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35 years later, mRNA caps still matterEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 735 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2789 Author: Anne-Claude Gingras Whereas some important discoveries shine sudden and unexpected light on a research area, other seminal advances result from the contributions of several groups, and the realization of their impact comes years after the initial breakthrough. The discovery of the mRNA cap offers one example of (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Anne-Claude Gingras Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

From the editorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 733 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2795 The past month was particularly exciting for molecular and cell biologists. First, Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of “how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase”. (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: From The Editors Source Type: journals

Stem cells: iPS cells strike a cordEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 738 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2794 Author: Kim Baumann Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells — somatic and adult stem cells that are reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by the transient expression of various transcription factors — offer great promise for future regenerative therapies. Two studies, published in Cell Stem Cell, now report the (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Kim Baumann Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 737 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2793 Transcription (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Cell signalling: A new MAP for miRNAsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 734 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2792 Author: Katharine H. Wrighton Mature microRNAs (miRNAs) result from the cleavage of precursor miRNAs by the miRNA-generating complex, which in humans consists of Dicer and the HIV TAR RNA-binding protein (TRBP). Some mature miRNAs promote cell growth, whereas others suppress it. Qinghua Liu and colleagues now show that the (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Katharine H. Wrighton Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Evolution of biomolecular networks — lessons from metabolic and protein interactionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Evolution of biomolecular networks — lessons from metabolic and protein interactions Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 791 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2787 Authors: Takuji Yamada & Peer Bork Despite only becoming popular at the beginning of this decade, biomolecular networks are now frameworks that facilitate many discoveries in molecular biology. The nodes of these networks are usually proteins (specifically enzymes in metabolic networks), whereas the links (or edges) are their interactions with other (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Takuji YamadaPeer Bork Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migrationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ck Horwitz Non-muscle myosin II (NM II) is an actin-binding protein that has actin cross-linking and contractile properties and is regulated by the phosphorylation of its light and heavy chains. The three mammalian NM II isoforms have both overlapping and unique properties. Owing to its position downstream (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Miguel Vicente-ManzanaresXuefei MaRobert S. AdelsteinAlan Rick Horwitz Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Biased segregation of DNA and centrosomes — moving together or drifting apart?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Biased segregation of DNA and centrosomes — moving together or drifting apart? Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 804 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2784 Authors: Shahragim Tajbakhsh & Cayetano Gonzalez Old and newly synthesized centrosomes have different microtubule nucleating abilities and they contribute to cell polarity when they migrate to opposite poles during cell division. The asymmetric localization of epigenetic marks and kinetochore proteins could lead to the differential recognition of sister chromatids and the (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Shahragim TajbakhshCayetano Gonzalez Tags: Perspectives Source Type: journals

Traffic control: regulation of kinesin motorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ammond Kinesins are a family of molecular motors that use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to move along the surface of, or destabilize, microtubule filaments. Much progress has been made in understanding the mechanics and functions of the kinesin motors that play important parts in cell (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Kristen J. VerheyJennetta W. Hammond Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Building ubiquitin chains: E2 enzymes at workEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
l Rape The modification of proteins with ubiquitin chains can change their localization, activity and/or stability. Although ubiquitylation requires the concerted action of ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s), it is the E2s that have recently emerged as key mediators of chain assembly. (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 23, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Yihong YeMichael Rape Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Chromosome biology: Small RNAs find the centreEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 738 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2791 Author: Mary Muers The list of biological processes that are controlled by chromatin structure or small RNAs has expanded rapidly in recent years, and a few examples are emerging in which these two modes of regulation are connected. Research presented in three companion papers now links an RNA (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 13, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Mary Muers Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Autophagy: Autophagy takes an alternative routeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 735 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2790 Author: Francesca Cesari Autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG5) and ATG7 are thought to be essential for mammalian autophagy (also known as macroautophagy) — the lysosomal breakdown of organelles, proteins and other components of the cytoplasm to sustain metabolism during starvation and metabolic stress. Now, a study in Nature (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 13, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Francesca Cesari Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Apoptosis: Watching caspase 2 get activeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 739 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2788 Author: Katharine H. Wrighton In the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, cellular stress induces mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). This results in the release of proteins from the mitochondrial intermembrane space that activate caspase cysteine proteases. So-called initiator caspases cleave and activate downstream caspases, which subsequently cleave other cellular substrates to (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 13, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Katharine H. Wrighton Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

