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Microbial-host interaction: tolerance versus allergy. The 64th Nestle Nutrition Institute Workshop. Foreword.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19902591 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.)
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - November 13, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Haschke F, Klassen P Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

A Paradigm for Commensalism: The Role of a Specific Microbial Polysaccharide in Health and Disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The human gastrointestinal tract is colonized by 100 trillion microorganisms, including both beneficial and potentially pathogenic species. A zwitterionic polysaccharide (PSA) from the gastrointestinal microorganism Bacteroides fragilis has been shown to be the archetypal molecule of commensal bacteria that mediates development of the host immune system. PSA stimulates the normal balance of Th1 and Th2 CD4+ T cells and can correct histologic defects in the spleen and thymus of germ-free mice. PSA stimulates the innate immune system as a ligand for Toll-like receptor 2 and thereby promotes interactions with the adaptive...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Kasper DL Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

The Hygiene Hypothesis: Do We Still Believe in It?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Numerous epidemiological studies suggest that there is an inverse relationship between allergic diseases and infections in early childhood, but there are also several well-conducted epidemiological studies that seemingly contradict this relationship. The maturation of the immature immune regulation after birth is largely driven by exposure to microbes. Germ-free animals manifest excessive immune responses when immunized and they do not develop normal immune regulation. The controversy regarding the role of infections for subsequently developing allergy is partly due to varying clinical definitions of 'allergy'. Thus, w...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Bjorkstén B Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

'ABC' of Mucosal Immunology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Two adaptive homeostatic mechanisms normally preserve mucosal integrity: (i) immune exclusion mediated by secretory antibodies to inhibit penetration of potentially dangerous microorganisms and proteins, and (ii) immunosuppression to counteract hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens. The latter mechanism is called 'oral tolerance' when induced via the gut. Similar mechanisms are suppressive against commensal bacteria. Such two-layered anti-inflammatory defense explains why persistent allergy to dietary proteins is not more common, with the exception of gluten intolerance (celiac disease) where abrogation of mucosa...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Brandtzaeg P Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Innate and Adaptive Immune Pathways to Tolerance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There is a vast scientific literature on the innate and adaptive immune responses that contribute to the development of tolerance with growing appreciation that innate and adaptive immunity do not function independently of each other. Innate immune pathways of current interest are those involving pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, particularly their expression by epithelial cells and dendritic cells at mucosal surfaces. The study of adaptive immune pathways has traditionally focused on specific IgA and the development of effector T-cell populations: the Th1/Th2 paradigm has evolved to encompass...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Thornton CA, Morgan G Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Hitting the Mucosal Road in Tolerance Induction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Within the last decades a dramatic increase in allergic diseases has been recognized in the Westernized societies, leading to the fact that meanwhile 25-30% of the population is afflicted by allergic disorders. Besides a hereditary disposition, other factors, including a reduced microbial contact early in life or changes in nutrition, might also have influenced this epidemiological development. So far the only causative treatment against type-I allergies is specific immunotherapy. In young and monosensitized patients this treatment is highly efficacious, while there are clear limitations in older or multisensitized pat...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Wiedermann U Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Obesity - Extending the Hygiene Hypothesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The hygiene hypothesis proposes that the growing epidemic of atopic eczema, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma is related to reduced exposure to microbes at an early age as a result of environmental changes in the industrialized world. These include improved sanitation and living conditions, vaccinations and antimicrobial therapy, together with declining family size and changes in dietary intake. Recent scientific advances demonstrate that the hygiene hypothesis needs to be extended in three respects. Firstly, rigorous research in the field of probiotics points to the importance of the collective composition and t...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Isolauri E, Kalliomaki M, Rautava S, Salminen S, Laitinen K Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Autoimmunity and Diet.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Whether diet may influence autoimmunity has been the subject of many unsolved debates. Interestingly, growing evidence indicates a large overlap between the mechanisms controlling tolerance to dietary antigens and autoimmunity. To discuss these links, we will focus on two model human diseases. The first one is IPEX syndrome due to mutations in the X-linked foxp3 gene. Studies of this disease underscore the role of regulatory FOXP3+ T cells in controlling the reactivity against self antigens and the response to dietary proteins in humans. The second is celiac disease, a complex poly-genic disease where exposure to dieta...