countries. This prospective observational study was conducted among 59 neonates admitted to the Special Care Nursery at Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Bangladesh, with suspected sepsis and treated with antibiotics, inclu...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Hossain MM, Chowdhury NA, Shirin M, Saha SK, Miller-Bell M, Edwards D, Aranda J, Coffey P, Darmstadt GL Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

An outbreak of cholera associated with an unprotected well in Parbatia, Orissa, Eastern India.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In November 2003, an outbreak (41 cases; attack rate-4.3%; no deaths) of severe diarrhoea was reported from a village in Orissa, eastern India. Thirteen of these cases were hospitalized. A matched case-control study was conducted to identify the possible exposure variables. Since all wells were heavily chlorinated immediately after the outbreak, water samples were not tested. The cases were managed symptomatically. Descriptive epidemiology suggested clustering of cases around one public well. Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1, serotype Ogawa was isolated from four of six rectal swabs. The water from the public well was associa...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Das A, Manickam P, Hutin Y, Pal BB, Chhotray GP, Kar SK, Gupte MD Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Spatial distribution of diarrhoea and microbial quality of domestic water during an outbreak of diarrhoea in the Tshikuwi community in Venda, South Africa.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Total microbial quality assessment and geographical information system were used for evaluating the quality of water and the spatial distribution of diarrhoea cases in Tshikuwi, a rural community in South Africa, during an outbreak of diarrhoea. The water-abstraction points included two groundwater storage tanks, namely Tank 1 and Tank 2 and the Khandanama river. Indicator microbial counts for total coliforms, faecal coliforms, enterococci, and heterotrophic bacteria exceeded the limit for no risk as stipulated by the South African water-quality guidelines for domestic use for Tank 1 and the Khandanama river. Vibrio, S...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Bessong PO, Odiyo JO, Musekene JN, Tessema A Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Retrospective surveillance for intussusception in children aged less than five years in a South Indian tertiary-care hospital.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study provides baseline data on intussusception in South India. Cases identified in the study were similar in presentation and demographics as those observed in other Asian settings. Prospective surveillance systems, using standardized case definitions will further increase the understanding of the aetiology and epidemiology of intussusception, especially as new rotavirus vaccines are made available. PMID: 19902802 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Bhowmick K, Kang G, Bose A, Chacko J, Boudville I, Datta SK, Bock HL Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Demographic and health-related risk factors of subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Ethiopia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study was conducted to determine the demographic and health-related risk factors of subclinical vitamin A deficiency in Ethiopia. Blood samples were collected from 996 children in 210 clusters across the nation for analysis of serum retinol. Interviews were conducted with the respective mothers of the 996 children on presumed risk factors of vitamin A deficiency. A higher subclinical vitamin A deficiency was associated with: not receiving vitamin A supplement over the year, having been ill during the two weeks preceding the survey, no or incomplete vaccination, belonging to a mother with high parity, and low levels...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Demissie T, Ali A, Mekonnen Y, Haider J, Umeta M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Technical and social evaluation of arsenic mitigation in rural Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Technical and social performances of an arsenic-removal technology--the sono arsenic filter--in rural areas of Bangladesh were investigated. Results of arsenic field-test showed that filtered water met the Bangladesh standard (< 50 microg/L) after two years of continuous use. A questionnaire was administrated among 198 sono arsenic filter-user and 230 non-user families. Seventy-two percent of filters (n = 198) were working at the time of the survey. Another 28% of the filters were abandoned due to breakage. The abandonment percentage (28%) was lower than other mitigation options currently implemented in Bangladesh. ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Shafiquzzaman M, Azam MS, Mishima I, Nakajima J Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Evaluating the experience of GAPS--a methodology for improving quality of mass immunization campaigns in developing countries.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The existence of pockets of under-vaccinated persons has allowed outbreaks of disease in countries that have achieved high levels of vaccination coverage. A field-based methodology--GAPS (Geographic Assessment of Planning and Services)--was developed to predict, in advance of an immunization campaign, the sites of which are most likely to have a pocket of unvaccinated persons and then use this information to improve planning, supervision, and evaluation of the campaign. At this time, there have been two applications of GAPS (Nepal and Ethiopia). The purpose of this paper was to evaluate these two applications of GAPS a...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Weiss WM, Burnham G, Winch PJ Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Household decision-making about delivery in health facilities: evidence from Tanzania.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigated how partners' perceptions of the healthcare system influence decisions about delivery-location in low-resource settings. A multistage population-representative sample was used in Kasulu district, Tanzania, to identify women who had given birth in the last five years and their partners. Of 826 couples in analysis, 506 (61.3%) of the women delivered in the home. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with delivery in a health facility were agreement of partners on the importance of delivering in a health facility and agreement that skills of doctors are better than those of traditional birth att...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Danforth EJ, Krukz ME, Rockers PC, Mbaruku G, Galea S Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Seroprevalence of syphilis among a cohort of HIV-infected subjects in North Central Nigeria.