Personality and Social Psychology ReviewThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

This page shows you the latest items in this publication.

Pages: 1 2 3

125 records returned

Sociology: a lost connection in social psychology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
For the first half of the 20th century, sociology was one of the closest allies of social psychology. Over the past four decades, however, the connection with sociology has weakened, whereas new connections with neighboring disciplines (e.g., biology, economics, political science) have formed. Along the way, the sociological perspective has been largely lost in mainstream social psychology in the United States. Most social psychologists today are not concerned with collective phenomena and do not investigate social structural factors (e.g., residential mobility, socioeconomic status, dominant religion, political system...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - October 11, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Oishi S, Kesebir S, Snyder BH Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Acknowledgment of guest reviewers.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 19815493 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - October 11, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Predicting Behavior During Interracial Interactions: A Stress and Coping Approach.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The social psychological literature maintains unequivocally that interracial contact is stressful. Yet research and theory have rarely considered how stress may shape behavior during interracial interactions. To address this empirical and theoretical gap, the authors propose a framework for understanding and predicting behavior during interracial interactions rooted in the stress and coping literature. Specifically, they propose that individuals often appraise interracial interactions as a threat, experience stress, and therefore cope-they antagonize, avoid, freeze, or engage. In other words, the behavioral dynamics of...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - September 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Trawalter S, Richeson JA, Shelton JN Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Rejection Elicits Emotional Reactions but Neither Causes Immediate Distress nor Lowers Self-Esteem: A Meta-Analytic Review of 192 Studies on Social Exclusion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Competing predictions about the effect of social exclusion were tested by meta-analyzing findings from studies of interpersonal rejection, ostracism, and similar procedures. Rejection appears to cause a significant shift toward a more negative emotional state. Typically, however, the result was an emotionally neutral state marked by low levels of both positive and negative affect. Acceptance caused a slight increase in positive mood and a moderate increase in self-esteem. Selfesteem among rejected persons was no different from neutral controls. These findings are discussed in terms of belongingness motivation, sociomet...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - September 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Blackhart GC, Knowles ML, Nelson BC, Baumeister RF Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Transforming "Apathy Into Movement": The Role of Prosocial Emotions in Motivating Action for Social Change.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article explores the synergies between recent developments in the social identity of helping, and advantaged groups' prosocial emotion. The authors review the literature on the potential of guilt, sympathy, and outrage to transform advantaged groups' apathy into positive action. They place this research into a novel framework by exploring the ways these emotions shape group processes to produce action strategies that emphasize either social cohesion or social change. These prosocial emotions have a critical but underrecognized role in creating contexts of in-group inclusion or exclusion, shaping normative content and ...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - September 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Thomas EF, McGarty C, Mavor KI Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A Sociopsychological Conception of Collective Identity: The Case of National Identity as an Example.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present article delineates the complex structure of collective identity by incorporating two levels of analysis. The first, the micro level, pertains to individual society members' recognition of and categorization as belonging to a group, with the accompanying cognitive, emotional, and behavioral consequences. The second, the macro level, pertains to the notion of collective identity that denotes the shared awareness by constituents of a society of being members of a collective. This level is founded on two pillars: One pillar consists of generic features that characterize the collective identity. These features a...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - August 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: David O, Bar-Tal D Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The Concept of Ego Threat in Social and Personality Psychology: Is Ego Threat a Viable Scientific Construct?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews research on ego threat, discusses experimental manipulations that confound ego threat with other processes, and makes recommendations regarding the use of ego threat as a construct in personality and social psychology. PMID: 19648508 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - July 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Leary MR, Terry ML, Allen AB, Tate EB Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Uniting the Tribes of Fluency to Form a Metacognitive Nation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Processing fluency, or the subjective experience of ease with which people process information, reliably influences people's judgments across a broad range of social dimensions. Experimenters have manipulated processing fluency using a vast array of techniques, which, despite their diversity, produce remarkably similar judgmental consequences. For example, people similarly judge stimuli that are semantically primed (conceptual fluency), visually clear (perceptual fluency), and phonologically simple (linguistic fluency) as more true than their less fluent counterparts. The authors offer the first comprehensive review of...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - July 27, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Alter AL, Oppenheimer DM Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Aligning Identities, Emotions, and Beliefs to Create Commitment to Sustainable Social and Political Action.