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Synapse plasticity in motor, sensory, and limbo-prefrontal cortex areas as measured by degrading axon terminals in an environment model of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Still little is known about naturally occurring synaptogenesis in the adult neocortex and related impacts of epigenetic influences. We therefore investigated (pre)synaptic plasticity in various cortices of adult rodents, visualized by secondary lysosome accumulations (LA) in remodeling axon terminals. Twenty-two male gerbils from either enriched (ER) or impoverished rearing (IR) were used for quantification of silver-stained LA. ER-animals showed rather low LA densities in most primary fields, whereas barrel and secondary/associative cortices exhibited higher densities and layer-specific differences. In IR-animals, the...
Source: Neural Plasticity - October 9, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Neufeld J, Teuchert-Noodt G, Grafen K, Winter Y, Witte AV Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Synapse Plasticity in Motor, Sensory, and Limbo-Prefrontal Cortex Areas as Measured by Degrading Axon Terminals in an Environment Model of Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Still little is known about naturally occurring synaptogenesis in the adult neocortex and related impacts of epigenetic influences. We therefore investigated (pre)synaptic plasticity in various cortices of adult rodents, visualized by secondary lysosome accumulations (LA) in remodeling axon terminals. Twenty-two male gerbils from either enriched (ER) or impoverished rearing (IR) were used for quantification of silver-stained LA. ER-animals showed rather low LA densities in most primary fields, whereas barrel and secondary/associative cortices exhibited higher densities and layer-specific differences. In IR-animals, these d...
Source: Neural Plasticity - September 28, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

A plastic temporal brain code for conscious state generation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Consciousness is known to be limited in processing capacity and often described in terms of a unique processing stream across a single dimension: time. In this paper, we discuss a purely temporal pattern code, functionally decoupled from spatial signals, for conscious state generation in the brain. Arguments in favour of such a code include Dehaene et al.'s long-distance reverberation postulate, Ramachandran's remapping hypothesis, evidence for a temporal coherence index and coincidence detectors, and Grossberg's Adaptive Resonance Theory. A time-bin resonance model is developed, where temporal signatures of conscious ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - August 2, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Dresp-Langley B, Durup J Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Comparison and Regulation of Neuronal Synchronization for Various STDP Rules.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We discuss effects of various experimentally supported STDP learning rules on frequency synchronization of two unidirectional coupled neurons systematically. First, we show that synchronization windows for all STDP rules cannot be enhanced compared to constant connection under the same model. Then, we explore the influence of learning parameters on synchronization window and find optimal parameters that lead to the widest window. Our findings indicate that synchronization strongly depends on the specific shape and the parameters of the STDP update rules. Thus, we give some explanations by analyzing the synchronization ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - July 29, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Ruan Y, Zhao G Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

A Plastic Temporal Brain Code for Conscious State GenerationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Consciousness is known to be limited in processing capacity and often described in terms of a unique processing stream across a single dimension: time. In this paper, we discuss a purely temporal pattern code, functionally decoupled from spatial signals, for conscious state generation in the brain. Arguments in favour of such a code include Dehaene et al.'s long-distance reverberation postulate, Ramachandran's remapping hypothesis, evidence for a temporal coherence index and coincidence detectors, and Grossberg's Adaptive Resonance Theory. A time-bin resonance model is developed, where temporal signatures of co...
Source: Neural Plasticity - July 22, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Comparison and Regulation of Neuronal Synchronization for Various STDP RulesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We discuss effects of various experimentally supported STDP learning rules on frequency synchronization of two unidirectional coupled neurons systematically. First, we show that synchronization windows for all STDP rules cannot be enhanced compared to constant connection under the same model. Then, we explore the influence of learning parameters on synchronization window and find optimal parameters that lead to the widest window. Our findings indicate that synchronization strongly depends on the specific shape and the parameters of the STDP update rules. Thus, we give some explanations by analyzing the synchronization mech...