And the winner is...Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 736 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2785 Author: Kim Baumann This year's Albert Lasker Basic Medical Research Award goes to John Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka for their discoveries on nuclear reprogramming. This process instructs fully differentiated adult cells to revert to early embryonic stem (ES) cells, which, when transplanted into an egg, can restart (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 7, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Kim Baumann Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Chromatin: JAK2 goes nuclearEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 736 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2783 Author: Kim Baumann Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase known to initiate cytoplasmic signalling cascades that regulate various processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, mitotic recombination, genetic instability and heterochromatin modifications. In Nature, Tony Kouzarides and colleagues now report an unprecedented role for JAK2 (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - October 7, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Kim Baumann Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

mRNA decay: Removing the tailEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 736 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2781 Author: Rachel David MicroRNAs (miRNAs) function in post-transcriptional gene silencing by directly inhibiting mRNA translation or by inducing mRNA deadenylation, which promotes mRNA decay. Fabian et al., in a paper published in Molecular Cell, provide new insights into the mechanism by which miRNAs promote mRNA deadenylation (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 30, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Rachel David Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 656 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2779 Cell death (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 24, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Reconstructed egg for IVFEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 657 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2778 Author: Rachel David Four rhesus macaques have been created in a laboratory at the Oregon National Primate Research Center, USA, using a technique that could prevent the genetic transmission of diseases carried in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), as reported in Nature. By taking the nuclear DNA from one (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 24, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Rachel David Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Small RNAS: Keeping let-7 youngEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 652 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2776 Author: Katharine H. Wrighton The biogenesis of mature microRNAs (miRNAs) involves the cleavage of primary miRNAs by Drosha and the cleavage of the resulting precursor (pre)-miRNAs by Dicer. Previous work from Narry Kim's laboratory has shown that the pluripotency factor LIN28 can induce the terminal uridylation of pre-let-7 miRNA (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 24, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Katharine H. Wrighton Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

From the editorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 651 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2775 Eukaryotic cells use motor proteins that move along cytoskeletal polymers to transport various intracellular cargos, including membranous organelles, protein complexes and mRNAs. Transport along microtubule filaments is mediated by kinesins and dyneins, whereas transport along actin filaments is mediated by myosins. Molecular motors convert the (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 24, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: From The Editors Source Type: journals

Kinesin superfamily motor proteins and intracellular transportEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
nsuke Niwa Intracellular transport is fundamental for cellular function, survival and morphogenesis. Kinesin superfamily proteins (also known as KIFs) are important molecular motors that directionally transport various cargos, including membranous organelles, protein complexes and mRNAs. The mechanisms by which different kinesins recognize and bind to specific cargos, (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 24, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Nobutaka HirokawaYasuko NodaYosuke TanakaShinsuke Niwa Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Ubiquitin-binding domains — from structures to functionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Ubiquitin-binding domains — from structures to functions Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 659 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2767 Authors: Ivan Dikic, Soichi Wakatsuki & Kylie J. Walters Ubiquitin-binding domains (UBDs) are modular elements that bind non-covalently to the protein modifier ubiquitin. Recent atomic-level resolution structures of ubiquitin–UBD complexes have revealed some of the mechanisms that underlie the versatile functions of ubiquitin in vivo. The preferences of UBDs for ubiquitin chains of (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 24, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Ivan DikicSoichi WakatsukiKylie J. Walters Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Mechanisms of alternative splicing regulation: insights from molecular and genomics approachesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Manley Alternative splicing of mRNA precursors provides an important means of genetic control and is a crucial step in the expression of most genes. Alternative splicing markedly affects human development, and its misregulation underlies many human diseases. Although the mechanisms of alternative splicing have been studied (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Mo ChenJames L. Manley Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Tickets to ride: selecting cargo for clathrin-regulated internalizationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 583 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2751 Author: Linton M. Traub Clathrin-mediated endocytosis oversees the constitutive packaging of selected membrane cargoes into transport vesicles that fuse with early endosomes. The process is responsive to activation of signalling receptors and ion channels, promptly clearing post-translationally tagged forms of cargo off the plasma membrane. To accommodate the diverse (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Linton M. Traub Tags: Review Source Type: journals

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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 580 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2760 RNA decay (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Proteomics: Getting the numbers rightEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 577 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2759 Author: Francesca Cesari One of the main challenges in mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods is to achieve fast and precise quantitative analysis of any protein (or set of proteins) of interest in a proteome. According to two new studies by Ruedi Aebersold and colleagues this is now possible.Malmström (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Francesca Cesari Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