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19902807 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Forbi J, Pennap G, Obinyelaku A, Iperepolu O, Agwale S Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Bell's palsy as a possible complication of hepatitis B vaccination in a child.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bell's Palsy is the sudden onset of unilateral temporary paralysis of facial muscles resulting from seventh cranial nerve dysfunction. Presented here is a two-year old female patient with right peripheral facial palsy following hepatitis B vaccination. Readers' attention is drawn to an uncommon cause of Bell's Palsy, as a rare complication of hepatitis B vaccination. PMID: 19902808 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - October 1, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Alp H, Tan H, Orbak Z Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Addressing social exclusion: analyses from South Asia and southern Africa.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19761077 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Johnston HB Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Relationships of exclusion and cohesion with health: the case of Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The concept of social exclusion, applied widely in the European Union, has in recent years been gaining use in Bangladesh, mostly by international development agencies. Does this discourse of deprivation, developed in the welfare states of northern Europe, have salience in its application to deprivation in countries like Bangladesh where, for example, 31% of the rural population lives in chronic poverty? The concept of social exclusion has three principal components: a dynamic and relational perspective which requires the identification of who or what causes exclusion; an explicit recognition of multiple dimensions of ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Johnston HB Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Living on the extreme margin: social exclusion of the transgender population (hijra) in Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The transgender people (hijra), who claim to be neither male nor female, are socially excluded in Bangladesh. This paper describes social exclusion of hijra [The term is used in this abstract both in singular and plural sense] focusing on the pathway between exclusion and sexual health. In an ethnographic study, 50 in-depth interviews with hijra, 20 key-informant interviews, and 10 focus-group discussions (FGDs), along with extensive field observations, were conducted. The findings revealed that hijra are located at the extreme margin of exclusion having no sociopolitical space where a hijra can lead life of a human be...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Khan SI, Hussain MI, Parveen S, Bhuiyan MI, Gourab G, Sarker GF, Arafat SM, Sikder J Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Homeless in Dhaka: violence, sexual harassment, and drug-abuse.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bangladesh has experienced one of the highest urban population growth rates (around 7% per year) over the past three decades. Dhaka, the capital city, attracts approximately 320,000 migrants from rural areas every year. The city is unable to provide shelter, food, education, healthcare, and employment for its rapidly-expanding population. An estimated 3.4 million people live in the overcrowded slums of Dhaka, and many more live in public spaces lacking the most basic shelter. While a small but growing body of research describes the lives of people who live in urban informal settlements or slums, very little research de...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Koehlmoos TP, Uddin MJ, Ashraf A, Rashid M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Does level of social capital predict perceived health in a community?--A study of adult residents of low-income areas of Francistown, Botswana.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study explores and describes the relationships among neighbourhood characteristics, social capital, and health outcomes among low-income urban residents in Francistown, Botswana. Using an explanatory correlational research design to explore the relationships among the study variables, data were collected from 388 low-income urban residents in Francistown, Botswana. The study further examined the role of social capital on the environmental quality for the overall health and quality of life and the psychological, physical and level of independence domains of health. Several studies have explored these relationships but ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Modie-Moroka T Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Paramedic-conducted mental health counselling for abused women in rural Bangladesh: an evaluation from the perspective of participants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This paper reports on evaluation of an initiative to use paramedics as the first-level mental health counsellors of abused women in rural Bangladesh (2003-2004) from the perspective of the abused women who participated in one or more counselling sessions. Thirty in-depth interviews, followed by a survey(n=372), targeted to cover all participants, were conducted in 2006. Overall, the arrangement, management of ethical issues, and skills of paramedics were rated favourably. Most (89%) abused women (n=372) considered the session useful; one-fourth of these women considered it very useful; and only a few abused women consi...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Naved RT, Rimi NA, Jahan S, Lindmark G Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Can social inclusion policies reduce health inequalities in sub-Saharan Africa?--A rapid policy appraisal.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The global resurgence of interest in the social determinants of health provides an opportunity for determined action on unacceptable and unjust health inequalities that exist within and between countries. This paper reviews three categories of social inclusion policies: cash-transfers; free social services; and specific institutional arrangements for programme integration in six selected countries--Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe. The policies were appraised as part of the Social Exclusion Knowledge Network (SEKN) set up under the auspices of the World Health Organization's Commissio...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Rispel LC, de Sousa CA, Molomo BG Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Review of the Bangladesh female secondary school stipend project using a social exclusion framework.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Female Secondary School Stipend Project in Bangladesh was established to increase the enrollment of girls in secondary schools, thereby delaying marriage and childbearing. This analysis examined the existing data using the social exclusion framework to clarify the primary exclusionary factors that have kept girls from education: harassment, poverty, and the primacy of marriage and childbirth and explored the extent to which the project has diminished such barriers. While causality is difficult to establish, data suggest that the stipend programme has contributed to the rise in enrollment of girls in secondary schoo...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schurmann AT Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