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this article the authors explore the social psychological processes underpinning sustainable commitment to a social or political cause. Drawing on recent developments in the collective action, identity formation, and social norm literatures, they advance a new model to understand sustainable commitment to action. The normative alignment model suggests that one solution to promoting ongoing commitment to collective action lies in crafting a social identity with a relevant pattern of norms for emotion, efficacy, and action. Rather than viewing group emotion, collective efficacy, and action as group products, the autho...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - July 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Thomas EF, McGarty C, Mavor KI Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The Egoism and Altruism of Intergenerational Behavior.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Some of the most important issues in society today affect more than one generation of people. In this article, the authors offer a conceptual overview and integration of the research on intergenerational dilemmas-decisions that entail a tradeoff between one's own self-interest in the present and the interests of other people in the future. Intergenerational decisions are characterized by a combination of intertemporal (i.e., behaviors that affect the future) and interpersonal (i.e., behaviors that affect other people) components. Research on intergenerational dilemmas identifies factors that emerge from these dimension...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - June 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wade-Benzoni KA, Tost LP Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A melding of the minds: when primatology meets personality and social psychology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social and personality psychology and behavioral primatology both enjoy long histories of research aimed at uncovering the proximate and ultimate determinants of primate-human and nonhuman-social behavior. Although they share research themes, methodologies, and theories, and although their studied species are closely related, there is currently very little interaction between the fields. This separation means that researchers in these disciplines miss out on opportunities to advance understanding by combining insights from both fields. Social and personality psychologists also miss the opportunity for a phylogenetic an...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - April 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Brosnan SF, Newton-Fisher NE, van Vugt M Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Higher order factors of personality: do they exist?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Scales that measure the Big Five personality factors are often substantially intercorrelated. These correlations are sometimes interpreted as implying the existence of two higher order factors of personality. The authors show that correlations between measures of broad personality factors do not necessarily imply the existence of higher order factors and might instead be due to variables that represent same-signed blends of orthogonal factors. Therefore, the hypotheses of higher order factors and blended variables can only be tested with data on lower level personality variables that define the personality factors. The...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - April 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ashton MC, Lee K, Goldberg LR, de Vries RE Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A Cybernetic Model of Global Personality Traits.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Neurobehavioral studies of human and animal temperament have shed light on how individual personality traits influence human actions. This approach, however, leaves open questions about how the entire system of traits and temperaments function together to exercise control. To address this key issue, I describe a cybernetic model of control and then apply it to the Big Five (B5) personality traits. Employing evidence from descriptive trait terms, temperamental behavioral processes associated with traits, and empirical correlates of traits, I relate distinct cybernetic processes of self-regulation to the B5 traits. The B...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - April 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Van Egeren LF Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Threat to Life and Risk-Taking Behaviors: A Review of Empirical Findings and Explanatory Models.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the literature focusing on the relationship between perceived threat to life and risk-taking behaviors. The review of empirical data, garnered from field studies and controlled experiments, suggests that personal threat to life results in elevated risk-taking behavior. To account for these findings, this review proposes a number of theoretical explanations. These frameworks are grounded in divergent conceptual models: coping with stress, emotion regulation, replenishing of lost resources through self-enhancement, modifications of key parameters of cognitive processing of risky outcomes, and neurocognit...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 4, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ben-Zur H, Zeidner M Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Commonality and the complexity of "we": social attitudes and social change.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The present article explores the complex role of collective identities in the development of intergroup biases and disparities, in interventions to improve orientations toward members of other groups, and in inhibiting or facilitating social action. The article revolves around the common ingroup identity model, examining general empirical support but also acknowledging potential limitations and emphasizing new insights and extensions. It proposes that the motivations of majority group members to preserve a system that advantages them and the motivations of minority group members to enhance their status have direct impl...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - January 17, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dovidio JF, Gaertner SL, Saguy T Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The Agony of Ambivalence and Ways to Resolve It: Introducing the MAID Model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