Source: Neural Plasticity - July 16, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Viral vector induction of CREB expression in the periaqueductal gray induces a predator stress-like pattern of changes in pCREB expression, neuroplasticity, and anxiety in rodents.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Predator stress is lastingly anxiogenic. Phosphorylation of CREB to pCREB (phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein) is increased after predator stress in fear circuitry, including in the right lateral column of the PAG (periaqueductal gray). Predator stress also potentiates right but not left CeA-PAG (central amygdala-PAG) transmission up to 12 days after stress. The present study explored the functional significance of pCREB changes by increasing CREB expression in non-predator stressed rats through viral vectoring, and assessing the behavioral, electrophysiological and pCREB expression changes in c...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Adamec R, Berton O, Abdul Razek W Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Visual deprivation decreases somatic GAD65 puncta number on layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons in mouse visual cortex.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Proper functioning of the visual system depends on maturation of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses within the visual cortex. Considering that perisomatic inhibition is one of the key factors that control the critical period in visual cortex, it is pertinent to understand its regulation by visual experience. To do this, we developed an immunohistochemical method that allows three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65-positive inhibitory terminals in the visual cortex. Using this method on transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) in a subset of neurons, we found t...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 27, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Kreczko A, Goel A, Song L, Lee HK Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Autobiographical Memory Retrieval and Hippocampal Activation as a Function of Repetition and the Passage of TimeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Multiple trace theory (MTT) predicts that hippocampal memory traces expand and strengthen as a function of repeated memory retrievals. We tested this hypothesis utilizing fMRI, comparing the effect of memory retrieval versus the mere passage of time on hippocampal activation. While undergoing fMRI scanning, participants retrieved remote autobiographical memories that had been previously retrieved either one month earlier, two days earlier, or multiple times during the preceding month. Behavioral analyses revealed that the number and consistency of memory details retrieved increased with multiple retrievals but not with the...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Abstracts of the 16th Annual Meeting of The Israel Society for Neuroscience: Eilat, Israel, November 25–27, 2007Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Israel Society for Neuroscience—ISFN—was founded in 1993 by a group of Israeli leading scientists conducting research in the area of neurobiology. The primary goal of the society was to promote and disseminate the knowledge and understanding acquired by its members, and to strengthen interactions between them. Since then, the society holds its annual meeting every year in Eilat usually during December. At this annual meetings, the senior Israeli neurobiologists, their teams, and their graduate students, as well as foreign scientists and students, present their recent research findings in platform and poster...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Blockade of Cochlear NMDA Receptors Prevents Long-Term Tinnitus during a Brief Consolidation Window after Acoustic TraumaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of external acoustic stimulation, is a common and devastating pathology. It is often a consequence of acoustic trauma or drug toxicity. The neuronal mechanisms of tinnitus are neither yet fully understood nor are effective treatments available. Using a novel behavioral paradigm for measuring tinnitus in the rat based on tone-guided navigation, we show here that the development of long-term noise-induced tinnitus, the most prevalent and clinically important form of human tinnitus, can be abated by local administration of the NMDA antagonist “ifenprodil” into the c...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Exposure to Forced Swim Stress Alters Local Circuit Activity and Plasticity in the Dentate Gyrus of the HippocampusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Studies have shown that, depending on its severity and context, stress can affect neural plasticity. Most related studies focused on synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation (LTP) of principle cells. However, evidence suggests that following high-frequency stimulation, which induces LTP in principal cells, modifications also take place at the level of complex interactions with interneurons within the dentate gyrus, that is, at the local circuit level. So far, the possible effects of stress on local circuit activity and plasticity were not studied. Therefore, we set out to examine the possible alterations in local cir...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Enhancement of Neocortical-Medial Temporal EEG Correlations during Non-REM SleepEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Interregional interactions of oscillatory activity are crucial for the integrated processing of multiple brain regions. However, while the EEG in virtually all brain structures passes through substantial modifications during sleep, it is still an open question whether interactions between neocortical and medial temporal EEG oscillations also depend on the state of alertness. Several previous studies in animals and humans suggest that hippocampal-neocortical interactions crucially depend on the state of alertness (i.e., waking state or sleep). Here, we analyzed scalp and intracranial EEG recordings during sleep and waking s...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

