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Affirmed yet unaware: Exploring the role of awareness in the process of self-affirmation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Three studies investigated whether self-affirmation can proceed without awareness, whether people are aware of the influence of experimental self-affirmations, and whether such awareness facilitates or undermines the self-affirmation process. The authors found that self-affirmation effects could proceed without awareness, as implicit self-affirming primes (utilizing sentence-unscrambling procedures) produced standard self-affirmation effects (Studies 1 and 3). People were generally unaware of self-affirmation's influence, and self-reported awareness was associated with decreased impact of the affirmation (Studies 1 and...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sherman DK, Cohen GL, Nelson LD, Nussbaum AD, Bunyan DP, Garcia J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

The existence bias.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors demonstrate that people treat the mere existence of something as evidence of its goodness. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrate that an existing state is evaluated more favorably than an alternative. Study 3 shows that imagining an event increases estimates of its likelihood, which in turn leads to favorable evaluation; the more likely that something will be, the more positively it is evaluated. Study 4 shows that the more a form is described as prevalent, the more aesthetically attractive is that form. This indicates a causal relationship between aesthetic judgments and existence in a domain lacking choice among al...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Eidelman S, Crandall CS, Pattershall J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

When the association between appearance and outcome contaminates social judgment: A bidirectional model linking group homogeneity and collective treatment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Group formation is an inevitable consequence of social life, and the tendency to perceive people as a collective unit persists once they have been categorized as a group. Drawing on the concept of homogeneity, the authors propose a model suggesting that groups may endure in part because people who are perceived as homogeneous attract collective treatment (e.g., monetary rewards and punishment), and such treatment further reinforces the perception that the group's members are homogeneous. In support of this model, more homogeneous groups attracted collective treatment and collectively treated groups seemed to be more ho...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Alter AL, Darley JM Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Self-centered social exchange: Differential use of costs versus benefits in prosocial reciprocity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Maintaining equitable social relations often requires reciprocating "in kind" for others' prosocial favors. Such in-kind reciprocity requires assessing the value of a prosocial action, an assessment that can lead to egocentric biases in perceived value between favor givers versus favor receivers. In any prosocial exchange, 1 person (the giver) incurs a cost to provide a benefit for another person (the receiver). Six experiments suggest that givers may attend more to the costs they incur in performing a prosocial act than do receivers, who tend to focus relatively more on the benefits they receive. Givers may therefore ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Zhang Y, Epley N Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Seeking conversion versus advocating tolerance in the pursuit of social change.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In 2 studies, the authors examined reactions to social change effected by minorities' successful increase of tolerance for diversity within a group or conversion of a group to the minority position. Minorities who increased tolerance for diversity, compared with those who converted a group to their own position, identified more strongly with the group (Study 1). Study 2 replicated these findings. Additionally, it showed that majorities disidentified less from the group when majorities lost their dominant position due to the group's increased tolerance for diversity than when majorities lost their dominant position due ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Prislin R, Filson J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Defensive helping: Threat to group identity, ingroup identification, status stability, and common group identity as determinants of intergroup help-giving.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
On the basis of development of the concept of "defensive helping," the authors demonstrated that high ingroup identifiers thwart a threat to group identity through defensive help-giving (i.e., by extending help to an outgroup member whose achievements jeopardize their status). Participants were 255 Israeli high school students (130 boys and 125 girls) ages 16-18. The phenomenon of defensive helping was demonstrated in a minimal group (Study 1) and real-group (Study 2) experiment. Study 3, which examined real groups, supported the extension of the phenomenon of defensive helping to relations between high- and low-status...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nadler A, Harpaz-Gorodeisky G, Ben-David Y Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Give a person power and he or she will show interpersonal sensitivity: The phenomenon and its why and when.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The goal of the present research was to investigate whether high or low power leads to more interpersonal sensitivity and what potentially mediates and moderates this effect. In Study 1, 76 participants in either a high- or low-power position interacted; in Study 2, 134 participants were implicitly primed with either high- or low-power or neutral words; and in Study 3, 96 participants were asked to remember a situation in which they felt high or low power (plus a control condition). In Study 4, 157 participants were told to identify with either an egoistic, empathic, or neutral leadership style. In all studies, interpe...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Schmid Mast M, Jonas K, Hall JA Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