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Cerf-Bensussan N Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Example of an Emerging Allergic Manifestation?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of children and adults with eosinophilic esophagitis (EE). This recently recognized form of chronic pan-esophagitis is characterized by dense eosinophilic infiltration of the esophageal mucosa. EE is closely associated with male gender and allergic disorders, such as food allergy, eczema and asthma. The diagnosis relies on demonstration of increased numbers of eosinophils (>/= 15 per high power field) in esophageal biopsies. There is clinical overlap between EE and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients with EE typically present with...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Heine RG Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Microbial-Host Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Experimental Colitis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are immunologically mediated with genetic and environmental influences. Genetic factors include defective immunoregulation, mucosal integrity/repair and bacterial killing. Commensal bacteria activate pathogenic bacterial antigen-specific effector T cells that cause chronic inflammation in genetically susceptible hosts but induce protective immune responses in normal subjects. Both host and microbial specificities are important. Some bacterial species are aggressive, some are neutral and others protective, but each species has diffe...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Sartor B Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Development and Regulation of Immune Responses to Food Antigens in Pre- and Postnatal Life.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Food antigens are harmless environmental components. The physiological response is the development of clinical and immunological tolerance. It is now well appreciated that tolerance development is the result of active immunoregulation and depends on a close interaction between the innate and adaptive immune system resulting in the development of tolerance-mediating T-cell responses. Programming of the immune system, particularly with regard to tolerance development, already starts before birth and stays under close control of the maternal immune system. Therefore, the pre-and postnatal period represents an important 'w...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Renz H, Pfefferle PI, Teich R, Garn H Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Novel Approaches in Treating Food Allergy Using Allergens.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Food allergy may be life-threatening and its management continues to consist of avoiding relevant allergens and, in the case of accidental ingestion, initiation of appropriate emergency therapy. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most promising novel approaches for treating food allergy using allergens. The use of specific immunotherapy for food allergy treatment is described. Clinical trials of immunotherapy have been published in the past. However, randomized, placebo-controlled studies are needed, including the evaluation of immune mechanisms. Immunotherapy is mainly indicated for persistent food allergy...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Rancé F Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Allergen Avoidance Approaches in Food Allergy Management.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dietary elimination of causative food ingredients, usually food proteins, is the basis of treating food hypersensitivity. Proper diagnostic assessment is essential to avoid burdening children with unnecessary dietary restrictions with potential adverse effects. Diagnosis requires a detailed history, allergen elimination, and re-challenge with suspected foods. Complete elimination of causative food components depends on professional counseling and training of the patient and family, and transparent labeling of food products. Elimination diets carry the risk of inducing insufficient supplies of critical nutrients with ad...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Koletzko S, Koletzko B Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Role of Dietary Immunomodulatory Factors in the Development of Immune Tolerance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The development of oral tolerance occurs during critical early stages of immune development. Rising rates of food allergy and other immune-mediated food reactions are an indication that oral tolerance is highly susceptible to environmental change. There is growing evidence that this many not be due food allergens per se, but rather to changing exposure to other key immunomodulatory exposures in this critical period. Successful tolerance appears to depend on many concurrent environmental influences during the period of first allergen encounter, including favorable gut colonization, and the presence of key immunomodulato...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Prescott SL Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Microbial-Host Interactions: Selecting the Right Probiotics and Prebiotics for Infants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Probiotics were originally used to influence human health through intestinal microbiota alterations. At present, probiotics and their effects on human health have been demonstrated both within different food matrices and as single or mixed culture preparations. The health-promoting properties are known to be strain-dependent. Thus, strain identification and characterization are important: only well-characterized strains identified with modern techniques are acceptable, especially if health claims are desired. Linking the strain to a specific health effect as well as to enable accurate surveillance and epidemiological s...