Journal of Neurocytology
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Brain Cell Meetings
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Content TypeJournal Article
JournalJournal of NeurocytologyOnline ISSN 1573-7381Print ISSN 0300-4864
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
A microtubule-based, dynein-dependent force induces local cell protrusions: Implications for neurite initiation
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Abstract??A key event in neurite initiation is the accumulation of microtubule bundles at the neuron periphery. We hypothesized that such bundled microtubules may generate a force at the plasma membrane that facilitates neurite initiation. To test this idea we observed the behavior of microtubule bundles that were induced by the microtubule-associated protein MAP2c. Endogenous MAP2c contributes to neurite initiation in primary neurons, and exogeneous MAP2c is sufficient to induce neurites in Neuro-2a cells. We performed nocodazol washout experiments in primary neurons, Neuro-2a cells and COS-7 cells to investigate the unde...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Pyramid power: Principal cells of the hippocampus unite!
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Abstract??Electrical transmission in the mammalian brain is now well established. A new study by Thomson and colleagues elegantly demonstrates coupling between CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells, which is far more common than previously supposed. Although the history of coupling is extensive, doubt, predjudice, and technical issues long kept it from wide acceptance. Here ?spikelets? or ?fast prepotentials? are found when two cells are coupled and in this situation result from electrical transmission of impulses from one coupled cell to the other. Interesting questions remain as to whether connexin or pannexin gap junctions se...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Calcium-dependent trapping of mitochondria near plasma membrane in stimulated astrocytes
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Abstract??Growing evidence suggests that astrocytes are the active partners of neurons in many brain functions. Astrocytic mitochondria are highly motile organelles which regulate the temporal and spatial patterns of Ca2+dynamics, in addition to being a major source of ATP and reactive oxygen species. Previous studies have shown that mitochondria translocate to endoplasmic reticulum during Ca2+release from internal stores, but whether a similar spatial interaction between mitochondria and plasma membrane occurs is not known. Using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy we show that a fraction of mitochond...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Welcome to Brain Cell Biology!
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Content TypeJournal Article
JournalJournal of NeurocytologyOnline ISSN 1573-7381Print ISSN 0300-4864
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Electrical coupling between pyramidal cells in adult cortical regions
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Abstract??Recently, intense interest has focussed on electrical coupling between interneurones in cortical regions and their contributions towards oscillatory network activity. Despite mounting circumstantial evidence that pyramidal cells are also coupled, the paucity of direct evidence has made this controversial. Dual intracellular recordings from pairs of cortical and hippocampal pyramids demonstrated strong, but sparse coupling. Approximately 70% of CA1 pyramids close to thestratum radiatumborder were coupled to another pyramid, but only to one or two of their very closest neighbours. On average 25% of the steady state...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Calcium-induced exocytosis from actomyosin-driven, motile varicosities formed by dynamic clusters of organelles
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Abstract??Varicosities are ubiquitous neuronal structures that appear as local swellings along neurites of invertebrate and vertebrate neurons. Surprisingly little is known about their cell biology. We use here culturedAplysianeurons and demonstrate that varicosities are motile compartments that contain large clusters of organelles. The content of varicosities propagate along neurites within the plasma membrane ?sleeve?, split and merge, or wobble in place. Confocal imaging, retrospective immunolabeling, electron microscopy and pharmacological perturbations reveal that the motility of the varicosities? organelle content oc...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Requirement of TrkB for synapse elimination in developing cerebellar Purkinje cells
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Abstract??The receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB and its ligands, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4/5), are critically important for growth, survival and activity-dependent synaptic strengthening in the central nervous system. These TrkB-mediated actions occur in a highly cell-type specific manner. Here we report that cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are richly endowed with TrkB receptors, develop a normal morphology intrkB-deficient mice. Thus, in contrast to other types of neurons, Purkinje cells do not need TrkB for dendritic growth and spine formation. Instead, we find a moderate delay in t...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Cell type-specific dendritic polarity in the absence of spatially organized external cues
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Abstract??Pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus and cortex have polarized dendritic arbors, but little is known about the cellular mechanisms distinguishing apical and basal dendrites. We used morphometric analysis and time lapse imaging of cultured hippocampal neurons to show that glutamatergic neurons develop progressive dendritic asymmetry in the absence of polarized extrinsic cues. Thus, pyramidal neurons have a cellular program for polarized dendrite growth independent of tissue microenvironment.