People are generally averse toward conflict between beliefs and/or feelings underlying their attitudes-that is, attitudinal ambivalence. This review integrates literature on attitudinal ambivalence with theories on decision making and coping strategies to gain a better understanding of when and how people deal with feelings of ambivalence. First it shows that ambivalence is experienced as being particularly unpleasant when the ambivalent attitude holder is confronted with the necessity to make a choice concerning the ambivalent attitude object; then, incongruent evaluative components of the attitude become accessible, ...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - January 17, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: van Harreveld F, van der Pligt J, de Liver YN Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The strong situation hypothesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A conventional wisdom in personality and social psychology and organizational behavior is that personality matters most in weak situations and least in strong situations. The authors trace the origins of this claim and examine the evidence for the personality-dampening effect of strong situations. The authors identify the gap between claim and evidence and suggest an agenda for future research. PMID: 19144905 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - January 17, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Cooper WH, Withey MJ Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A New Look at Emotional Intelligence: A Dual-Process Framework.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this article, the author provides a framework to guide research in emotional intelligence. Studies conducted up to the present bear on a conception of emotional intelligence as pertaining to the domain of consciousness and investigate the construct with a correlational approach. As an alternative, the author explores processes underlying emotional intelligence, introducing the distinction between conscious and automatic processing as a potential source of variability in emotionally intelligent behavior. Empirical literature is reviewed to support the central hypothesis that individual differences in emotional intell...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - December 29, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Fiori M Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The political solidarity model of social change: dynamics of self-categorization in intergroup power relations.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social and political change involves a challenge to the status quo in intergroup power relations. Traditionally, the social psychology of social change has focused on disadvantaged minority groups collectively challenging the decisions, actions, and policies of those in positions of established authority. In contrast, this article presents a political solidarity model of social change that explores the process by which members of the majority challenge the authority in solidarity with the minority. It is argued that political solidarity as a social change process involves a contest between the authority and the minorit...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - October 18, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Subasic E, Reynolds KJ, Turner JC Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Self-esteem and autonomic physiology: parallels between self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone as buffers of threat.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews these literatures and evidence and preliminary findings that suggest in some contexts self-esteem and cardiac vagal tone may exert an influence on each other. Last, the article discusses theoretical and applied health implications of this potential physiological connection to self-esteem. PMID: 18927472 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - October 18, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Martens A, Greenberg J, Allen JJ Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Acknowledgment of guest reviewers.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 18927473 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - October 18, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Reinvigorating the Concept of Situation in Social Psychology.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The concept of situation has a long and venerable history in social psychology. The author argues that recent approaches to the concept of situation have confused certain important elements. Herein, the author proposes that attention to three of these elements will reinvigorate the concept of situation in social psychology: (a) that the analysis of situations should begin with their objective features; (b) that situations should be conceptualized as affordances; and (c) that the interpersonal core of situations, in particular the extent to which they are influenced by relationships, is the proper and most profitable fo...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - September 23, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Reis HT Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Personality and prejudice: a meta-analysis and theoretical review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Despite a substantial literature examining personality, prejudice, and related constructs such as Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO), there have been no systematic reviews in this area. The authors reviewed and meta-analyzed 71 studies (N = 22,068 participants) investigating relationships between Big Five dimensions of personality, RWA, SDO, and prejudice. RWA was predicted by low Openness to Experience but also Conscientiousness, whereas SDO was predicted by low Agreeableness and also weakly by low Openness to Experience. Consistent with a dual-process motivational model of ideolo...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - July 22, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sibley CG, Duckitt J Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Toward a unifying model of identification with groups: integrating theoretical perspectives.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present an instrument for assessing the four modes of identification and review initial empirical findings that validate the proposed model and show its utility in understanding antecedents and consequences of identification. PMID: 18641386 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - July 22, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Roccas S, Sagiv L, Schwartz S, Halevy N, Eidelson R Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Announcement: The Society for Personality and Social Psychology's Student Publication Award.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Authors: PMID: 18641387 [PubMed - in process] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - July 22, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A Meta-Analysis of Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory: On Performance Parameters in Reinforcement Tasks.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