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Salminen S, Collado MC, Isolauri E, Gueimonde M Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Probiotics and Prebiotics: Immunological and Clinical Effects in Allergic Disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in immune development and may play a role in the development of allergic disorders. Manipulation of the intestinal microbiota may therefore offer an approach to the prevention or treatment of allergic diseases. Probiotics and prebiotics, used alone or together (synbiotics), can influence the intestinal microbiota and modulate immune responses in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies suggest a potential role for selected probiotics (alone or in combination with prebiotics) in the prevention of atopic eczema. A prenatal component of treatment appears important for beneficia...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Tang ML Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Modified Proteins in Allergy Prevention.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Around 2.5% of neonates experience hypersensitivity reactions to cow's milk protein during the first year of life, which is highly associated with early exposure to cow's milk. To prevent early allergy development, cow's milk proteins in infant formulas were modified by hydrolyzation processes for use in children at high atopic risk who need milk supplementation in the first months of life. Dependent on the degree of modification, hydrolyzed cow's milk formulas are differentiated into extensively and partially hydrolyzed whey or casein hydrolysates (pHF, eHF). However, their allergy-preventive potential seems not only ...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - August 30, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: von Berg A Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Global Changes in Diet and Activity Patterns as Drivers of the Nutrition Transition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The nutrition transition relates to broad patterns of diet, activity and body composition that have defined our nutritional status in various stages of history. The world is rapidly shifting from a dietary period in which the higher income countries were dominated by patterns of nutrition-related non-communicable diseases (NR-NCDs; while the lower and middle world were dominated by receding famine) to one in which the world is increasingly being dominated by NR-NCDs. Dietary changes appear to be shifting universally toward a diet dominated by higher intakes of caloric sweeteners, animal source foods, and edible oils. A...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Popkin BM Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Regional Case Studies - India.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
As a proportion of all deaths in India, cardiovascular disease (CVD) will be the largest cause of disability and death, by the year 2020. At the present stage of India's health transition, an estimated 53% of deaths and 44% of disability-adjusted life-years lost are contributed to chronic diseases. India also has the largest number of people with diabetes in the world, with an estimated 19.3 million in 1995 and projected 57.2 million in 2025. The prevalence of hypertension has been reported to range from 20 to 40% in urban adults and 12-17% among rural adults. The number of people with hypertension is expected to incre...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Reddy S Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Regional Case Studies - China.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Over the last 30 years, the nutritional status of Chinese children has greatly improved due to economic development and improved incomes. In this review, the status of childhood malnutrition and obesity in China is evaluated based on the National Nutrition and Health Survey of 2002 (NNHS2002) and the survey on National Student Health and Physical Fitness in China of 2005. Compared with the NNHS1992 survey, the body weights and heights of preschool children in urban and rural areas have significantly improved, and the prevalence of malnutrition (underweight and stunting) has been significantly reduced. However, micronut...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Yin SA Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Regional Case Studies - Africa.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Africa is the final continent to be affected by the nutrition transition and, as elsewhere, is characterized by the paradoxical coexistence of malnutrition and obesity. Several features of the obesity epidemic in Africa mirror those in other emerging nations: it penetrates the richer nations and urban areas first with a strong urban- rural gradient; initially it affects the wealthy, but later there is a demographic switch as obesity becomes a condition more associated with poverty, and it shares many of the same drivers related to the increasing affordability of highly refined oils and carbohydrates, and a move away fr...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Prentice AM Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Obesity in Emerging Nations: Evolutionary Origins and the Impact of a Rapid Nutrition Transition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Here we explore whether there is any evidence that the rapid development of the obesity epidemic in emerging nations, and its unusual coexistence with malnutrition, may have evolutionary origins that make such populations especially vulnerable to the obesogenic conditions accompanying the nutrition transition. It is concluded that any selection of so-called 'thrifty genes' is likely to have affected most races due to the frequency and ubiquity of famines and seasonal food shortages in ancient populations. Although it remains a useful stimulus for research, the thrifty gene hypothesis remains a theoretical construct tha...