The group-lending model and social closure: microcredit, exclusion, and health in Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
According to social exclusion theory, health risks are positively associated with involuntary social, economic, political and cultural exclusion from society. In this paper, a social exclusion framework has been used, and available literature on microcredit in Bangladesh has been reviewed to explore the available evidence on associations among microcredit, exclusion, and health outcomes. The paper addresses the question of whether participation in group-lending reduces health inequities through promoting social inclusion. The group-lending model of microcredit is a development intervention in which small-scale credit f...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schurmann AT, Johnston HB Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Capability development among the ultra-poor in Bangladesh: a case study.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Microcredit is advocated as a development tool that has the potential to reduce poverty, empower participants, and improve health. Results of several studies have shown that the extreme poor, or the ultra-poor, often are unable to benefit from traditional microcredit programmes and can, as a result of taking a loan they cannot repay, sink deeper into economic and social poverty. This case study describes an intervention directed at enabling the ultra-poor rural populations to pull themselves out of poverty. The intervention integrates multiple components, including asset grants for income generation, skills training, a...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Ahmed SM Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Civil society, health, and social exclusion in Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Civil society has the potential to have a positive impact on social exclusion and health equity through active monitoring and increased accountability. This paper examines the role of civil society in Bangladesh to understand why this potential has not been realized. Looking at two models of civil society action-participation in decentralized public-sector service provision and academic think-tank data analysis-this analysis examines the barriers to positive civil society input into public policy decision-making. The role of non-governmental organizations, political, cultural and economic factors, and the influence of ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schurmann AT, Mahmud S Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Corporate social responsibility initiatives addressing social exclusion in Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The private sector is often seen as a driver of exclusionary processes rather than a partner in improving the health and welfare of socially-excluded populations. However, private-sector initiatives and partnerships- collectively labelled corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives-may be able to positively impact social status, earning potential, and access to services and resources for socially-excluded populations. This paper presents case studies of CSR projects in Bangladesh that are designed to reduce social exclusion among marginalized populations and explores whether CSR initiatives can increase economic ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Werner WJ Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Micro-insurance in Bangladesh: risk protection for the poor?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Health services and modem medicines are out of reach for over one billion people globally. Micro-insurance for health is one method to address unmet health needs. This case study used a social exclusion perspective to assess the health and poverty impact of micro-insurance for health in Bangladesh and contrasts this with several micro-insurance systems for health offered in India. Micro-insurance for health in Bangladesh targeted towards the poor and the ultra-poor provides basic healthcare at an affordable rate whereas the Indian micro-insurance schemes for health have been implemented across larger populations and in...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Werner WJ Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Strategies to reduce exclusion among populations living in urban slum settlements in Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The health and rights of populations living in informal or slum settlements are key development issues of the twenty-first century. As of 2007, the majority of the world's population lives in urban areas. More than one billion of these people, or one in three city-dwellers, live in inadequate housing with no or a few basic resources. In Bangladesh, urban slum settlements tend to be located in low-lying, flood-prone, poorly-drained areas, having limited formal garbage disposal and minimal access to safe water and sanitation. These areas are severely crowded, with 4-5 people living in houses of just over 100 sq feet. The...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Rashid SF Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

HIV/AIDS interventions in Bangladesh: what can application of a social exclusion framework tell us?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bangladesh has maintained a low HIV prevalence (of less than 1%) despite multiple risk factors. However, recent serological surveillance data have reported very high levels of HIV infection among a subgroup of male injecting drug-users (IDUs). This suggests that an HIV/AIDS epidemic could be imminent in Bangladesh. Although biomedical and behavioural change projects are important, they do not address the root causes of observed risky behaviours among 'high-risk' groups. In Bangladesh, these groups include sex workers, IDUs, males who have sex with males, and the transgender population-hijra-who are all excluded groups....