J. A. Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) has produced a wealth of quasi-experimental studies in more than 35 years of research on personality and reinforcement sensitivity. The present meta-analysis builds on this literature by investigating RST in conflict and nonconflict reinforcement tasks in humans. Based on random-effects meta-analysis, we confirmed RST predictions of performance parameters (e.g., number of responses, reaction time) in reinforcement tasks for impulsivity- and anxiety-related traits. In studies on anxiety-related traits, the effect size variance was smaller for conflict tasks than for no...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - June 10, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Leue A, Beauducel A Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Measuring Culture Outside the Head: A Meta-Analysis of Individualism-Collectivism in Cultural Products.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Although cultural psychology is the study of how sociocultural environments and psychological processes coconstruct each other, the field has traditionally emphasized measures of the psychological over the sociocultural. Here, the authors call attention to a growing trend of measuring the sociocultural environment. They present a quantitative review of studies that measure cultural differences in "cultural products": tangible, public representations of culture such as advertising or popular texts. They found that cultural products that come from Western cultures (mostly the United States) are more individualistic, and ...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - June 10, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Morling B, Lamoreaux M Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Narrative and the Cultural Psychology of Identity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents a tripartite model of identity that integrates cognitive, social, and cultural levels of analysis in a multimethod framework. With a focus on content, structure, and process, identity is defined as ideology cognized through the individual engagement with discourse, made manifest in a personal narrative constructed and reconstructed across the life course, and scripted in and through social interaction and social practice. This approach to the study of identity challenges personality and social psychologists to consider a cultural psychology framework that focuses on the relationship between master nar...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 9, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hammack PL Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A functional framework for the influence of implicit and explicit motives on autobiographical memory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A functional framework explains the influence of implicit and explicit motives on autobiographical memory. Personality motives at different levels of awareness are differentially activated by the social context and, in turn, engage memory processes. Research shows that these motives influence both what and how autobiographical events are remembered. Specifically, implicit motives modulate encoding and recall of emotional experiences, vivid memories, and event-specific knowledge through nonconscious organizing strategies that facilitate affective end states. Explicit motives modulate encoding and recall of events linked...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Woike BA Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The costs of benefits: help-refusals highlight key trade-offs of social life.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social living provides opportunities for cooperative interdependence and concomitant opportunities to obtain help from others in times of need. Nevertheless, people frequently refuse help from others, even when it would be beneficial. Decisions to accept or reject aid offers may provide a window into the adaptive trade-offs recipients make between costs and benefits in different key domains of social life. Following from evolutionary and ecological perspectives, we consider how help-recipient decision making might reflect qualitatively different threats to goal attainment within six fundamental domains of social life (...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ackerman JM, Kenrick DT Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Coregulation, dysregulation, self-regulation: an integrative analysis and empirical agenda for understanding adult attachment, separation, loss, and recovery.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An integrative framework is proposed for understanding how multiple biological and psychological systems are regulated in the context of adult attachment relationships, dysregulated by separation and loss experiences, and, potentially, re-regulated through individual recovery efforts. Evidence is reviewed for a coregulatory model of normative attachment, defined as a pattern of interwoven physiology between romantic partners that results from the conditioning of biological reward systems and the emergence of felt security within adult pair bonds. The loss of coregulation can portend a state of biobehavioral dysregulati...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sbarra DA, Hazan C Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The functional theory of counterfactual thinking.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article provides an updated account of the functional theory of counterfactual thinking, suggesting that such thoughts are best explained in terms of their role in behavior regulation and performance improvement. The article reviews a wide range of cognitive experiments indicating that counterfactual thoughts may influence behavior by either of two routes: a content-specific pathway (which involves specific informational effects on behavioral intentions, which then influence behavior) and a content-neutral pathway (which involves indirect effects via affect, mind-sets, or motivation). The functional theory is particul...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Epstude K, Roese NJ Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The cognitive basis of trait anger and reactive aggression: an integrative analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cognitive processing approaches to personality have gained momentum in recent years, and the present review uses such a cognitive approach to understand individual differences in anger and reactive aggression. Because several relevant cognitive models have been proposed in separate literatures, a purpose of this review is to integrate such material and evaluate the consistency of relations obtained to date. The analysis reveals that processes related to automatic hostile interpretations, ruminative attention, and effortful control appear to be important contributors to individual differences in angry reactivity. Memory...