Content TypeJournal Article
JournalJournal of NeurocytologyOnline ISSN 1573-7381Print ISSN 0300-4864
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - March 13, 2007 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
A new era in Neurocytology
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Content TypeJournal Article
JournalJournal of NeurocytologyOnline ISSN 1573-7381Print ISSN 0300-4864
Journal VolumeVolume 34
Journal IssueVolume 34, Number 6 / December, 2005
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
GABA-immunoreactive neurons and terminals in the cat periaqueductal gray matter: A light and electron microscopic study
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Abstract Immunocytochemical and electron microscopic methods were used to study the GABAergic innervation in adult cat periaqueductal
gray matter (PAG). A mouse monoclonal antibody against γ -aminobutyric acid (GABA) was used to visualize the inhibitory neuronal
system of PAG. At light microscopy, GABA-immunopositive (GABAIP) neurons formed two longitudinally oriented columns in the dorsolateral and ventrolateral PAG that accounted for 36% of the
neuronal population of both PAG columns; their perikaryal cross-sectional area was smaller than that of unlabeled (UNL) neurons
found in the same PAG subdivisions. At elec...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Increase of NG2-positive cells associated with radial glia following traumatic spinal cord injury in adult rats
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Abstract In the CSN including the spinal cord, NG2 proteoglycan is a marker of oligodendrocyte progenitors. To elucidate the dynamics
of the endogenous neural stem (progenitor) cells in adult rats with spinal cord injury (SCI), we examined an immunohistochemical
analysis of NG2, GFAP, and 3CB2, a specific marker of radial glia (RG). SD rats were divided into a SCI group (n = 25) and a sham-operated group (n = 5). In the injury group, laminectomy was performed at Th11–12 and contusive compression injury was created by applying
a weight of 30 g for 10 min. Rats were sacrificed at 24 h, and 1, 4, 8 and 12 weeks post-i...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Distribution of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) in monkey brain
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Abstract The present study was carried out to elucidate the distribution of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2) in the normal monkey brain. iPLA2 immunoreactivity was observed in structures derived from the telencephalon, including the cerebral neocortex, amygdala, hippocampus,
caudate nucleus, putamen, and nucleus accumbens, whereas structures derived from the diencephalon, including the thalamus,
hypothalamus and globus pallidus were lightly labeled. The midbrain, vestibular, trigeminal and inferior olivary nuclei, and
the cerebellar cortex were densely labeled. Immunoreactivity was observed on the nuclear...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Immunogold study of effects of prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide and/or valproic acid on the rat blood-brain barrier vessels
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Abstract The involvement of blood microvessels, representing the anatomic site of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), in brain damage induced
by prenatal exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or valproic acid (VPA) was studied in four-week-old rats. The immunogold
procedure was applied for localization at the ultrastructural level of endogenous albumin and glucose transporter (GLUT-1)
in three brain regions: cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus. Four groups of rats were used: (1) untreated control,
(2) prenatally VPA-treated, (3) prenatally LPS-treated, and (4) prenatally LPS- and VPA-treated. The functional st...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Reduction in parvalbumin expression in the zona incerta after 6OHDA lesion in rats
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Abstract In an effort to understand better the neurochemical changes that occur in Parkinson disease, we have examined the expression
patterns of the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin in the zona incerta in parkinsonian rats. Sprague-Dawley rats had small
volumes of either saline (control) or 6 hydroxydopamine (6OHDA) injected into the medial forebrain bundle, the major tract
carrying dopaminergic nigrostriatal axons. After various post-lesion survival periods, ranging from 2 hrs to 84 days, rats
were perfused with formaldehyde and their brains processed for routine tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) or parvalbumin immunoc...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Potassium currents in primary cultured astrocytes from the rat corpus callosum
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Abstract The corpus callosum (CC) is the main white matter tract in the brain and is involved in interhemispheric communication. Using
the whole-cell voltage-clamp technique, a study was made of K+-currents in primary cultured astrocytes from the CC of newborn rats. These cells were positive to glial fibrillary acidic
protein after culturing in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (> 95% of cells) or in serum-free neurobasal medium with G5 supplement
(> 99% of cells). Astrocytes cultured in either medium displayed similar voltage-activated ion currents. In 81% of astrocytes,
the current had a transient component and a...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Progressive white matter pathology in the spinal cord of transgenic mice expressing mutant (P301L) human tau
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Abstract Transgenic mice expressing mutant (P301L) tau develop paresis, neurofibrillary tangles and neuronal loss in spinal motor neurons
beginning at 4 to 6 months of age. Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes acquire filamentous tau inclusions at later ages. Here
we report pathology in the spinal white matter of these animals. Progressive white matter pathology, detected as early as
2 months of age, was most marked in lateral and anterior columns, with sparing of posterior columns until late in the disease.