The cultural effects of job mobility and the belief in a fixed world: Evidence from performance forecast.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Results from 5 studies illustrate how perception of and experiences with low job mobility can shape culture-characteristic pattern of judgments and behaviors. Although both Americans and some Asian groups (e.g., Chinese, Asian Americans) consider having successful practitioners' personality traits (role personalities) to be important to job performance, the Asian groups place heavier emphasis on possessing role personalities when making performance forecast than do Americans (Studies 1-3). Moreover, even among Americans, a brief subjective experience with low job mobility can increase the perceived importance of posses...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Chen J, Chiu CY, Chan SF Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Does devoutness delay death? Psychological investment in religion and its association with longevity in the Terman sample.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Religious people tend to live slightly longer lives (M. E. McCullough, W. T. Hoyt, D. B. Larson, H. G. Koenig, & C. E. Thoresen, 2000). On the basis of the principle of social investment (J. Lodi-Smith & B. W. Roberts, 2007), the authors sought to clarify this phenomenon with a study of religion and longevity that (a) incorporated measures of psychological religious commitment; (b) considered religious change over the life course; and (c) examined 19 measures of personality traits, social ties, health behaviors, and mental and physical health that might help to explain the religion-longevity association. Discre...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: McCullough ME, Friedman HS, Enders CK, Martin LR Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Intellect as distinct from openness: Differences revealed by fMRI of working memory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Relatively little is known about the neural bases of the Big Five personality trait Openness/Intellect. This trait is composed of 2 related but separable aspects, Openness to Experience and Intellect. On the basis of previous behavioral research (C. G. DeYoung, J. B. Peterson, & D. M. Higgins, 2005), the authors hypothesized that brain activity supporting working memory (WM) would be related to Intellect but not to Openness. To test this hypothesis, the authors used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan a sample of 104 healthy adults as they performed a difficult WM task. Intellect (and not Openness)...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Deyoung CG, Shamosh NA, Green AE, Braver TS, Gray JR Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Predicting unpredictability: Do measures of interpersonal rigidity/flexibility and distress predict intraindividual variability in social perceptions and behavior?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Maladjusted individuals have been theorized to exhibit problematic intraindividual variability of social behavior across situations. This variability is either excessively high (i.e., unpredictable) or low (i.e., rigid), or the behavior is inappropriately matched to the interpersonal context (noncomplementary). However, research has not tested systematically whether interpersonal distress and purported measures of rigidity actually predict these different types of variability across a broad range of social situations. Participants completed measures of interpersonal functioning and then responded to a range of hypothet...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Erickson TM, Newman MG, Pincus AL Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

The structure of intraindividual value change.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Values are assumed to be relatively stable during adulthood. Yet, little research has examined value stability and change, and there are no studies on the structure of value change. On the basis of S. H. Schwartz's (1992) value theory, the authors propose that the structure of intraindividual value change mirrors the circumplexlike structure of values so that conflicting values change in opposite directions and compatible values change in the same direction. Four longitudinal studies, varying in life contexts, time gaps, populations, countries, languages, and value measures, supported the proposed structure of intraind...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Bardi A, Lee JA, Hofmann-Towfigh N, Soutar G Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Limits on legitimacy: Moral and religious convictions as constraints on deference to authority.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study tested compliance with and reactions to legitimate authorities in the context of a natural experiment that tracked public opinion before and after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in a case that challenged states' rights to legalize physician-assisted suicide. Results indicated that citizens' degree of moral conviction about the issue of physician-assisted suicide predicted post-ruling perceptions of outcome fairness, decision acceptance, and changes in perceptions of the Court's legitimacy from pre- to post-ruling. Other results revealed that the effects of religious conviction independently predicted outcome fairn...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Skitka LJ, Bauman CW, Lytle BL Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