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wilkowski BM, Robinson MD Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Motivated information processing in group judgment and decision making.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article expands the view of groups as information processors into a motivated information processing in groups (MIP-G) model by emphasizing, first, the mixed-motive structure of many group tasks and, second, the idea that individuals engage in more or less deliberate information search and processing. The MIP-G model postulates that social motivation drives the kind of information group members attend to, encode, and retrieve and that epistemic motivation drives the degree to which new information is sought and attended to, encoded, and retrieved. Social motivation and epistemic motivation are expected to influence, a...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: De Dreu CK, Nijstad BA, van Knippenberg D Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

On being both with us and against us: a normative conflict model of dissent in social groups.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article proposes a normative conflict model, which distinguishes between nonconformity due to dissent (challenging norms to change them) and nonconformity due to disengagement (distancing oneself from the group). The normative conflict model predicts that strongly identified members are likely to challenge group norms when they experience conflict between norms and important alternate standards for behavior, in particular when they perceive norms as being harmful to the group. Data in support of the model are reviewed, mechanisms by which external variables may influence dissent in social groups are elaborated, and th...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Packer DJ Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Language, meaning, and social cognition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social cognition is meant to examine the process of meaningful social interaction. Despite the central involvement of language in this process, language has not received the focal attention that it deserves. Conceptualizing meaningful social interaction as the process of construction and exchange of meaning, the authors argue that language can be productively construed as a semiotic tool, a tool for meaning making and exchange, and that language use can produce unintended consequences in its users. First, the article shows a particular instance of language use to be a collaborative process that influences the represent...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2008 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Holtgraves TM, Kashima Y Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The physiology of willpower: linking blood glucose to self-control.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Past research indicates that self-control relies on some sort of limited energy source. This review suggests that blood glucose is one important part of the energy source of self-control. Acts of self-control deplete relatively large amounts of glucose. Self-control failures are more likely when glucose is low or cannot be mobilized effectively to the brain (i.e., when insulin is low or insensitive). Restoring glucose to a sufficient level typically improves self-control. Numerous self-control behaviors fit this pattern, including controlling attention, regulating emotions, quitting smoking, coping with stress, resisti...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - November 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gailliot MT, Baumeister RF Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

A meta-analytic review of gender variations in adults' language use: talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Three separate sets of meta-analyses were conducted of studies testing for gender differences in adults' talkativeness, affiliative speech, and assertive speech. Across independent samples, statistically significant but negligible average effects sizes were obtained with all three language constructs: Contrary to the prediction, men were more talkative (d = -.14) than were women. As expected, men used more assertive speech (d = .09), whereas women used more affiliative speech (d = .12). In addition, 17 moderator variables were tested that included aspects of the interactive context (e.g., familiarity, gender compositio...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - November 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Leaper C, Ayres MM Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Integration of social identities in the self: toward a cognitive-developmental model.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents a model of social identity development and integration in the self. Classic intergroup theories (e.g., social identity theory, self-categorization theory) address the situational, short-term changes in social identities. Although these theories identify the contextual and environmental factors that explain situational changes in social identification, the intraindividual processes underlying developmental changes in social identities and their integration within the self remain to be identified. Relying on recent intergroup models as well as on developmental (i.e., neo-Piagetian) and social cognitive ...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - November 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Amiot CE, de la Sablonnière R, Terry DJ, Smith JR Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Seven principles of goal activation: a systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Countless studies have recently purported to demonstrate effects of goal priming; however, it is difficult to muster unambiguous support for the claims of these studies because of the lack of clear criteria for determining whether goals, as opposed to alternative varieties of mental representations, have indeed been activated. Therefore, the authors offer theoretical guidelines that may help distinguish between semantic, procedural, and goal priming. Seven principles that are hallmarks of self-regulatory processes are proposed: Goal-priming effects (a) involve value, (b) involve postattainment decrements in motivation,...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - August 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Förster J, Liberman N, Friedman RS Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Understanding the role of the self in prime-to-behavior effects: the Active-Self account.