The Role of the Entorhinal Cortex in Extinction: Influences of AgingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The entorhinal cortex is perhaps the area of the brain in which neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques are first detectable in old age with or without mild cognitive impairment, and very particularly in Alzheimer's disease. It plays a key role in memory formation, retrieval, and extinction, as part of circuits that include the hippocampus, the amygdaloid nucleus, and several regions of the neocortex, in particular of the prefrontal cortex. Lesions or biochemical impairments of the entorhinal cortex hinder extinction. Microinfusion experiments have shown that glutamate NMDA receptors, calcium and calmodulin-depende...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Differential Induction of Long-Term Potentiation in the Horizontal versus Columnar Superficial Connections to Layer II Cells of the Entorhinal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a nodal and independent mnemonic element of the medial temporal lobe memory circuit as it forms a bidirectional interface between the neocortex and hippocampus. Within the EC, intra- and inter-lamellar associational connections occur via horizontal and columnar projections, respectively. We undertook a comparative study of these two inputs as they converge upon EC layer II cells using whole-cell patch techniques in an adult rat EC horizontal slice preparation in which the deepest layers (V-VI) had been dissected out. Electrical stimulation of layers I and III during GABA blockade allowed us to...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Effect of Prenatal Protein Malnutrition on Long-Term Potentiation and BDNF Protein Expression in the Rat Entorhinal Cortex after Neocortical and Hippocampal TetanizationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reduction of the protein content from 25 to 8% casein in the diet of pregnant rats results in impaired neocortical long-term potentiation (LTP) of the offspring together with lower visuospatial memory performance. The present study was aimed to investigate whether this type of maternal malnutrition could result in modification of plastic capabilities of the entorhinal cortex (EC) in the adult progeny. Unlike normal eutrophic controls, 55–60-day-old prenatally malnourished rats were unable to develop LTP in the medial EC to tetanizing stimulation delivered to either the ipsilateral occipital cortex or the CA1 hipp...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Complementary Roles of Hippocampus and Medial Entorhinal Cortex in Episodic MemoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Spatial mapping and navigation are figured prominently in the extant literature that describes hippocampal function. The medial entorhinal cortex is likewise attracting increasing interest, insofar as evidence accumulates that this area also contributes to spatial information processing. Here, we discuss recent electrophysiological findings that offer an alternate view of hippocampal and medial entorhinal function. These findings suggest complementary contributions of the hippocampus and medial entorhinal cortex in support of episodic memory, wherein hippocampal networks encode sequences of events that compose temporally a...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Spontaneous Plasticity of Multineuronal Activity Patterns in Activated Hippocampal NetworksEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Using functional multineuron imaging with single-cell resolution, we examined how hippocampal networks by themselves change the spatiotemporal patterns of spontaneous activity during the course of emitting spontaneous activity. When extracellular ionic concentrations were changed to those that mimicked in vivo conditions, spontaneous activity was increased in active cell number and activity frequency. When ionic compositions were restored to the control conditions, the activity level returned to baseline, but the weighted spatial dispersion of active cells, as assessed by entropy-based metrics, did not. Thus, the networks ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Linking Cellular Mechanisms to Behavior: Entorhinal Persistent Spiking and Membrane Potential Oscillations May Underlie Path Integration, Grid Cell Firing, and Episodic MemoryEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews physiological data on persistent spiking and membrane potential oscillations in entorhinal cortex then presents models showing how both these cellular mechanisms could contribute to properties observed during unit recording, including grid cell firing, and how they could underlie behavioural functions including path integration. The interaction of oscillations and persistent firing could contribute to encoding and retrieval of trajectories through space and time as a mechanism relevant to episodic memory. (Source: Neural Plasticity)