"Interacting with sexist men triggers social identity threat among female engineers": Correction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Discussion addresses implications for social identity threat and for women's performance in school and at work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 19785479 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Logel C, Walton GM, Spencer SJ, Iserman EC, von Hippel W, Bell AE Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Culture as common sense: Perceived consensus versus personal beliefs as mechanisms of cultural influence.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors propose that culture affects people through their perceptions of what is consensually believed. Whereas past research has examined whether cultural differences in social judgment are mediated by differences in individuals' personal values and beliefs, this article investigates whether they are mediated by differences in individuals' perceptions of the views of people around them. The authors propose that individuals who perceive that traditional views are culturally consensual (e.g., Chinese participants who believe that most of their fellows hold collectivistic values) will themselves behave and think in c...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Zou X, Tam KP, Morris MW, Lee SL, Lau IY, Chiu CY Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Applying the value of equality unequally: Effects of value instantiations that vary in typicality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Across 4 experiments, the authors investigated the role of value instantiation in bridging the gap between abstract social values and behavior in specific situations. They predicted and found that participants engaged in more egalitarian behavior (point allocation using the minimal group paradigm) after contemplating a typical instantiation of the value of equality compared to an atypical instantiation or a control condition that simply made the value salient. This effect occurred when participants generated reasons for valuing equality in the instantiation (Experiment 1) and when participants merely read about hypothe...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maio GR, Hahn U, Frost JM, Cheung WY Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

What's inside the minds of securely and insecurely attached people? The secure-base script and its associations with attachment-style dimensions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In 8 studies the authors explored the procedural knowledge (secure-base script; H. S. Waters & E. Waters, 2006) associated with secure attachment (i.e., low scores on attachment anxiety and avoidance). The studies assessed the accessibility, richness, and automaticity of the secure-base script and the extent to which it guided the processing of attachment-relevant information. Secure attachment (lower scores on anxiety and avoidance) was associated with greater secure-base "scriptedness" of attachment narratives, greater accessibility of the secure-base script in narratives and dreams about distressing experiences,...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mikulincer M, Shaver PR, Sapir-Lavid Y, Avihou-Kanza N Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Living with a concealable stigmatized identity: The impact of anticipated stigma, centrality, salience, and cultural stigma on psychological distress and health.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Discussion centers on understanding the implications of intraindividual processes (anticipated stigma, identity centrality, and identity salience) and an external process (cultural devaluation of stigmatized identities) for mental and physical health among people living with a concealable stigmatized identity. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 19785483 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Quinn DM, Chaudoir SR Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Social influence and threat in confrontations between competent peers.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Five studies investigated social influence processes in confrontations between competent peers and showed a default absence of influence of a competent source on an equally competent target. This default lack of influence is attributed to the representation that competent targets give to the influence encounter, in which different answers from competent peers are incompatible, the error of the source thus being the sine qua non condition of targets' correctness. However, an influence appeared when the representation of the task was modified via a decentering procedure (Study 1), even when controlling for alternative ex...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Quiamzade A, Mugny G Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Big Five predictors of behavior and perceptions in initial dyadic interactions: Personality similarity helps extraverts and introverts, but hurts "disagreeables".Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors used the unstructured dyadic interaction paradigm to examine the effects of gender and the Big Five personality traits on dyad members' behaviors and perceptions in 87 initial, unstructured interactions. Most of the significant Big Five effects (84%) were associated with the traits of Extraversion and Agreeableness. There were several significant actor and partner effects for both of these traits. However, the most interesting and novel effects took the form of significant Actor x Partner interactions. Personality similarity resulted in relatively good initial interactions for dyads composed of 2 extraverts...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Cuperman R, Ickes W Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Prorelationship maintenance behaviors: The joint roles of attachment and commitment.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present research uses a behavioral observation methodology to examine emotional and behavioral reactions to threatening interpersonal situations in married couples. The research shows that although anxious attachment can hinder people's tendencies to react constructively to threatening events, greater relationship commitment may serve as a buffer against the negative effects associated with attachment insecurities, diminishing feelings of rejection, enhancing feelings of acceptance, and promoting more constructive accommodation behaviors. The research also reveals that wives' degree of relationship commitment has s...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tran S, Simpson JA Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Changing, priming, and acting on values: Effects via motivational relations in a circular model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Circular models of values and goals suggest that some motivational aims are consistent with each other, some oppose each other, and others are orthogonal to each other. The present experiments tested this idea explicitly by examining how value confrontation and priming methods influence values and value-consistent behaviors throughout the entire value system. Experiment 1 revealed that change in 1 set of social values causes motivationally compatible values to increase in importance, whereas motivationally incompatible values decrease in importance and orthogonal values remain the same. Experiment 2 found that priming ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maio GR, Pakizeh A, Cheung WY, Rees KJ Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Examining self-presentation as a motivational explanation for comparative optimism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Five studies examined a self-presentation explanation for comparative optimism. Experiments 1 and 2 laid the foundation for such an account by first showing that people associate a favorable identity-image with the conveyance of an optimistic outlook and that people recognize that an individual may be perceived in a negative light if his or her optimistic estimates are disconfirmed, hence raising the issue of potential accountability demands. Following the issue of accountability, the results across Experiments 3, 4, and 5 provided consistent evidence that people employ comparative optimism in their self-presentation e...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tyler JM, Rosier JG Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

