Feeding circuit development and early-life influences on future feeding behaviour
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 302 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.23 Author: Lori M. Zeltser A wide range of maternal exposures — undernutrition, obesity, diabetes, stress and infection — are associated with an increased risk of metabolic disease in offspring. Developmental influences can cause persistent structural changes in hypothalamic circuits regulating food intake in the service of energy balance. The (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 17, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lori M. Zeltser Tags: Perspectives Source Type: research

Neural repair: Getting back on your hindlimbs
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 251 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.39 Author: Sian Lewis A combination of electrochemical neuromodulation of spinal leg circuits and physical training in a robotic rehabilitation system restored volitional locomotion in rodents with severe spinal cord injury. (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 17, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sian Lewis Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Fibrinogen in neurological diseases: mechanisms, imaging and therapeutics
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 283 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.13 Authors: Mark A. Petersen, Jae Kyu Ryu & Katerina Akassoglou The blood coagulation protein fibrinogen is deposited in the brain in a wide range of neurological diseases and traumatic injuries with blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Recent research has uncovered pleiotropic roles for fibrinogen in the activation of CNS inflammation, induction of scar formation in the (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Mark A. Petersen Jae Kyu Ryu Katerina Akassoglou Tags: Review Source Type: research

Techniques: MEG in motion
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 254 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.38 Author: Sian Lewis Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a powerful technique for mapping brain activity in real time. Current MEG scanners are cumbersome and require subjects to remain motionless during the procedure, which limits its use. Now, a MEG system has been developed that uses quantum sensors mounted in a (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sian Lewis Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Techniques: In a split sequence
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 254 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.37 Author: Sian Lewis Currently available methods for transcriptome sequencing such as single-cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) are complex to perform. Here, the authors developed split-pool ligation-based transcriptome sequencing (SPLiT-seq), which involves four rounds of combinatorial barcoding of cellular RNA. The technique involves a series of pipetting steps and requires no (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sian Lewis Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Myelin: Wrapped up
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 254 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.36 Author: Sian Lewis In myelination, oligodendrocyte processes enwrap sections of axons termed internodal regions. Little is known about how newly generated oligodendrocytes integrate into mature existing circuits or how environmental changes affect myelination. Hill et al. used spectral confocal reflectance microscopy to monitor oligodendrocyte production and axon myelination (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sian Lewis Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Neural circuits: Balancing threats
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 254 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.35 Author: Katherine Whalley Two studies provide insight into the neural circuits integrating competing threat signals, such as pain and hunger. (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Katherine Whalley Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Neurogenesis: News of no new neurons?
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 252 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.34 Author: Natasha Bray A study of post-mortem brains from individuals of difference ages suggests that hippocampal neurogenesis in humans decreases during childhood and is absent in adults. (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - April 5, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Natasha Bray Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Surviving threats: neural circuit and computational implications of a new taxonomy of defensive behaviour
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 269 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.22 Authors: Joseph LeDoux & Nathaniel D. Daw Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We propose a hierarchical taxonomy of defensive behaviour on the basis of known psychological processes. Included are three categories of reactions (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 29, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Joseph LeDoux Nathaniel D. Daw Tags: Review Source Type: research

Cortical travelling waves: mechanisms and computational principles
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 255 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.20 Authors: Lyle Muller, Frédéric Chavane, John Reynolds & Terrence J. Sejnowski Multichannel recording technologies have revealed travelling waves of neural activity in multiple sensory, motor and cognitive systems. These waves can be spontaneously generated by recurrent circuits or evoked by external stimuli. They travel along brain networks at multiple scales, transiently modulating spiking and excitability as (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 22, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lyle Muller Fr é d é ric Chavane John Reynolds Terrence J. Sejnowski Tags: Review Source Type: research

Neural development: Instigating engulfment
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 253 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.31 Author: Darran Yates In the spinal cord and thalamus of mice, astrocyte-generated interleukin-33 instructs microglia to engulf synapses and thus regulates neural circuit development. (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 22, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Darran Yates Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Spinal cord: Making new connections
This study shows that human neural stem cell grafts re-establish a neuronal relay across spinal cord injury in rhesus monkeys. (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 22, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Katharine H. Wrighton Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research

Dendritic structural plasticity and neuropsychiatric disease
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 215 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.16 Authors: Marc P. Forrest, Euan Parnell & Peter Penzes The structure of neuronal circuits that subserve cognitive functions in the brain is shaped and refined throughout development and into adulthood. Evidence from human and animal studies suggests that the cellular and synaptic substrates of these circuits are atypical in neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating that altered (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 16, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Marc P. Forrest Euan Parnell Peter Penzes Tags: Review Source Type: research

Lactate in the brain: from metabolic end-product to signalling molecule
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 235 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.19 Authors: Pierre J. Magistretti & Igor Allaman Lactate in the brain has long been associated with ischaemia; however, more recent evidence shows that it can be found there under physiological conditions. In the brain, lactate is formed predominantly in astrocytes from glucose or glycogen in response to neuronal activity signals. Thus, neurons (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 8, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Pierre J. Magistretti Igor Allaman Tags: Review Source Type: research

Neuronal plasticity: Upscale, downscale
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 19, 184 (2018). doi:10.1038/nrn.2018.30 Author: Natasha Bray Neurons exhibiting synaptic upscaling or downscaling in response to decreases or increases in activity, respectively, show changes in protein expression that depend on the duration and the polarity of the change. (Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience)
Source: Nature Reviews Neuroscience - March 8, 2018 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Natasha Bray Tags: Research Highlight Source Type: research