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Postsynaptic Signals Mediating Induction of Long-Term Synaptic Depression in the Entorhinal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The entorhinal cortex receives a large projection from the piriform cortex, and synaptic plasticity in this pathway may affect olfactory processing. In vitro whole cell recordings have been used here to investigate postsynaptic signalling mechanisms that mediate the induction of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) in layer II entorhinal cortex cells. To induce LTD, pairs of pulses, using a 30-millisecond interval, were delivered at 1 Hz for 15 minutes. Induction of LTD was blocked by the NMDA receptor antagonist APV and by the calcium chelator BAPTA, consistent with a requirement for calcium influx via NMDA r...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Dopaminergic Suppression of Synaptic Transmission in the Lateral Entorhinal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dopaminergic projections to the superficial layers of the lateral entorhinal cortex can modulate the strength of olfactory inputs to the region. We have found that low concentrations of dopamine facilitate field EPSPs in the entorhinal cortex, and that higher concentrations of dopamine suppress synaptic responses. Here, we have used whole-cell current clamp recordings from layer II neurons to determine the mechanisms of the suppression. Dopamine (10 to 50 μM) hyperpolarized membrane potential and reversibly suppressed the amplitude of EPSPs evoked by layer I stimulation. Both AMPA- and NMDA-mediated component...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

What Does the Anatomical Organization of the Entorhinal Cortex Tell Us?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The entorhinal cortex is commonly perceived as a major input and output structure of the hippocampal formation, entertaining the role of the nodal point of cortico-hippocampal circuits. Superficial layers receive convergent cortical information, which is relayed to structures in the hippocampus, and hippocampal output reaches deep layers of entorhinal cortex, that project back to the cortex. The finding of the grid cells in all layers and reports on interactions between deep and superficial layers indicate that this rather simplistic perception may be at fault. Therefore, an integrative approach on the entorhinal cortex, ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

The Role of NMDA Receptor Subtypes in Short-Term Plasticity in the Rat Entorhinal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We have previously shown that spontaneous release of glutamate in the entorhinal cortex (EC) is tonically facilitated via activation of presynaptic NMDA receptors (NMDAr) containing the NR2B subunit. Here we show that the same receptors mediate short-term plasticity manifested by frequency-dependent facilitation of evoked glutamate release at these synapses. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were made from layer V pyramidal neurones in rat EC slices. Evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents showed strong facilitation at relatively low frequencies (3 Hz) of activation. Facilitation was abolished by an NR2B-selective...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

The Role of GLUK5-Containing Kainate Receptors in Entorhinal Cortex Gamma Frequency OscillationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Using in vitro brain slices of hippocampus and cortex, neuronal oscillations in the frequency range of 30–80 Hz (gamma frequency oscillations) can be induced by a number of pharmacological manipulations. The most routinely used is the bath application of the broad-spectrum glutamate receptor agonist, kainic acid. In the hippocampus, work using transgenic kainate receptor knockout mice have revealed information about the specific subunit composition of the kainate receptor implicated in the generation and maintenance of the gamma frequency oscillation. However, there is a paucity of such detail regarding gamma ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Understanding Stress-Related Behavioral Phenotypes: Report from the 1st International Neuroscience Summer School and the 11th International “Stress and Behavior” ConferenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The 1st International Neuroscience Summer School and the 11th International Multidisciplinary Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Conference on Stress and Behavior were held in St. Petersburg, Russia, during May 9–20, 2008. The summer school gathered 30 talented young scientists from 15 countries worldwide, and was dedicated to different topics of behavioral neuroscience. Many interactive courses were provided on neuropharmacology, animal phenotyping, and biopsychology. The conference's excellent scientific and social program attracted almost 500 delegates from 40 countries from many areas of stress research. The ecle...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Modulation of Network Oscillatory Activity and GABAergic Synaptic Transmission by CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors in the Rat Medial Entorhinal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report that arachidonylcyclopropylamide (ACPA; 10 μM), an agonist at CB1R, inhibits GABAergic synaptic transmission onto both superficial and deep medial entorhinal (mEC) neurones, but this has little effect on network oscillations in beta/gamma frequency bands. By contrast, the CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist LY320135 (500 nM), increased GABAergic synaptic activity and beta/gamma oscillatory activity in superficial mEC, was suppressed, whilst that in deep mEC was enhanced. These data indicate that cannabinoid-mediated effects on inhibitory synaptic activity may be constitutively active in vitro, an...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Antiaversive Effects of Cannabinoids: Is the Periaqueductal Gray Involved?