The dynamics of death and meaning: The effects of death-relevant cognitions and personal need for structure on perceptions of meaning in life.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Discussion focuses on the relationship between meaning and death and the unique ways low-PNS individuals respond to mortality concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved). PMID: 19785489 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology)
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - September 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Vess M, Routledge C, Landau MJ, Arndt J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Contrast effects in priming paradigms: Implications for theory and research on implicit attitudes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Contrast effects have been studied in dozens of experimental paradigms, including the measurement of attitudes in the social psychological literature. However, nearly all of this work has been conducted using explicit reports. In the present research the authors employed a variety of different types of priming tasks in order to gain insight into the nature of contrast effects and the role that automatic processes might play in their emergence. They report 6 experiments. In Experiments 1 and 2 the replicability and robustness of automatized contrast effects across 2 types of implicit tasks are established. Experiments 3...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Scherer LD, Lambert AJ Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

On the respective contributions of awareness of unconditioned stimulus valence and unconditioned stimulus identity in attitude formation through evaluative conditioning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Evaluative conditioning (EC) is a central mechanism for both classic and current theories of attitude formation. In contrast to Pavlovian conditioning, it is often conceptualized as a form of evaluative learning that occurs without awareness of the conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) contingencies. In the present research, the authors directly address this point by assessing the respective roles of US valence awareness and US identity awareness in attitude formation through EC. Across 4 experiments, EC was assessed with evaluative ratings as well as evaluative priming measures, and the impact of valence...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Stahl C, Unkelbach C, Corneille O Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Inequality, discrimination, and the power of the status quo: Direct evidence for a motivation to see the way things are as the way they should be.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
How powerful is the status quo in determining people's social ideals? The authors propose (a) that people engage in injunctification, that is, a motivated tendency to construe the current status quo as the most desirable and reasonable state of affairs (i.e., as the most representative of how things should be); (b) that this tendency is driven, at least in part, by people's desire to justify their sociopolitical systems; and (c) that injunctification has profound implications for the maintenance of inequality and societal change. Four studies, across a variety of domains, provided supportive evidence. When the motivati...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kay AC, Gaucher D, Peach JM, Laurin K, Friesen J, Zanna MP, Spencer SJ Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Stress and reactivity to daily relationship experiences: How stress hinders adaptive processes in marriage.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Maintaining a relationship requires that intimates successfully navigate the ups and downs of their daily experiences with their partners. Intimates whose daily global satisfaction is heavily dependent on these experiences exhibit worse relationship outcomes than do intimates whose satisfaction is less sensitive to fluctuating daily experiences. The current studies examined how intimates' reactivity to daily experiences within the relationship is affected by their experiences of stress outside the relationship. Using diary data, Study 1 examined the covariance between spouses' daily global and specific relationship eva...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Neff LA, Karney BR Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Low-status compensation: A theory for understanding the role of status in cultures of honor.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The objective of the present article is to show the important role that issues of status play in linking herding regions to cultures of honor using the theory of low-status compensation (P. J. Henry, 2008b) Four studies are presented. Study 1 replicates the finding that counties in the American South conducive to herding have higher murder rates than do counties conducive to farming but shows those differences are mediated by indicators of status disparities in a county. Study 2 replicates the findings of Study 1 with an international sample of 92 countries. Study 3 tests the theoretical idea that people who are low in soc...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Henry PJ Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Contextual neglect, self-evaluation, and the frog-pond effect.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social comparisons entail not only information about one's standing in a social group (intragroup or local comparison) but also information about the standing of the group in comparison to other groups (intergroup or general comparison). In Studies 1-3, the authors explored the relative impact of intergroup and intragroup comparisons on self-evaluations and affect. While intragroup comparison feedback consistently impacted self-evaluations and affect, intergroup comparison information exerted a significant impact only when intragroup comparison information was unavailable. The authors refer to this general tendency as ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Zell E, Alicke MD Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Self-regulatory failure and intimate partner violence perpetration.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Five studies tested the hypothesis that self-regulatory failure is an important predictor of intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. Study 1 participants were far more likely to experience a violent impulse during conflictual interaction with their romantic partner than they were to enact a violent behavior, suggesting that self-regulatory processes help individuals refrain from perpetrating IPV when they experience a violent impulse. Study 2 participants high in dispositional self-control were less likely to perpetrate IPV, in both cross-sectional and residualized-lagged analyses, than were participants low in d...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Finkel EJ, Dewall CN, Slotter EB, Oaten M, Foshee VA Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