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Prentice AM Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Prenatal Origins of Undernutrition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Undernutrition continues to be high in many regions of the developing world. Birthweight, a common proxy measure of intrauterine growth, is influenced by nutritional, environmental and lifestyle factors during pregnancy and, in turn, affects immediate survival and function, and is a determinant of later life risk of chronic diseases. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and height are independently associated with birthweight and also modify the effects of pregnancy weight gain and interventions during pregnancy on birthweight and perinatal mortality. Other prenatal factors commonly known to impact birthweight include materna...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Christian P Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Postnatal Origins of Undernutrition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Obesity and nutrition-related chronic disorders are fast rising in developing countries. But undernutrition - stunting, underweight, wasting and micronutrient deficiencies - still affect millions of preschool children in both rural and urban settings increasing the risks of morbidity and mortality, impairing cognitive development, reducing productivity and increasing the risk of chronic diseases in later life. In addition undernutrition has a transgenerational effect. Here I review the evidence for a synergistic effect of inadequate nutrition (breastfeeding, complementary feeding), infection, and inappropriate mother-c...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Prost MA Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Malnutrition, Long-Term Health and the Effect of Nutritional Recovery.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
It is estimated that over 51 million people in Brazil live in slums, areas where a high prevalence of malnutrition is also found. In general, the population of 'slum dwellers' is growing at a faster rate than urban populations. This condition is associated with poor sanitation, unhealthy food habits, low birthweight, and stunting. Stunting is of particular concern as longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of stunted adolescents have shown a high susceptibility to gain central fat, lower fat oxidation, and lower resting and postprandial energy expenditure. In addition, higher blood pressure, higher plasma uric acid an...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Sawaya AL, Martins PA, Baccin Martins VJ, Florêncio TT, Hoffman D, Franco MD, das Neves J Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

The Role of Epigenetics in Mediating Environmental Effects on Phenotype.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Epigenetics is being suggested as a possible interface between the genetic and environmental factors that together give rise to phenotype. In mice there exists a group of genes, known as metastable epialleles, which are sensitive to environmental influences, such as diet, and undergo molecular changes that, once established, remain for the life of the individual. These modifications are epigenetic and in some cases they survive across generations, that is, through meiosis. This is termed transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. These findings have led to the idea that similar processes might occur in humans. Although ...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Morgan DK, Whitelaw E Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Metabolism of Methionine in Vivo: Impact of Pregnancy, Protein Restriction, and Fatty Liver Disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The coexistence of intrauterine and neonatal malnutrition and the development of obesity, type 2 diabetes and related comorbidities have been confirmed in a number of studies in humans and animal models. Data from studies in animals suggest that epigenetic changes as a result of altered methylation of the genomic DNA may be responsible for such metabolic patterning. Methionine, an essential amino acid, plays a critical role in the methyltranferases involved in the methylation by providing the one-carbon units via the methionine transmethylation cycle. Because of its interaction with a number of vitamins (B(12), folate,...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Kalhan SC Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Adiposity and Comorbidities: Favorable Impact of Caloric Restriction.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The focus here is on research involving long-term calorie restriction (CR) to prevent or delay the incidence of the metabolic syndrome with age. The current societal environment is marked by overabundant accessibility of food coupled with a strong trend to reduced physical activity, both leading to the development of a constellation of disorders including central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and hypertension (metabolic syndrome). Prolonged CR has been shown to extend median and maximal lifespan in a variety of lower species (yeast, worms, fish, rats, and mice). Mechanisms of this lifespan extension by CR a...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Ravussin E, Redman LM Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Obesity, Inflammation, and Macrophages.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The World Health Organization estimates that since 1980 the prevalence of obesity has increased more than threefold throughout much of the world, and this increase is not limited to developed nations. Indeed, the incidence of obesity is increasing most rapidly among rapidly industrializing countries raising the specter of a burgeoning epidemic in obesity-associated diseases, including diabetes, dyslipidemia, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerosis. Reducing the rates of obesity and its attendant complications will require both coordinated public health policy and a better understanding of the pathophysiolo...