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - July 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Khosla N Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Setting priorities in diarrhoeal disease research: merits and pitfalls of expert opinion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19507745 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Schmidt WP Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Poverty, tobacco, and health: an Indian scenario.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Poverty and health have a two-way relationship. Poverty increases the vulnerability of people to disease, and sickness affects their income leading to poverty. Tobacco has been identified as a major avoidable cause of illness and premature death. In India, more than half of men and one-tenth of women use one or more forms of tobacco. Tobacco-use shows a clear and continual increase with decreasing wealth quintiles. Poor smokers, who are at a greater risk of illness, are also at a greater risk of not being treated or of falling into greater poverty if they seek treatment. Poor people spend money on tobacco that could be...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Majra JP, Gur A Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Directing diarrhoeal disease research towards disease-burden reduction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Despite gains in controlling mortality relating to diarrhoeal disease, the burden of disease remains unacceptably high. To refocus health research to target disease-burden reduction as the goal of research in child health, the Child Health and Nutrition Research Initiative developed a systematic strategy to rank health research options. This priority-setting exercise included listing of 46 competitive research options in diarrhoeal disease and their critical and quantitative appraisal by 10 experts based on five criteria for research that reflect the ability of the research to be translated into interventions and achie...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Kosek M, Lanata CF, Black RE, Walker DG, Snyder JD, Salam MA, Mahalanabis D, Fontaine O, Bhutta ZA, Bhatnagar S, Rudan I Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Determining gestational age in a low-resource setting: validity of last menstrual period.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The validity of three methods (last menstrual period [LPM], Ballard and Dubowitz scores) for assessment of gestational age for premature infants in a low-resource setting was assessed, using antenatal ultrasound as the gold standard. It was hypothesized that LMP and other methods would perform similarly in determining postnatal gestational age. Concordance analysis was applied to data on 355 neonates of <33 weeks gestational age enrolled in a topical skin-therapy trial in a tertiary-care children's hospital in Bangladesh. The concordance coefficient for LMP, Ballard, and Dubowitz was 0.878, 0.914, and 0.886 respecti...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Rosenberg RE, Ahmed AS, Ahmed S, Saha SK, Chowdhury MA, Black RE, Santosham M, Darmstadt GL Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Emergency contraception: knowledge and attitudes of family physicians of a teaching hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of family medicine providers and their attitudes towards emergency contraception in a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A 21-item questionnaire containing the demographic profile of respondents and questions concerning knowledge of and attitudes towards emergency contraception was distributed among participants. In total, 45 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 100%, with faculty physicians (33%), residents (27%), medical officers (40%), 36% male and 64% female physicians; of them, the majority (64%) were married. Although the large majority (71%) of the ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Abdulghani HM, Karim SI, Irfan F Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Cuba.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of the study was to determine the magnitude, distribution, and burden of self-reported acute gastrointestinal illness in Cuba. A retrospective, cross-sectional survey was conducted in three sentinel sites during June-July 2005 (rainy season) and during November 2005-January 2006 (dry season). Households were randomly selected from a list maintained by the medical offices in each site. One individual per household was selected to complete a questionnaire in a face-to-face interview. The case definition was three or more bouts of loose stools in a 24-hour period within the last 30 days. In total, 97.3% of 6,576...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Aguiar Prieto P, Finley RL, Muchaal PK, Guerin MT, Isaacs S, Domínguez AC, Coutín Marie G, Perez E Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Factors associated with missed vaccination during mass immunization campaigns.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Achieving a high percentage of vaccination coverage with polio vaccine, while necessary, is not sufficient to eliminate or eradicate polio. The existence of pockets of under-vaccinated children has allowed outbreaks of polio in countries that have achieved high levels of vaccination coverage and in countries with no cases for many years. In a literature review, 35 articles were identified that described factors associated with missed vaccination in mass immunization campaigns. An annotated bibliography was developed for each article; these were then coded using the AnSWR program, and codes were organized into three lar...