Infrared spectroscopy across scales in length and time at BESSY   II
The infrared beamline at BESSY   II storage ring was upgraded recently to extend the capabilities of infrared microscopy. The endstations available at the beamline are now facilitating improved characterization of molecules and materials at different length scales and time resolutions. Here, the current outline of the beamline is reported and an overview of the endstations available is given. In particular, the first results obtained by using a new microscope for nano-spectroscopy that was implemented are presented. The capabilities of the scattering-type near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM) are demonstrated by investi...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 23, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Veber, A. Puskar, L. Kneipp, J. Schade, U. Tags: infrared beamline BESSY II nano-spectroscopy cellulose microfibrils beamlines Source Type: research
Wavefront analysis and phase correctors design using SHADOW
In this study, the wavefront error of an imperfect elliptical mirror is predicted by developing a knife-edge program using the SHADOW/OASYS platform. It is shown that the focusing optics can be aligned perfectly by minimizing the parabolic and cubic coefficients of the wavefront error. The residual wavefront error provides precise information about the figure/height errors of the focusing optics suggesting it as an accurate method for in situ optical metrology. A Python program is developed to design a customized wavefront refractive corrector to minimize the residual wavefront error. Uniform beam at and out of focus and h...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 23, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Khosroabadi, H. Laundy, D. Dhamgaye, V. Sawhney, K. Tags: X-ray optics wavefront error ray-tracing simulation refractive wavefront corrector knife-edge imaging research papers Source Type: research
Evaluation of the X-ray/EUV Nanolithography Facility at AS through wavefront propagation simulations
Synchrotron light sources can provide the required spatial coherence, stability and control to support the development of advanced lithography at the extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray wavelengths that are relevant to current and future fabricating technologies. Here an evaluation of the optical performance of the  soft X-ray (SXR) beamline of the Australian Synchrotron (AS) and its suitability for developing interference lithography using radiation in the 91.8   eV (13.5   nm) to 300   eV (4.13   nm) range are presented. A comprehensive physical optics model of the APPLE-II undulator source and SXR beamline was ...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 17, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Knappett, J.B.M. Haydon, B. Cowie, B.C.C. Kewish, C.M. Riessen, G.A.van Tags: extreme ultraviolet lithography soft X-ray lithography interference lithography wavefront propagation synchrotron beamline research papers Source Type: research
Synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy in fourth-generation storage rings
Fourth-generation synchrotron storage rings represent a significant milestone in synchrotron technology, offering outstandingly bright and tightly focused X-ray beams for a wide range of scientific applications. However, due to their inherently tight magnetic lattices, these storage rings have posed critical challenges for accessing lower-energy radiation, such as infrared (IR) and THz. Here the first-ever IR beamline to be installed and to operate at a fourth-generation synchrotron storage ring is introduced. This work encompasses several notable advancements, including a thorough examination of the new IR source at Siriu...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 17, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Santos, T.M. Lordano, S. Mayer, R.A. Volpe, L. Rodrigues, G.M. Meyer, B. Westfahl, H. Freitas, R.O. Tags: fourth-generation synchrotron infrared nanospectroscopy scattering scanning near-field microscopy nano-FTIR Imbuia at Sirius research papers Source Type: research
Operando double-edge high-resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of BiVO4 photoanodes
High energy resolution fluorescence detected X-ray absorption spectroscopy is a powerful method for probing the electronic structure of functional materials. The X-ray penetration depth and photon-in/photon-out nature of the method allow operando experiments to be performed, in particular in electrochemical cells. Here, operando high-resolution X-ray absorption measurements of a BiVO4 photoanode are reported, simultaneously probing the local electronic states of both cations. Small but significant variations of the spectral lineshapes induced by the applied potential were observed and an explanation in terms of the occupat...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 15, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Piccioni, A. Kopula Kesavan, J. Amidani, L. Mazzaro, R. Berardi, S. Caramori, S. Pasquini, L. Boscherini, F. Tags: X-ray absorption spectroscopy photoelectrochemistry photoanodes resonant inelastic X-ray scattering research papers Source Type: research
Development of dual-beamline photoelectron momentum microscopy for valence orbital analysis