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Subramanian V, Ferrante Jr AW Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Obesity, Hepatic Metabolism and Disease.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is the most severe histological form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, is emerging as the most common clinically important form of liver disease in developed countries. Although its prevalence is 3% in the general population, this increases to 20-40% in obese patients. Since NASH is associated with obesity, its prevalence has been predicted to increase along with the growing epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The importance of this observation comes from the fact that NASH is a progressive fibrotic disease in which cirrhosis and liver-related death occur in 2...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Edmison JM, Kalhan SC, McCullough AJ Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Imperative of Preventive Measures Addressing the Life-Cycle.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The epidemiological characteristics of chronic non-communicable diseases (NCD) are fast changing. The prevalence has risen to unprecedented levels, and the young and the underprivileged are increasingly affected. The classic view of the etiology of NCD consists of a genetic susceptibility which is precipitated by aging and modern lifestyle. In a virtual absence of any methods to tackle genetic susceptibility, the preventive approach has so far been focused on the control of lifestyle factors in those at high risk (old, and those with positive family history and elevated risk factors). Such an approach might help high r...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Yajnik CS Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

New Approaches to Optimizing Early Diets.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Most extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1,000 g) infants will survive if cared for at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, and should be given optimal nutrition for brain development. Human milk confers nutritional and non-nutritional advantages over infant formula, and is started during the first hours of life. In Sweden, most ELBW infants are fed individually with mother's own milk (preferred) and banked milk, with supplementary parenteral nutrition. There is an enormous variation particularly in the fat and protein content of milk between mothers, during the day and the course of lactation. Infrared macronutri...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Polberger S Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Prevention of Low Birthweight.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Globally an estimated 20 million infants are born with low birthweight (LBW), of those over 18 million are born in developing countries. These LBW infants are at a disproportionately higher risk of mortality, morbidity, poor growth, impaired psychomotor and cognitive development as immediate outcomes, and are also disadvantaged as adults due to their greater susceptibility to type 2 diabetes, hypertension and coronary heart disease. Maternal malnutrition prior to and during pregnancy manifested by low bodyweight, short stature, inadequate energy intake during pregnancy and coexisting micronutrient deficiency are consid...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Alam DS Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Community-Based Approaches to Address Childhood Undernutrition and Obesity in Developing Countries.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Community-based approaches have been the mainstay of interventions to address the problem of child malnutrition in developing societies. Many programs have been in operation in several countries for decades and originated largely as social welfare, food security and poverty eradication programs. Increasingly conceptual frameworks to guide this activity have been developed as our understanding of the complex nature of the determinants of undernutrition improves. Alongside this evolution, is the accumulation of evidence on the types of interventions in the community that are effective, practical and sustainable. The chan...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - April 8, 2009 Category: Nutrition Authors: Shetty P Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Discussion on '(molecular) imaging: developments enabling evidence-based medicine'.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18626192 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.)
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 17, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hofstraat H Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Developmental Perspectives on Individual Variation: Implications for Understanding Nutritional Needs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Genetic research has focused on identifying linkages between polymorphisms and phenotypic traits to explain variations in complex biologies. However, the magnitude of these linkages has not been particularly high. Conversely, the ability of developmental plasticity to generate biological variation from one genotype is well understood, while interest has emerged in the clinical significance of epigenetic processes, particularly those influenced by the external environment. Environmental cues in early development may induce responses that provide adaptive advantage later in life. The benefit of such responses depends on ...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Gluckman PD, Beedle AS, Hanson MA, Yap EP Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Factors Influencing the Establishment of the Intestinal Microbiota in Infancy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article describes the intestinal colonization pattern in human infants, and reviews factors affecting this process. PMID: 18626190 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.)