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Weiss WM, Winch PJ, Burnham G Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Direct cost of maternity-care services in South Delhi: a community survey.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The study was conducted to estimate the direct maternity-care expense for women who recently delivered in South Delhi and to explore its sociodemographic associations. A survey was conducted using the two-stage cluster-randomized sampling technique. Two colonies each from high-, middle- and low-income areas were selected by simple random sampling, followed by a house-to-house survey in each selected colony. Information was collected by recall of healthcare expenses for mother and child. In total, 249 subjects (of 282 eligible) were recruited. The mean expense for a normal vaginal delivery (n=182) was US$ 370.7, being m...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Dhar RS, Nagpal J, Sinha S, Bhargava VL, Sachdeva A, Bhartia A Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Cultural theories of postpartum bleeding in Matlab, Bangladesh: implications for community health intervention.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study identified cultural theories of postpartum bleeding that may lead to inappropriate recognition and delayed care-seeking. Qualitative and quantitative data obtained through structured interviews with 149 participants living in Matlab, Bangladesh, including women aged 18-49 years, women aged 50+ years, traditional birth attendants (TBAs), and skilled birth attendants (SBAs), were subjected to cultural domain. General consensus existed among the TBAs and lay women regarding signs, causes, and treatments of postpartum bleeding (eigenvalue ratio 5.9, mean competence 0.59, and standard deviation 0.15). Excessive bleed...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Sibley LM, Hruschka D, Kalim N, Khan J, Paul M, Edmonds JK, Koblinsky MA Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Timeliness and completion rate of immunization among Nigerian children attending a clinic-based immunization service.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To achieve maximal protection against vaccine-preventable diseases, a child should receive all immunizations within recommended intervals. Clinic records of 512 Nigerian children were evaluated for timeliness in receiving vaccines and the completion rates of the schedule. About 30% of the children presented after four weeks of age for their first immunization; 18.9-65% of the children were delayed in receiving various vaccines compared to the recommended ages for receiving the vaccines. Only 227 (44.3%) children were fully immunized. Health education and mass mobilization of the community and health workers are recomme...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Sadoh AE, Eregie CO Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Perceptions of quality of care for serious illness at different levels of facilities in a rural area of Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study was conducted to explore care-seeking for perceived serious morbidities and users' perceptions about quality of care at different facilities in Matlab, Bangladesh. This is a secondary analysis of baseline community survey data of the Matlab Essential Obstetric Care Project conducted in 2001. Principal component and factor analysis methods were used for computing summary quality and socioeconomic indicators. During perceived serious morbidity of any household member within the last one year, 88.1% (776/881) used health resource outside home. Of them, 25.6% visited informal care providers, 17.8% peripheral public ...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Anwar I Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Condom-use skills checklist: a proxy for assessing condom-use knowledge and skills when direct observation is not possible.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Because of the continued importance of correct condom-use in controlling the HIV epidemic and the limited availability of tools for assessing correct condom-use, methods for assessing condom-application skills, especially when direct observation is not feasible, are needed. Accordingly, in the context of a high-risk population (The Bahamas) for HIV, a 17-item scale--the Condom-use Skills Checklist (CUSC)--was developed for use among young adolescents and adults. The rationale and approach to developing the scale and some measures of internal consistency, construct validity, and criterion-related validity have been desc...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Stanton B, Deveaux L, Lunn S, Yu S, Brathwaite N, Li X, Cottrell L, Harris C, Clemens R, Marshall S Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Validation of two portable instruments to measure iron concentration in groundwater in rural Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, the validity of iron quantification in water was evaluated using two portable instruments: the HACH DR/890 portable colorimeter (colorimeter) and HACH Iron test-kit, Model IR-18B (test-kit), by comparing field-based iron estimates for 25 tubewells located in northwestern Bangladesh with gold standard atomic absorption spectrophotometry analysis. Results of the study suggest that the HACH test-kit delivers more accurate point-of-use results across a wide range of iron concentrations under challenging field conditions. PMID: 19507757 