The soft X-ray photoelectron momentum microscopy (PMM) experimental station at the UVSOR Synchrotron Facility has been recently upgraded by additionally guiding vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light in a normal-incidence configuration. PMM offers a very powerful tool for comprehensive electronic structure analyses in real and momentum spaces. In this work, a VUV beam with variable polarization in the normal-incidence geometry was obtained at the same sample position as the soft X-ray beam from BL6U by branching the VUV beamline BL7U. The valence electronic structure of the Au(111) surface was measured using horizontal and vertica...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 15, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Hagiwara, K. Nakamura, E. Makita, S. Suga, S. Tanaka, S.- Kera, S. Matsui, F. Tags: photoemission spectroscopy photoelectron momentum microscopy electronic structure atomic orbital photon polarization research papers Source Type: research
High-pressure X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy at fourth-generation synchrotron sources
A new experimental setup combining X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) in the hard X-ray regime and a high-pressure sample environment has been developed to monitor the pressure dependence of the internal motion of complex systems down to the atomic scale in the multi-gigapascal range, from room temperature to 600   K. The high flux of coherent high-energy X-rays at fourth-generation synchrotron sources solves the problems caused by the absorption of diamond anvil cells used to generate high pressure, enabling the measurement of the intermediate scattering function over six orders of magnitude in time, from 10 â...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 10, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Cornet, A. Ronca, A. Shen, J. Zontone, F. Chushkin, Y. Cammarata, M. Garbarino, G. Sprung, M. Westermeier, F. Deschamps, T. Ruta, B. Tags: X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy fourth-generation synchrotron sources high-pressure XPCS complex systems metallic glasses supercooled liquid states high-pressure sample environments research papers Source Type: research
Measuring magnetic hysteresis curves with polarized soft X-ray resonant reflectivity
Calculations and measurements of polarization-dependent soft X-ray scattering intensity are presented during a magnetic hysteresis cycle. It is confirmed that the dependence of the intensity on the magnetic moment can be linear, quadratic or a combination of both, depending on the polarization of the incident X-ray beam and the direction of the magnetic moment. With a linearly polarized beam, the scattered intensity will have a purely quadratic dependence on the magnetic moment when the magnetic moment is parallel to the scattering plane. However, with the magnetic moment perpendicular to the scattering plane, there is als...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 10, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Fan, R. Kiranjot, Aboljadayel, R.O.M. Alsaeed, K. Bencok, P. Burn, D.M. Hindmarch, A.T. Steadman, P. Tags: reflectivity scattering magnetism soft X-rays polarization hysteresis helicity thin films research papers Source Type: research
A sub-100   nm thickness flat jet for extreme ultraviolet to soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Experimental characterization of the structural, electronic and dynamic properties of dilute systems in aqueous solvents, such as nanoparticles, molecules and proteins, are nowadays an open challenge. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is probably one of the most established approaches to this aim as it is element-specific. However, typical dilute systems of interest are often composed of light elements that require extreme-ultraviolet to soft X-ray photons. In this spectral regime, water and other solvents are rather opaque, thus demanding radical reduction of the solvent volume and removal of the liquid to minimize back...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 9, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: De Angelis, D. Longetti, L. Bonano, G. Pelli Cresi, J.S. Foglia, L. Pancaldi, M. Capotondi, F. Pedersoli, E. Bencivenga, F. Krstulovic, M. Menk, R.H. D'Addato, S. Orlando, S. de Simone, M. Ingle, R.A. Bleiner, D. Coreno, M. Principi, E. Chergui, M. Mascio Tags: liquid flat jets Elettra synchrotron FERMI free-electron laser extreme ultra-violet high-vacuum environments X-ray absorption spectroscopy beamlines Source Type: research
Modelling the power threshold and optimum thermal deformation of indirectly liquid-nitrogen cryo-cooled Si monochromators
Maximizing the performance of crystal monochromators is a key aspect in the design of beamline optics for diffraction-limited synchrotron sources. Temperature and deformation of cryo-cooled crystals, illuminated by high-power beams of X-rays, can be estimated with a purely analytical model. The analysis is based on the thermal properties of cryo-cooled silicon crystals and the cooling geometry. Deformation amplitudes can be obtained, quickly and reliably. In this article the concept of threshold power conditions is introduced and defined analytically. The contribution of parameters such as liquid-nitrogen cooling efficienc...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 9, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Khosroabadi, H. Alianelli, L. Sanchez-Navarro, P. Peach, A. Sawhney, K. Tags: cryo-cooled Si monochromator deformation modelling threshold power sweet spot cooling design research papers Source Type: research