When nonsense sounds happy or helpless: The Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article introduces an instrument for the indirect assessment of positive and negative affect, the Implicit Positive and Negative Affect Test (IPANAT). This test draws on participant ratings of the extent to which artificial words subjectively convey various emotions. Factor analyses of these ratings yielded two independent factors that can be interpreted as implicit positive and negative affect. The corresponding scales show adequate internal consistency, test-retest reliability, stability (Study 1), and construct validity (Study 2). Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate that the IPANAT also measures state variance. Finally, St...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Quirin M, Kazén M, Kuhl J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Work preferences, life values, and personal views of top math/science graduate students and the profoundly gifted: Developmental changes and gender differences during emerging adulthood and parenthood.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Work preferences, life values, and personal views of top math/science graduate students (275 men, 255 women) were assessed at ages 25 and 35 years. In Study 1, analyses of work preferences revealed developmental changes and gender differences in priorities: Some gender differences increased over time and increased more among parents than among childless participants, seemingly because the mothers' priorities changed. In Study 2, gender differences in the graduate students' life values and personal views at age 35 were compared with those of profoundly gifted participants (top 1 in 10,000, identified by age 13 and track...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ferriman K, Lubinski D, Benbow CP Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors present a behavioral process model of personality that specifies explicit and implicit aspects of the self-concept of personality as predictors of actual behavior. An extensive behavioral study (N = 130) including a variety of relevant social situations was conducted. This approach allowed reliable measurement of more than 50 behavioral indicators. A priori assignment of indicators to the Big Five dimensions was conducted on the basis of theory and expert ratings. In line with the authors' model, 3 main findings were revealed: First, direct measures (questionnaires) of personality predicted actual behavior ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Back MD, Schmukle SC, Egloff B Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Bipolar spectrum-substance use co-occurrence: Behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and impulsiveness as shared personality vulnerabilities.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Bipolar disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs) show high co-occurrence. One explanation for this co-occurrence may be common personality vulnerabilities involved in both. The authors tested whether high behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and impulsiveness are shared personality vulnerabilities in bipolar spectrum disorders and substance use problems and their co-occurrence in a longitudinal study of 132 individuals on the bipolar spectrum and 153 control participants. At Time 1, participants completed the Behavioral Inhibition System/BAS Scales and the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale. Substance use proble...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - August 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Alloy LB, Bender RE, Wagner CA, Whitehouse WG, Abramson LY, Hogan ME, Sylvia LG, Harmon-Jones E Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Distancing from experienced self: How global-versus-local perception affects estimation of psychological distance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In 4 studies, the authors examined the prediction derived from construal level theory (CLT) that higher level of perceptual construal would enhance estimated egocentric psychological distance. The authors primed participants with global perception, local perception, or both (the control condition). Relative to the control condition, global processing made participants estimate larger psychological distances in time (Study 1), space (Study 2), social distance (Study 3), and hypotheticality (Study 4). Local processing had the opposite effect. Consistent with CLT, all studies show that the effect of global-versus-local pr...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Liberman N, Förster J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Connecting and separating mind-sets: Culture as situated cognition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
People perceive meaningful wholes and later separate out constituent parts (D. Navon, 1977). Yet there are cross-national differences in whether a focal target or integrated whole is first perceived. Rather than construe these differences as fixed, the proposed culture-as-situated-cognition model explains these differences as due to whether a collective or individual mind-set is cued at the moment of observation. Eight studies demonstrated that when cultural mind-set and task demands are congruent, easier tasks are accomplished more quickly and more difficult or time-constrained tasks are accomplished more accurately (...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Oyserman D, Sorensen N, Reber R, Chen SX Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