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cannabinoids play an important role in activity-dependent changes in synaptic activity and can interfere in several brain functions, including responses to aversive stimuli. The regions responsible for their effects, however, are still unclear. Cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors are widely distributed in the central nervous system and are present in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), a midbrain structure closely involved in responses related to aversive states. Accordingly, exposure to stressful stimuli increases endocannabinoid (eCB) levels in the PAG, and local administration of CB1 agonists or drugs that facilitate eCB-medi...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Progesterone Withdrawal-Evoked Plasticity of Neural Function in the Female Periaqueductal Grey MatterEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cyclical changes in production of neuroactive steroids during the oestrous cycle induce significant changes in GABAA receptor expression in female rats. In the periaqueductal grey (PAG) matter, upregulation of α4β1δ GABAA receptors occurs as progesterone levels fall during late dioestrus (LD) or during withdrawal from an exogenous progesterone dosing regime. The new receptors are likely to be extrasynaptically located on the GABAergic interneurone population and to mediate tonic currents. Electrophysiological studies showed that when α4β1δ GABAA receptor expression was increased, ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Neuronal Plasticity in the Entorhinal CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Neural Plasticity)
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Object-Place Recognition Learning Triggers Rapid Induction of Plasticity-Related Immediate Early Genes and Synaptic Proteins in the Rat Dentate GyrusEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Long-term recognition memory requires protein synthesis, but little is known about the coordinate regulation of specific genes. Here, we examined expression of the plasticity-associated immediate early genes (Arc, Zif268, and Narp) in the dentate gyrus following long-term object-place recognition learning in rats. RT-PCR analysis from dentate gyrus tissue collected shortly after training did not reveal learning-specific changes in Arc mRNA expression. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were therefore used to assess possible sparse effects on gene expression. Learning about objects increased the density of granu...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

The Role of the Periaqueductal Gray in the Modulation of Pain in Males and Females: Are the Anatomy and Physiology Really that Different?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Anatomical and physiological studies conducted in the 1960s identified the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and its descending projections to the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) and spinal cord dorsal horn, as a primary anatomical pathway mediating opioid-based analgesia. Since these initial studies, the PAG-RVM-spinal cord pathway has been characterized anatomically and physiologically in a wide range of vertebrate species. Remarkably, the majority of these studies were conducted exclusively in males with the implicit assumption that the anatomy and physiology of this circuit were the same in females; however, this is not the...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Behavioral Consequences of Delta-Opioid Receptor Activation in the Periaqueductal Gray of Morphine Tolerant RatsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chronic morphine administration shifts delta-opioid receptors (DORs) from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Given that microinjection of morphine into the PAG produces antinociception, it is hypothesized that the movement of DORs to the membrane will allow antinociception to the DOR agonist deltorphin II as a way to compensate for morphine tolerance. Tolerance was induced by twice daily injections of morphine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 3.5 days. Microinjection of deltorphin into the vPAG 6 hours after the last morphine injection produced a mild antinociception that did not vary in a consistent manner...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Panic Disorder: Is the PAG Involved?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Data from studies with humans have suggested that abnormalities of midbrain structures, including the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), could be involved in the neurobiology of panic disorder (PD). The electrical stimulation of the PAG in neurosurgical patients induces panic-like symptoms and the effect of drugs that are effective in the treatment of PD in the simulation of public speaking model of anxiety is in agreement with data from animal models of PD. Structural neuroimaging studies have shown increases in gray matter volume of midbrain and pons of PD patients. There is also evidence of lower serotonin transporter an...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Afferent Connections to the Rostrolateral Part of the Periaqueductal Gray: A Critical Region Influencing the Motivation Drive to Hunt and ForageEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous studies have shown that a particular site in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the rostrolateral PAG, influences the motivation drive to forage or hunt. To have a deeper understanding on the putative paths involved in the decision-making process between foraging, hunting, and other behavioral responses, in the present investigation, we carried out a systematic analysis of the neural inputs to the rostrolateral PAG (rlPAG), using Fluorogold as a retrograde tracer. According to the present findings, the rlPAG appears to be importantly driven by medial prefrontal cortical areas involved in controlling attention-related ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Viral Vector Induction of CREB Expression in the Periaqueductal Gray Induces a Predator Stress-Like Pattern of Changes in pCREB Expression, Neuroplasticity, and Anxiety in RodentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Predator stress is lastingly anxiogenic. Phosphorylation of CREB to pCREB (phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein) is increased after predator stress in fear circuitry, including in the right lateral column of the PAG (periaqueductal gray). Predator stress also potentiates right but not left CeA-PAG (central amygdala-PAG) transmission up to 12 days after stress. The present study explored the functional significance of pCREB changes by increasing CREB expression in non-predator stressed rats through viral vectoring, and assessing the behavioral, electrophysiological and pCREB expression changes in compa...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

The Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Neural Plasticity)
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Auditory Stimulation Dishabituates Olfactory Responses via Noradrenergic Cortical ModulationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dishabituation is a return of a habituated response if context or contingency changes. In the mammalian olfactory system, metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated synaptic depression of cortical afferents underlies short-term habituation to odors. It was hypothesized that a known antagonistic interaction between these receptors and norepinephrine ß-receptors provides a mechanism for dishabituation. The results demonstrate that a 108 dB siren induces a two-fold increase in norepinephrine content in the piriform cortex. The same auditory stimulus induces dishabituation of odor-evoked heart r...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Visual Deprivation Decreases Somatic GAD65 Puncta Number on Layer 2/3 Pyramidal Neurons in Mouse Visual CortexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Proper functioning of the visual system depends on maturation of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses within the visual cortex. Considering that perisomatic inhibition is one of the key factors that control the critical period in visual cortex, it is pertinent to understand its regulation by visual experience. To do this, we developed an immunohistochemical method that allows three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 65-positive inhibitory terminals in the visual cortex. Using this method on transgenic mice expressing yellow fluorescence protein (YFP) in a subset of neurons, we found that ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - June 10, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Afferent connections to the rostrolateral part of the periaqueductal gray: a critical region influencing the motivation drive to hunt and forage.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous studies have shown that a particular site in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the rostrolateral PAG, influences the motivation drive to forage or hunt. To have a deeper understanding on the putative paths involved in the decision-making process between foraging, hunting, and other behavioral responses, in the present investigation, we carried out a systematic analysis of the neural inputs to the rostrolateral PAG (rlPAG), using Fluorogold as a retrograde tracer. According to the present findings, the rlPAG appears to be importantly driven by medial prefrontal cortical areas involved in controlling attention-rela...
Source: Neural Plasticity - April 8, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Mota-Ortiz SR, Sukikara MH, Felicio LF, Canteras NS Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Auditory stimulation dishabituates olfactory responses via noradrenergic cortical modulation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dishabituation is a return of a habituated response if context or contingency changes. In the mammalian olfactory system, metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated synaptic depression of cortical afferents underlies short-term habituation to odors. It was hypothesized that a known antagonistic interaction between these receptors and norepinephrine ss-receptors provides a mechanism for dishabituation. The results demonstrate that a 108 dB siren induces a two-fold increase in norepinephrine content in the piriform cortex. The same auditory stimulus induces dishabituation of odor-evoked heart rate orienting bradycardia res...
Source: Neural Plasticity - April 8, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Smith JJ, Shionoya K, Sullivan RM, Wilson DA Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

The Periaqueductal Gray (PAG).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
PMID: 19343197 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Neural Plasticity)
Source: Neural Plasticity - April 8, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Lovick TA, Adamec R Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Viral Vector Induction of CREB Expression in the Periaqueductal Gray Induces a Predator Stress-Like Pattern of Changes in pCREB Expression, Neuroplasticity, and Anxiety in RodentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Predator stress is lastingly anxiogenic. Phosphorylation of CREB to pCREB (phosphorylated cyclic AMP response element binding protein) is increased after predator stress in fear circuitry, including in the right lateral column of the PAG (periaqueductal gray). Predator stress also potentiates right but not left CeA-PAG (central amygdala-PAG) transmission up to 12 days after stress. The present study explored the functional significance of pCREB changes by increasing CREB expression in non-predator stressed rats through viral vectoring, and assessing the behavioral, electrophysiological and pCREB expression changes in compa...