Iterative Bragg peak removal on X-ray absorption spectra with automatic intensity correction
This study introduces a novel iterative Bragg peak removal with automatic intensity correction (IBR-AIC) methodology for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), specifically addressing the challenge of Bragg peak interference in the analysis of crystalline materials. The approach integrates experimental adjustments and sophisticated post-processing, including an iterative algorithm for robust calculation of the scaling factor of the absorption coefficients and efficient elimination of the Bragg peaks, a common obstacle in accurately interpreting XAS data, particularly in crystalline samples. The method was thoroughly evaluate...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 9, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Shimogawa, R. Marcella, N. O'Connor, C.R. Kim, T.-S. Reece, C. Lubomirsky, I. Frenkel, A.I. Tags: X-ray absorption spectroscopy Bragg peak removal X-ray absorption coefficient crystalline materials research papers Source Type: research
X-ray beam diagnostics at the MID instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility
The Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (EuXFEL) is equipped with a multipurpose diagnostic end-station (DES) at the end of the instrument. The imager unit in DES is a key tool for aligning the beam to a standard trajectory and for adjusting optical elements such as focusing lenses or the split-and-delay line. Furthermore, the DES features a bent-diamond-crystal spectrometer to disperse the spectrum of the direct beam to a line detector. This enables pulse-resolved characterization of the EuXFEL spectrum to provide X-ray energy calibration, and the spectrometer...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 8, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Boesenberg, U. Ansaldi, G. Bartmann, A. Batchelor, L. Brausse, F. Hallmann, J. Jo, W. Kim, C. Klein, B. Lobato, I. Lu, W. M ö ller, J. Petrov, I. Rodriguez-Fernandez, A. Schmidt, A. Scholz, M. Shayduk, R. Sukharnikov, K. Zozulya, A. Madsen, A. Tags: X-ray free-electron lasers beam diagnostics bent-diamond-crystal spectrometer Materials Imaging and Dynamics instrument multipurpose diagnostic end-station beamlines Source Type: research
At-wavelength metrology of an X-ray mirror using a downstream wavefront modulator
At-wavelength metrology of X-ray optics plays a crucial role in evaluating the performance of optics under actual beamline operating conditions, enabling in  situ diagnostics and optimization. Techniques utilizing a wavefront random modulator have gained increasing attention in recent years. However, accurately mapping the measured wavefront slope to a curved X-ray mirror surface when the modulator is downstream of the mirror has posed a challenge. To address this problem, an iterative method has been developed in this study. The results demonstrate a significant improvement compared with conventional approaches and agre...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - April 8, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Zhou, T. Hu, L. Wang, H. Tags: X-ray mirror speckle metrology research papers Source Type: research
Scattered high-energy synchrotron radiation at the  KARA visible-light diagnostic beamline
To characterize an electron beam, visible synchrotron light is often used and dedicated beamlines at synchrotron sources are becoming a more common feature as instruments and methods for the diagnostics are, along with the accelerators, further developed. At KARA (Karlsruhe Research Accelerator), such a beamline exists and is based on a typical infrared/visible-light configuration. From experience at such beamlines no significant radiation was expected (dose rates larger than 0.5   µ Sv   h − 1). This was found not to be the case and a higher dose was measured which fortunately could be shielded to an acceptable lev...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - March 26, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Batchelor, D.R. Blomley, E. Huttel, E. Hagelstein, M. Mochihashi, A. Schuh, M. Simon, R. Tags: visible-light diagnostics beamline radiation shielding high-energy synchrotron radiation leakage dose beamlines Source Type: research
VerSoX B07-B: a high-throughput XPS and ambient pressure NEXAFS beamline at Diamond Light Source
The beamline optics and endstations at branch B of the Versatile Soft X-ray (VerSoX) beamline B07 at Diamond Light Source are described. B07-B provides medium-flux X-rays in the range 45 – 2200   eV from a bending magnet source, giving access to local electronic structure for atoms of all elements from Li to Y. It has an endstation for high-throughput X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near-edge X-ray absorption fine-structure (NEXAFS) measurements under ultrahigh-vacuum (UHV) conditions. B07-B has a second endstation dedicated to NEXAFS at pressures from UHV to ambient pressure (1   atm). The combination of ...
Source: Journal of Synchrotron Radiation - March 26, 2024 Category: Physics Authors: Grinter, D.C. Ferrer, P. Venturini, F. Spronsen, M.A. van Large, A.I. Kumar, S. Jaugstetter, M. Iordachescu, A. Watts, A. Schroeder, S.L.M. Kroner, A. Grillo, F. Francis, S.M. Webb, P.B. Hand, M. Walters, A. Hillman, M. Held, G. Tags: XPS NEXAFS ambient pressure high throughput X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy beamlines Source Type: research