A cultural task analysis of implicit independence: Comparing North America, Western Europe, and East Asia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Informed by a new theoretical framework that assigns a key role to cultural tasks (culturally prescribed means to achieve cultural mandates such as independence and interdependence) in mediating the mutual influences between culture and psychological processes, the authors predicted and found that North Americans are more likely than Western Europeans (British and Germans) to (a) exhibit focused (vs. holistic) attention, (b) experience emotions associated with independence (vs. interdependence), (c) associate happiness with personal achievement (vs. communal harmony), and (d) show an inflated symbolic self. In no cases...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kitayama S, Park H, Sevincer AT, Karasawa M, Uskul AK Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Commitment insurance: Compensating for the autonomy costs of interdependence in close relationships.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A model of the commitment-insurance system is proposed to examine how low and high self-esteem people cope with the costs interdependence imposes on autonomous goal pursuits. In this system, autonomy costs automatically activate compensatory cognitive processes that attach greater value to the partner. Greater partner valuing compels greater responsiveness to the partner's needs. Two experiments and a daily diary study of newlyweds supported the model. Autonomy costs automatically activate more positive implicit evaluations of the partner. On explicit measures of positive illusions, high self-esteem people continue to ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Murray SL, Holmes JG, Aloni M, Pinkus RT, Derrick JL, Leder S Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

How power influences moral thinking.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors conducted 5 studies to test the idea that both thinking about and having power affects the way in which people resolve moral dilemmas. It is shown that high power increases the use of rule-based (deontological) moral thinking styles, whereas low power increases reliance on outcome-based (consequentialist) moral thinking. Stated differently, in determining whether an act is right or wrong, the powerful focus on whether rules and principles are violated, whereas the powerless focus on the consequences. For this reason, the powerful are also more inclined to stick to the rules, irrespective of whether this has...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lammers J, Stapel DA Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Modern anti-Semitism and anti-Israeli attitudes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Anti-Semitism is resurgent throughout much of the world. A new theoretical model of anti-Semitism is presented and tested in 3 experiments. The model proposes that mortality salience increases anti-Semitism and that anti-Semitism often manifests as hostility toward Israel. Study 1 showed that mortality salience led to greater levels of anti-Semitism and lowered support for Israel. This effect occurred only in a bogus pipeline condition, indicating that social desirability masks hostility toward Jews and Israel. Study 2 showed that mortality salience caused Israel, but no other country, to perceptually loom large. Study...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Cohen F, Jussim L, Harber KD, Bhasin G Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Disentangling the effects of low self-esteem and stressful events on depression: Findings from three longitudinal studies.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Diathesis-stress models of depression suggest that low self-esteem and stressful events jointly influence the development of depressive affect. More specifically, the self-esteem buffering hypothesis states that, in the face of challenging life circumstances, individuals with low self-esteem are prone to depression because they lack sufficient coping resources, whereas those with high self-esteem are able to cope effectively and consequently avoid spiraling downward into depression. The authors used data from 3 longitudinal studies of adolescents and young adults, who were assessed 4 times over a 3-year period (Study 1...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Orth U, Robins RW, Meier LL Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Guilt and effortful control: Two mechanisms that prevent disruptive developmental trajectories.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Children's guilt associated with transgressions and their capacity for effortful control are both powerful forces that inhibit disruptive conduct. The authors examined how guilt and effortful control, repeatedly observed from toddlerhood to preschool age, jointly predicted children's disruptive outcomes in 2 multimethod, multitrait longitudinal studies (Ns = 57 and 99). Disruptive outcomes were rated by mothers at 73 months (Study 1) and mothers, fathers, and teachers at 52 and 67 months (Study 2). In both studies, guilt moderated effects of effortful control: For highly guilt-prone children, variations in effortful co...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kochanska G, Barry RA, Jimenez NB, Hollatz AL, Woodard J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Exploring the existential function of religion: The effect of religious fundamentalism and mortality salience on faith-based medical refusals.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Decisions to rely on religious faith over medical treatment for health conditions represent an important but understudied phenomenon. In an effort to understand some of the psychological underpinnings of such decisions, the present research builds from terror management theory to examine whether reminders of death motivate individuals strongly invested in a religious worldview (i.e., fundamentalists) to rely on religious beliefs when making medical decisions. The results showed that heightened concerns about mortality led those high in religious fundamentalism to express greater endorsement of prayer as a medical subst...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Vess M, Arndt J, Cox CR, Routledge C, Goldenberg JL Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