Source: Neural Plasticity - April 3, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

The Periaqueductal Gray (PAG)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Neural Plasticity)
Source: Neural Plasticity - April 3, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Auditory Stimulation Dishabituates Olfactory Responses via Noradrenergic Cortical ModulationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dishabituation is a return of a habituated response if context or contingency changes. In the mammalian olfactory system, metabotropic glutamate receptor mediated synaptic depression of cortical afferents underlies short-term habituation to odors. It was hypothesized that a known antagonistic interaction between these receptors and norepinephrine ß-receptors provides a mechanism for dishabituation. The results demonstrate that a 108 dB siren induces a two-fold increase in norepinephrine content in the piriform cortex. The same auditory stimulus induces dishabituation of odor-evoked heart r...
Source: Neural Plasticity - April 3, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Afferent Connections to the Rostrolateral Part of the Periaqueductal Gray: A Critical Region Influencing the Motivation Drive to Hunt and ForageEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Previous studies have shown that a particular site in the periaqueductal gray (PAG), the rostrolateral PAG, influences the motivation drive to forage or hunt. To have a deeper understanding on the putative paths involved in the decision-making process between foraging, hunting, and other behavioral responses, in the present investigation, we carried out a systematic analysis of the neural inputs to the rostrolateral PAG (rlPAG), using Fluorogold as a retrograde tracer. According to the present findings, the rlPAG appears to be importantly driven by medial prefrontal cortical areas involved in controlling attention-related ...
Source: Neural Plasticity - March 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Panic disorder: is the PAG involved?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Data from studies with humans have suggested that abnormalities of midbrain structures, including the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), could be involved in the neurobiology of panic disorder (PD). The electrical stimulation of the PAG in neurosurgical patients induces panic-like symptoms and the effect of drugs that are effective in the treatment of PD in the simulation of public speaking model of anxiety is in agreement with data from animal models of PD. Structural neuroimaging studies have shown increases in gray matter volume of midbrain and pons of PD patients. There is also evidence of lower serotonin transporte...
Source: Neural Plasticity - March 15, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Del-Ben CM, Graeff FG Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Panic Disorder: Is the PAG Involved?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Data from studies with humans have suggested that abnormalities of midbrain structures, including the periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), could be involved in the neurobiology of panic disorder (PD). The electrical stimulation of the PAG in neurosurgical patients induces panic-like symptoms and the effect of drugs that are effective in the treatment of PD in the simulation of public speaking model of anxiety is in agreement with data from animal models of PD. Structural neuroimaging studies have shown increases in gray matter volume of midbrain and pons of PD patients. There is also evidence of lower serotonin transporter an...
Source: Neural Plasticity - March 14, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals

Behavioral consequences of delta-opioid receptor activation in the periaqueductal gray of morphine tolerant rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chronic morphine administration shifts delta-opioid receptors (DORs) from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Given that microinjection of morphine into the PAG produces antinociception, it is hypothesized that the movement of DORs to the membrane will allow antinociception to the DOR agonist deltorphin II as a way to compensate for morphine tolerance. Tolerance was induced by twice daily injections of morphine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 3.5 days. Microinjection of deltorphin into the vPAG 6 hours after the last morphine injection produced a mild antinociception that did not vary in a consistent manner ac...
Source: Neural Plasticity - March 9, 2009 Category: Neurology Authors: Morgan MM, Ashley MD, Ingram SL, Christie MJ Tags: Neural Plast Source Type: journals

Behavioral Consequences of Delta-Opioid Receptor Activation in the Periaqueductal Gray of Morphine Tolerant RatsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chronic morphine administration shifts delta-opioid receptors (DORs) from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane. Given that microinjection of morphine into the PAG produces antinociception, it is hypothesized that the movement of DORs to the membrane will allow antinociception to the DOR agonist deltorphin II as a way to compensate for morphine tolerance. Tolerance was induced by twice daily injections of morphine (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg, subcutaneous) for 3.5 days. Microinjection of deltorphin into the vPAG 6 hours after the last morphine injection produced a mild antinociception that did not vary in a consistent manner...
Source: Neural Plasticity - February 27, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Source Type: journals