From the editorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 575 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2758 Endocytic membrane trafficking involves the cellular internalization and sorting of extracellular molecules, plasma membrane proteins and lipids. It is well established that endocytosis regulates receptor-mediated signalling, as Alexander Sorkin and Mark von Zastrow discuss on page 609. Conversely, signalling events can regulate the endocytic (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: From The Editors Source Type: journals

Endocytosis: Joint efforts of ESCRTsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 581 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2757 Author: Arianne Heinrichs Sorting of ubiquitylated cargo proteins, such as transmembrane receptors, into multivesicular bodies (endosomes filled with intraluminal vesicles (ILVs)) is catalysed by the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II bind cargo proteins, ESCRT-III remodels the membrane, and the Vps4–Vta1 complex (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Arianne Heinrichs Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

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Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 579 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2756 Endocytosis (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Pathways and mechanisms of endocytic recyclingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
aldson Endocytic recycling is coordinated with endocytic uptake to control the composition of the plasma membrane. Although much of our understanding of endocytic recycling has come from studies on the transferrin receptor, a protein internalized through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, increased interest in clathrin-independent endocytosis has led to (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Barth D. GrantJulie G. Donaldson Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Endocytosis and signalling: intertwining molecular networksEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
astrow Cell signalling and endocytic membrane trafficking have traditionally been viewed as distinct processes. Although our present understanding is incomplete and there are still great controversies, it is now recognized that these processes are intimately and bidirectionally linked in animal cells. Indeed, many recent examples illustrate (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 22, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Alexander SorkinMark von Zastrow Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Structural and functional constraints in the evolution of protein familiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Blundell High-throughput genomic sequencing has focused attention on understanding differences between species and between individuals. When this genetic variation affects protein sequences, the rate of amino acid substitution reflects both Darwinian selection for functionally advantageous mutations and selectively neutral evolution operating within the constraints of structure (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 15, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Catherine L. WorthSungsam GongTom L. Blundell Tags: Review Source Type: journals

The matrix revolutionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 653 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2769 Author: Alan Rick Horwitz The extracellular matrix (ECM), the complexity of which once rendered it an ugly stepchild of cell biology, is undergoing another renaissance. Originally recognized as the glue that holds tissues together, it became apparent in the 1960s that the ECM also dictates cellular behaviour; for example, (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Alan Rick Horwitz Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Protein denitrosylation: enzymatic mechanisms and cellular functionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Stamler S-Nitrosylation, the redox-based modification of Cys thiol side chains by nitric oxide, is a common mechanism in signal transduction. Dysregulated S-nitrosylation contributes to a range of human pathologies. New roles for protein denitrosylation in regulating S-nitrosylation are being revealed. Recently, several denitrosylases (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Moran BenharMichael T. ForresterJonathan S. Stamler Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Systems biology: Cell biology put in contextEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 655 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2773 Author: Arianne Heinrichs The underlying causes of cell-to-cell variation in cell populations are poorly understood. Using systems biology approaches, Lucas Pelkmans and colleagues demonstrate that the characteristics of a cell population partly determine the attributes of individual cells, including their susceptibility to viral infection, endocytic features and membrane (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Arianne Heinrichs Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