Early changes in Luxol fast blue/periodic acid Schiff (LFB/PAS) and toluidine blue stained sections were vacuolati...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Acetylcholine receptors and nerve terminal distribution at the neuromuscular junction of long-term regenerated muscle fibers
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In this study, we examined whether the distribution of receptors
was still altered in long-term, regenerated muscle fibers from C57Bl/10 mice. The left sternomastoid muscle of adult mice
was injected with 60 μl of lidocaine hydrochloride to induce muscle degeneration-regeneration. In some mice, the sternomastoid
muscle was denervated at the time of lidocaine injection. After 90 and 150 days, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors were
labeled with rhodamine-α-bungarotoxin for confocal microscopy. At both intervals studied, the receptors were distributed in
spots. In denervated-regenerated fibers, the receptors were d...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
The calcium binding proteins calbindin, parvalbumin, and calretinin have specific patterns of expression in the gray matter of cat spinal cord
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Abstract Calcium binding proteins (CBPs) regulate intracellular levels of calcium (Ca2+) ions. CBPs are particularly interesting from a morphological standpoint, because they are differentially expressed in certain
sub-populations of cells in the nervous system of various species of vertebrate animals. However, knowledge on the cellular
regulation governing such cell-specific CBP expression is still incomplete. In this work on the L7 segment of the cat spinal
cord, we analyzed the localization and morphology of neurons expressing the CBPs calbindin-28 KD (CB), parvalbumin (PV), and
calretinin (CR), and co-expressing...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 11, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Microglia in the hypendyma of the rat subcommissural organ following brain lesion with serotonin neurotoxin
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Summary The population of microglial cells in the subependymal layer of the subcommissural organ is sparse in normal adult rats. The
number of microglial cells was substantially increased in this area following intraventricular injection of the serotonin
neurotoxin 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT). In sections of plastic embedded material, 1 μm thick, the majority of phagocytic
cells scattered in the subependymal layer had an appearance similar to that described in classical studies of microglial cells.
At the electron microscopic level microglial cells exhibited the characteristic elongate nucleus with peripheral...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
An X-ray diffraction study of changes in myelin structure during experimental allergic neuritis
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Summary In order to determine whether the structure of the myelin membranes is modified during experimental allergic neuritis (EAN),
we have performed X-ray diffraction studies ofin vivo and of isolated sciatic nerves from Lewis rats exposed to different EAN-producing treatments. We have observed a decrease
of the intensities in the X-ray reflections without changes in spatial resolution. The level of decrease correlated with the
severity of the demyelinating lesions. In comparison to nerves from normal healthy rats the electron density profile of sciatic
nerve myelin from animals in acute stages of EAN showed small...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Structure and localization of synaptic complexes in the cardiac ganglion of a portunid crab
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Summary The cardiac ganglion ofPortunus sanguinolentus exhibits spontaneous rhythmic activity when isolated. The ganglion contains five large and four small intrinsic neurons and
is innervated by three pairs of fibres originating in the thoracic ganglia.
We have identified the processes of the large neurons in electron micrographs by injecting these cells with two electron-dense
markers, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Procion Rubine (PR). In addition we have studied the processes of the four smaller
neurons by light microscopy serial reconstructions and by electron microscopy of selected regions. Both markers we...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Book review
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Content TypeJournal Article
JournalJournal of NeurocytologyOnline ISSN 1573-7381Print ISSN 0300-4864
Journal VolumeVolume 16
Journal IssueVolume 16, Number 1 / February, 1987
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
The ultrastructure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus of the Sprague-Dawley rat
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Without Abstract
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory ErratumDOI 10.1007/BF02456706Authors
C. E. RibakR. C. Roberts
Journal Journal of NeurocytologyOnline ISSN 1573-7381Print ISSN 0300-4864
Journal Volume Volume 16
Journal Issue Volume 16, Number 1 / February, 1987
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Effects of changes in tonicity of the extracellular solution on the size of vesicles in frog motor nerve terminals
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Summary Frog nerve-muscle preparations were soaked and then fixed in solutions roughly isotonic to frog plasma, or in solutions that
were markedly hypertonic or hypotonic. The hypertonic solution decreased the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres but
not of the synaptic vesicles. The hypotonic solution increased the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibres but did not produce
comparable increases in the areas of the synaptic vesicles. Apparently the vesiclesin situ do not behave as simple osmometers. This fact is significant for theories of exocytosis and for the mechanism of transmitter
packaging in the vesic...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Polarity orientations of microtubules in squid and lobster axons
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Summary Polarity orientations of microtubules in periaxolemmal and internal regions of squid and lobster axons were determined in
order to test the hypothesis that regional differences in particle transport are produced by differentially distributed microtubule
subclasses. Over 95% of the microtubules in all regions of the axons investigated were oriented with plus ends located distally,
pointing away from axonal somata, and there were no significant differences in orientation ratios in periaxolemmal and internal
axoplasm. In axonal sheath glial cells of lobsters, microtubules were found to be oriented parallel to a...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
The lack of a structured blood-brain barrier in the onychophoranPeripatus acacioi
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Summary Onychophorans are ‘living fossils’ frequently purported to have evolved from the same ancestor as the arthropods and annelids.