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Adlerberth I Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Genetically Determined Variation in Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism May Result in Different Dietary Requirements.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tissue availability of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is of major relevance for health, and it depends on both dietary intake and metabolic turnover. We found close associations between variants in the human genes of Delta5- and Delta6-desaturase, FADS1 and FADS2, and serum phospholipid contents of PUFAs and long-chain PUFAs (LCPUFAs). Polymorphisms and reconstructed haplotypes of FADS1 and the upstream region of FADS2 showed strong associations with levels of the n-6 LC-PUFA arachidonic acid (20:4n-6). Carriers of the less common polymorphisms and their respective haplotypes also had a lower prevalence of allergi...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Koletzko B, Demmelmair H, Schaeffer L, Illig T, Heinrich J Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Discussion on '(Molecular) Imaging: Developments Enabling Evidence-Based Medicine'Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 18626192 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme.)
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Hofstraat H Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Metabolic Profiling.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The concept of chemical individuality was introduced by Garrod in 1908. Inheritance of Mendelian traits including disease states has finally reached a new level of understanding based on the modern principles of gene expression coupled with new insight into the metabolism of RNA species and protein. Over 300 different perturbations in metabolite profiles with their identifying alteration(s) in protein and/or gene structure and/or function have been identified in the past 100 years. With the realization in 1953 that the sentinel disease, phenylketonuria, can be effectively treated by nutritional manipulation tailored to...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Berry GT Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Newborn Screening of Metabolic Disorders: Recent Progress and Future Developments.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tandem mass spectrometry has been the main driver behind a significant expansion in newborn screening programs. The ability to detect more than 40 conditions by a single test underscores the need to better understand the clinical and laboratory characteristics of the conditions being tested, and the complexity of pattern recognition and differential diagnoses of one or more elevated markers. The panel of conditions recommended by the American College of Medical Genetics, including 20 primary conditions and 22 secondary targets that are detectable by tandem mass spectrometry has been adopted as the standard of care in t...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Rinaldo P, Lim JS, Tortorelli S, Gavrilov D, Matern D Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

The Phenotype of Human Obesity: The Scope of the Problem.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The prevention and treatment of childhood obesity have proven to be extremely difficult problems. Since the equation for maintaining energy balance is an extremely simple one, having only two terms, 'energy in' and 'energy out', the difficulties encountered in its application for obesity management are not immediately obvious. Among the problems that make practical application of the energy balance equation more difficult than expected are: (1) the precise feedback control system that is designed to maintain weight within a given range; (2) the aggressive resistance of the system to attempts to exceed its boundaries; (...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Bier DM Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Intestinal Immune Health.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The fetal intestinal immune system is structurally intact from a very early gestational age. At birth, the neonate is challenged with an extraordinary and variable bacterial challenge. This mucosal and bacterial interface is the site of critical symbiotic and potentially pathogenic interactions. Neonatal inflammatory reactions are often exaggerated, creating a situation in a newly colonized gut whereby homeostasis must be actively achieved. Fortunately, the neonate is armed with a multitude of protective mechanisms by which to ensure a productive microbiota in the setting of an intact mucosal surface. The intestinal ep...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Conroy ME, Walker WA Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Gut Decontamination with Norfloxacin and Ampicillin Enhances Insulin Sensitivity in Mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent data suggest that gut microbiota plays a significant role in fat accumulation. However, it is not clear whether gut microbiota is involved in the pathophysiology of type-2 diabetes. To address this issue, we modulated gut microbiota with two combinations of antibiotics in two different mouse models with insulin resistance. Treatment with norfloxacin and ampicillin for 2 weeks reduced the cecal bacterial DNA below the level of detection in ob/ob, diet-induced obese and insulin resistance (DIO) mice, and significantly improved fasting glycemia and oral glucose tolerance of the treated animals. The enhanced insulin...