DNA replication: Unwinding maxicircle DNAEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 654 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2772 Author: Rachel David How the replication of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is synchronized with nuclear DNA replication and how the copy number is maintained are largely unclear. However, a new study of trypanosome kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) — mtDNA that consists of minicircles and maxicircles — reveals how maxicircle replication (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Rachel David Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Systems biology of stem cell fate and cellular reprogrammingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
emischka Stem cell differentiation and the maintenance of self-renewal are intrinsically complex processes requiring the coordinated dynamic expression of hundreds of genes and proteins in precise response to external signalling cues. Numerous recent reports have used both experimental and computational techniques to dissect this complexity. These (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Ben D. MacArthurAvi Ma'ayanIhor R. Lemischka Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Mechanisms of Polycomb gene silencing: knowns and unknownsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ngston Polycomb proteins form chromatin-modifying complexes that implement transcriptional silencing in higher eukaryotes. Hundreds of genes are silenced by Polycomb proteins, including dozens of genes that encode crucial developmental regulators in organisms ranging from plants to humans. Two main families of complexes, called Polycomb repressive complex (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 8, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Jeffrey A. SimonRobert E. Kingston Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Small RNAs: RISCs hitch a rideEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 656 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2771 Author: Arianne Heinrichs Components of microRNA (miRNA)-mediated post-transcriptional silencing are known to congregate in cytoplasmic foci. New research published in Nature Cell Biology suggests that P bodies and GW bodies, cytoplasmic foci that were previously thought to be identical, can be differentiated by the fact that components (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 2, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Arianne Heinrichs Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Chromatin: A variant function for H2AZEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 656 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2770 Author: Francesca Cesari Eukaryotic genomes encode numerous antisense transcripts that are involved in different aspects of gene regulation, but their accumulation can be deleterious and is therefore suppressed by exosome-mediated mRNA degradation. Now, a study published in Nature suggests that the histone variant H2AZ cooperates with heterochromatin (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 2, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Francesca Cesari Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Technology: GTPase activation at the leading edgeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 654 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2768 Author: Kim Baumann The GTPases RHOA, RAC1 and CDC42 control the actin cytoskeleton dynamics that provide the force for cell motility. All three GTPases are activated at the cell front and regulate each other; however, their fine spatiotemporal coordination and mutual regulation are not well characterized. Two studies (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 2, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Kim Baumann Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Cell signalling: Free ubiquitin!Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 653 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2765 Author: Emily J. Chenette The E3 ubiquitin ligase TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) is known to activate nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) downstream of the interleukin-1 and Toll-like receptors. Together with the ubiquitin-conjugating E2-type enzymes UBC13 and UEV1A (also known as UBE2V1), TRAF6 catalyses Lys63-linked ubiquitylation, which stimulates (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - September 2, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Emily J. Chenette Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Tickets to ride: selecting cargo for clathrin-regulated internalizationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 583 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2751 Author: Linton M. Traub Clathrin-mediated endocytosis oversees the constitutive packaging of selected membrane cargoes into transport vesicles that fuse with early endosomes. The process is responsive to activation of signalling receptors and ion channels, promptly clearing post-translationally tagged forms of cargo off the plasma membrane. To accommodate the diverse (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Linton M. Traub Tags: Review Source Type: journals

In briefEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 580 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2760 RNA decay (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Proteomics: Getting the numbers rightEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 577 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2759 Author: Francesca Cesari One of the main challenges in mass spectrometry (MS)-based methods is to achieve fast and precise quantitative analysis of any protein (or set of proteins) of interest in a proteome. According to two new studies by Ruedi Aebersold and colleagues this is now possible.Malmström (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Francesca Cesari Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

From the editorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 575 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2758 Endocytic membrane trafficking involves the cellular internalization and sorting of extracellular molecules, plasma membrane proteins and lipids. It is well established that endocytosis regulates receptor-mediated signalling, as Alexander Sorkin and Mark von Zastrow discuss on page 609. Conversely, signalling events can regulate the endocytic (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: From The Editors Source Type: journals

Endocytosis: Joint efforts of ESCRTsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 581 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2757 Author: Arianne Heinrichs Sorting of ubiquitylated cargo proteins, such as transmembrane receptors, into multivesicular bodies (endosomes filled with intraluminal vesicles (ILVs)) is catalysed by the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery. ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I and ESCRT-II bind cargo proteins, ESCRT-III remodels the membrane, and the Vps4–Vta1 complex (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Arianne Heinrichs Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

In briefEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10, 579 (2009). doi:10.1038/nrm2756 Endocytosis (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: journals

Pathways and mechanisms of endocytic recyclingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
aldson Endocytic recycling is coordinated with endocytic uptake to control the composition of the plasma membrane. Although much of our understanding of endocytic recycling has come from studies on the transferrin receptor, a protein internalized through clathrin-dependent endocytosis, increased interest in clathrin-independent endocytosis has led to (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Barth D. GrantJulie G. Donaldson Tags: Review Source Type: journals

Endocytosis and signalling: intertwining molecular networksEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
astrow Cell signalling and endocytic membrane trafficking have traditionally been viewed as distinct processes. Although our present understanding is incomplete and there are still great controversies, it is now recognized that these processes are intimately and bidirectionally linked in animal cells. Indeed, many recent examples illustrate (Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology)
Source: Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology - August 21, 2009 Category: Cytology Authors: Alexander SorkinMark von Zastrow Tags: Review Source Type: journals