In the CNS ofPeripatus acacioi, beneath an outer acellular neural lamella, glial cells ensheath the cerebral ganglion and the nerve cords. These glial cells
are, however, attenuated and rather few in number and, although they interdigitate with one another, they seem to lack intercellular
junctions. Exogenous tracers penetrate between them and into the underlying neuropile, suggesting that there is no structural
blood-brain barrier. Throughout the nervous tissue, extracellular sp...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Immunocytochemical localization of UDP-galactose: ceramide galactosyltransferase in myelin and oligodendroglial cells of rat brain
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Summary Specific antibodies were prepared against rat-brain UDP-galactose:ceramide galactosyltransferase (CGalT) and used to study
the localization of this enzyme at light and electron microscopic levels. Using an immunocytochemical technique the presence
of CGalT was revealed in the cytoplasm and processes of oligodendrocytes and in myelin sheaths of developing and adult rat
brain. No immunostaining was detected in neurons or astrocytes. At the ultrastructural level the immunostaining of oligodendrocytes
was most intense at the periphery of cytoplasm and probably included plasma membrane. Among the intracellular or...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide immunoreactive neurons in the primary visual cortex of the cat
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Summary When cat visual cortex (area 17) is reacted with an antibody to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) a variety of neuronal
types is labelled. Many of the labelled neurons are bipolar in form and are most common in layers II and III, although significant
numbers of bipolar neurons are also encountered in layer V. Multipolar cells are also labelled. These are most frequent in
layer IV and have a variety of shapes. In layer I, the labelled cells are of three varieties, i.e. horizontal bipolar cells,
horizontal bitufted cells and multipolar neurons, while in layer VI the few VIP-positive neurons are horizonta...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Neuronal structure and synaptic distribution of a uropod doser motor neuron in the crayfish terminal ganglion
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Summary One of the uropod closer muscles in the crayfish, the adductor exopodite, is innervated by two large identified motor neurons.
They were injected intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase or nickel chloride to reveal the structure and distribution
of the input and output synapses using electron microscopy. The development of nickel with rubeanic acid greatly improved
the tissue preservation at the ultrastructural level compared with ammonium sulphide. Cell bodies of the motor neurons lying
in the ventro-lateral cortex of the ganglion are extensively invaginated by glial cells. Input synapses occur directly...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
Morphological changes induced in turtle retinal neurons by exposure to 6-hydroxydopamine and 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine
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Summary Following intraocular injection of the dopamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (10–50 μg on two successive days in a Ringer
vehicle containing ascorbate and pargyline) and an incubation period of 1 to 18 days, degeneration was noted in presumptive
amacrine cells in the retina of the turtle,Pseudemys scripta elegans. Injection of vehicle alone produced no effect. Affected perikarya initially showed swollen mitochondria, lysosomes and distended
cisternae. At later stages the cells took on a darkened appearance. In contrast, affected amacrine processes in the inner
plexiform layer became markedly distended and...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
The lack of a structured blood-brain barrier in the onychophoran
Peripatus acacioi
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Summary Onychophorans are ‘living fossils’ frequently purported to have evolved from the same ancestor as the arthropods and annelids.
In the CNS ofPeripatus acacioi, beneath an outer acellular neural lamella, glial cells ensheath the cerebral ganglion and the nerve cords. These glial cells
are, however, attenuated and rather few in number and, although they interdigitate with one another, they seem to lack intercellular
junctions. Exogenous tracers penetrate between them and into the underlying neuropile, suggesting that there is no structural
blood-brain barrier. Throughout the nervous tissue, extracel...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Tags: Journal of Neurocytology Source Type: journals
Freeze-fracture studies on the giant axon and ensheathing Schwann cells of the squid
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Summary The giant axons and encompassing sheaths from the stellar nerves of the squidsSepioteuthis sepioidea andLoligo forbesi have been analysed by freeze-fracture. The axolemma exhibits many intramembranous particles (IMPs) that fracture onto the
cytoplasmic membrane half-leaflet (P-face); the larger IMPs may be aggregated into clusters. Axoplasmic subsurface cisternae
are found beneath this membrane. Clustered or aligned arrays of P-face IMPs are also found on the membranes of the Schwann
cells that intimately encapsulate the giant axons as well as ‘capitate’ projections of Schwann cells into the axons. When
...
Source: Journal of Neurocytology - August 1, 2006 Category: Cytology Source Type: journals