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Merrill RD, Shamim AA, Labrique AB, Ali H, Schulze K, Rashid M, Christian P, West KP Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Typhus fever: an overlooked diagnosis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A case of typhus fever is presented. On admission, the clinical diagnosis was typhoid fever. Forty-eight hours after admission, the presence of subconjunctival haemorrhage, malena, and jaundice raised the possibility of a different aetiology, the two most likely differentials being dengue and typhus. Finally, a co-infection of typhoid and typhus was discovered. This uncommon clinical scenario should be taken into account in the management of patients with high fever on admission being treated as a case of typhoid fever. PMID: 19507758 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - May 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Mazumder RN, Pietroni MA, Mosabbir N, Salam MA Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Safe motherhood case studies: learning from South Asia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19489407 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - March 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Amery J Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Safe motherhood case studies: learning with stakeholders in South Asia--an introduction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19489408 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition)
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - March 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Koblinsky M, Kureshy N Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Improving maternal survival in South Asia--what can we learn from case studies?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Technical interventions for maternal healthcare are implemented through a dynamic social process. Peoples' behaviours--whether they be planners, managers, providers, or potential users--influence the outcomes. Given the complexity and unpredictability inherent in such dynamic processes, the proposed cause-and-effect relationships in any one context cannot be directly transferred to another. While this is true of all health services, its importance is magnified in maternal healthcare because of the need to involve multiple levels of the health system, multiple types of care providers from the highly skilled specialist t...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - March 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: McPake B, Koblinsky M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Causes of maternal mortality decline in Matlab, Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bangladesh is distinct among developing countries in achieving a low maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 322 per 100,000 livebirths despite the very low use of skilled care at delivery (13% nationally). This variation has also been observed in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, where longitudinal data on maternal mortality are available since the mid-1970s. The current study investigated the possible causes of the maternal mortality decline in Matlab. The study analyzed 769 maternal deaths and 215,779 pregnancy records from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) and other sources of safe motherhood data i...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - March 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Chowdhury ME, Ahmed A, Kalim N, Koblinsky M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Public-sector maternal health programmes and services for rural Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Achieving Millennium Development Goal 5 in Bangladesh calls for an appreciation of the evolution of maternal healthcare within the national health system to date plus a projection of future needs. This paper assesses the development of maternal health services and policies by reviewing policy and strategy documents since the independence in 1971, with primary focus on rural areas where three-fourths of the total population of Bangladesh reside. Projections of need for facilities and human resources are based on the recommended standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1996 and 2005. Although maternal healthca...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - March 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Mridha MK, Anwar I, Koblinsky M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals

Quality of obstetric care in public-sector facilities and constraints to implementing emergency obstetric care services: evidence from high- and low-performing districts of Bangladesh.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study explored the quality of obstetric care in public-sector facilities and the constraints to programming comprehensive essential obstetric care (EOC) services in rural areas of Khulna and Sylhet divisions, relatively high- and low-performing areas of Bangladesh respectively. Quality was explored by physically inspecting all public-sector EOC facilities and the constraints through in-depth interviews with public-sector programme managers and service providers. Distribution of the functional EOC facilities satisfied the United Nation's minimum criteria of at least one comprehensive EOC and four basic EOC facilities f...
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition - March 31, 2009 Category: Global & Universal Authors: Anwar I, Kalim N, Koblinsky M Tags: J Health Popul Nutr Source Type: journals