The relations between parents' Big Five personality factors and parenting: A meta-analytic review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To investigate the association between Big Five personality factors and three dimensions of parenting-warmth, behavioral control, and autonomy support-the authors conducted meta-analyses using 5,853 parent-child dyads that were included in 30 studies. Effect sizes were significant and robust across mother and father reports and across assessment methods of parenting (self-report versus observations) but were generally small in magnitude. Higher levels of Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness and lower levels of Neuroticism were related to more warmth and behavioral control, whereas higher levels ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Prinzie P, Stams GJ, Deković M, Reijntjes AH, Belsky J Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Does it really feel the same? Changes in life satisfaction following repeated life events.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Unemployment, divorce, and marriage are common life events for most people in Western societies. In a longitudinal study, the authors investigated how these life events affect life satisfaction when they occur repeatedly. Data came from the German Socio-Economic Panel, a large-scale representative panel study, and were analyzed using multilevel modeling. Results showed that, in general, life satisfaction decreases with repeated unemployment (sensitization). For repeated divorces, life satisfaction is higher at the second divorce than it had been at the first divorce (adaptation). Finally, life satisfaction is similar a...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - July 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Luhmann M, Eid M Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Egocentric pattern projection: How implicit personality theories recapitulate the geography of the self.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Five studies demonstrated egocentric pattern projection, in that the implicit personality theories (IPTs) that participants held about other people tended to recapitulate the terrain of their own personality. To the extent that participants believed they possessed 2 traits to a similar degree within themselves, they tended, through their judgments of others and estimates of population parameters, to claim that the 2 traits were positively correlated in other people; and if they believed they possessed 2 traits to a dissimilar degree within themselves, they tended to claim that the 2 traits were negatively correlated in...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - June 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Critcher CR, Dunning D Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This review of 122 research reports (184 independent samples, 14,900 subjects) found average r = .274 for prediction of behavioral, judgment, and physiological measures by Implicit Association Test (IAT) measures. Parallel explicit (i.e., self-report) measures, available in 156 of these samples (13,068 subjects), also predicted effectively (average r = .361), but with much greater variability of effect size. Predictive validity of self-report was impaired for socially sensitive topics, for which impression management may distort self-report responses. For 32 samples with criterion measures involving Black-White interra...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - June 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Greenwald AG, Poehlman TA, Uhlmann EL, Banaji MR Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

Source entitativity and the elaboration of persuasive messages: The roles of perceived efficacy and message discrepancy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Compared with nonentitative groups, entitative targets are considered to elicit more elaborative processing because of the singularity or unity they represent. However, when groups serve as sources of persuasive messages, other dynamics may operate. The current research suggests that entitativity is intrinsically linked to perceptions of a group's efficacy related to the advocacy, and this efficacy combines with the position of the appeal to determine message elaboration. When messages are counterattitudinal, entitative (efficacious) sources should elicit greater processing than nonentitative groups because of concern ...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - June 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Clark JK, Wegener DT Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals

"A mechanistic explanation of popularity: Genes, rule breaking, and evocative gene-environment correlations": Correction to Burt (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reports an error in "A mechanistic explanation of popularity: Genes, rule breaking, and evocative gene-environment correlations" by Alexandra Burt (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2009[Apr], Vol 96[4], 783-794). Due to a production error, an incorrect version of the article was printed. To see the complete, corrected article, please go to http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0013702. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2009-03773-005.) Previous work has suggested that the serotonergic system plays a key role in "popularity" or likeability. A polymorphism within the 5HT2A serotonin rec...
Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology - June 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Burt SA Tags: J Pers Soc Psychol Source Type: journals