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Chou CJ, Membrez M, Blancher F Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Individual Epigenetic Variation: When, Why, and So What?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Epigenetics provides a potential explanation for how environmental factors modify the risk for common diseases among individuals. Interindividual variation in DNA methylation and epigenetic regulation has been reported at specific genomic regions including transposable elements, genomically imprinted genes and the 'inactive' X chromosomes in females. We currently have a very poor understanding of the factors that contribute to interindividual epigenetic variation. In particular, it is important to understand when during the life cycle epigenetic variation arises, why epigenetic regulation varies among individuals, and ...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Gomes MV, Waterland RA Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Interaction of Early Infant Feeding, Heredity and Other Environmental Factors as Determinants in the Development of Allergy and Sensitization.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The role of early infant nutrition in the development of allergic symptoms and allergic sensitization has been disputed for 70 years. Interaction between genetic factors and infant feeding has been limited to studies on parental heredity of allergy and length of breastfeeding, as well as the qualities of breast milk. In the 10 original studies comparing the development of allergic symptoms among children in whom breastfeeding duration was used as a risk factor separately among those with either positive or negative parental heredity for atopy, no definite answer could be found. The effect of early feeding was even chan...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Savilahti E Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Personalized Care of Pediatric Cancer Patients.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One of the great success stories of clinical oncology is the improvement in the cure rates of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from around 10% in the 1960s to nearly 90% today. The primary factor responsible for this remarkable improvement is the personalization of treatment, with stratification of patients based on both disease and host characteristics in order to optimize therapy. While age, WBC, and immunophenotype provide a rudimentary system for classification of ALL, molecular factors are playing an increasingly important role in further individualization of ALL therapy. Such riskbased stratification ...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Rabin K, Man TK, Lau CC Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Personalizing Nutrient Intakes of Formula-Fed Infants: Breast Milk as a Model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The growth pattern of formula-fed infants is quite different from that of breastfed infants. There may be several reasons for this difference, ranging from different endocrine responses to feeding and the presence of growth factors in breast milk to different control of food intake, but it is highly likely that differences in nutrient composition of the food (breast milk or formula) have major effects on growth. In most countries infant formula is used more or less exclusively up to 6 months of age and as part of the diet up to 12 months of age and during this period its composition remains the same. In striking contra...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Lönnerdal B Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Evolution, Structures and Bioselectivity as Substrates for Intestinal Bacteria.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human milk contains a high concentration of diverse soluble oligosaccharides, carbohydrate polymers formed from a small number of monosaccharides. Novel methods combining liquid chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometry have identified approximately 200 unique oligosaccharides structures varying from 3 to 22 sugars. The increasing complexity of oligosaccharides follows the general pattern of mammalian evolution though the concentration and diversity of these structures in homo sapiens are strikingly. There is also diversity among human mothers in oligosaccharides. Milks from randomly selected mothers contai...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: German JB, Freeman SL, Lebrilla CB, Mills DA Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals

Opportunities for Improving the Health and Nutrition of the Human Infant by Probiotics.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The newborn is first colonized by microbes at birth. The colonizing bacteria originate mainly from the mother's gut, vaginal tract and skin. The origin of the microbiota and its development depend on genetics, mode of delivery, early feeding strategies and the hygienic conditions around the child. The indigenous microbiota of an infant's gastrointestinal tract is modulated through contact and interaction with the microbiota of the parents and the infant's immediate environment. After delivery breastfeeding continues to enhance the original inoculum by specific lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria and bacteria from t...
Source: Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series. Paediatric Programme. - July 16, 2008 Category: Nutrition Authors: Salminen S, Isolauri E Tags: Nestle Nutr Workshop Ser Pediatr Program Source Type: journals