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this article, the authors review research showing the different roles that the self-concept can play in affecting prime-to-behavior effects. As an organizing framework, an Active-Self account of stereotype, trait, and exemplar prime-to-behavior effects is presented. According to this view, such primes can influence people's behavior by creating changes in the active self-concept, either by invoking a biased subset of chronic self-content or by introducing new material into the active self-concept. The authors show how involvement of the active self-concept can increase, decrease, or reverse the effects of primes and...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - August 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wheeler SC, Demarree KG, Petty RE Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Selves creating stories creating selves: a process model of self-development.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article is focused on the growing empirical emphasis on connections between narrative and self-development. The authors propose a process model of self-development in which storytelling is at the heart of both stability and change in the self. Specifically, we focus on how situated stories help develop and maintain the self with reciprocal impacts on enduring aspects of self, specifically self-concept and the life story. This article emphasizes the research that has shown how autobiographical stories affect the self and provides a direction for future work to maximize the potential of narrative approaches to studying ...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - August 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: McLean KC, Pasupathi M, Pals JL Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Situating social influence processes: dynamic, multidirectional flows of influence within social networks.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews models of social influence from a number of fields, categorizing them using four conceptual dimensions to delineate the universe of possible models. The goal is to encourage interdisciplinary collaborations to build models that incorporate the detailed, microlevel understanding of influence processes derived from focused laboratory studies but contextualized in ways that recognize how multidirectional, dynamic influences are situated in people's social networks and relationships. PMID: 18453465 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] (Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review)
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - August 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mason WA, Conrey FR, Smith ER Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

From stereotype threat to stereotype threats: implications of a multi-threat framework for causes, moderators, mediators, consequences, and interventions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
More than 100 articles have examined the construct of stereotype threat and its implications. However, stereotype threat seems to mean different things to different researchers and has been employed to describe and explain processes and phenomena that appear to be fundamentally distinct. Complementing existing models, the authors posit a Multi-Threat Framework in which six qualitatively distinct stereotype threats arise from the intersection of two dimensions--the target of the threat (the self/one's group) and the source of the threat (the self/outgroup others/ingroup others). The authors propose that these threats co...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Shapiro JR, Neuberg SL Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Modularity and the social mind: are psychologists too self-ish?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A modular view of the mind implies that there is no unitary "self" and that the mind consists of a set of informationally encapsulated systems, many of which have functions associated with navigating an inherently ambiguous and competitive social world. It is proposed that there are a set of cognitive mechanisms--a social cognitive interface (SCI)--designed for strategic manipulation of others' representations of one's traits, abilities, and prospects. Although constrained by plausibility, these mechanisms are not necessarily designed to maximize accuracy or to maintain consistency with other encapsulated representatio...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kurzban R, Aktipis CA Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors argue that a new six-dimensional framework for personality structure--the HEXACO model--constitutes a viable alternative to the well-known Big Five or five-factor model. The new model is consistent with the cross-culturally replicated finding of a common six-dimensional structure containing the factors Honesty-Humility (H), Emotionality (E), eExtraversion (X), Agreeableness (A), Conscientiousness (C), and Openness to Experience (O). Also, the HEXACO model predicts several personality phenomena that are not explained within the B5/FFM, including the relations of personality factors with theoretical biologist...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ashton MC, Lee K Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

How emotion shapes behavior: feedback, anticipation, and reflection, rather than direct causation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Fear causes fleeing and thereby saves lives: this exemplifies a popular and common sense but increasingly untenable view that the direct causation of behavior is the primary function of emotion. Instead, the authors develop a theory of emotion as a feedback system whose influence on behavior is typically indirect. By providing feedback and stimulating retrospective appraisal of actions, conscious emotional states can promote learning and alter guidelines for future behavior. Behavior may also be chosen to pursue (or avoid) anticipated emotional outcomes. Rapid, automatic affective responses, in contrast to the full-blo...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - May 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, DeWall CN, Zhang L Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

In search of East Asian self-enhancement.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A meta-analysis of published cross-cultural studies of self-enhancement reveals pervasive and pronounced differences between East Asians and Westerners. Across 91 comparisons, the average cross-cultural effect was d = .84. The effect emerged in all 30 methods, except for comparisons of implicit self-esteem. Within cultures, Westerners showed a clear self-serving bias (d = .87), whereas East Asians did not (d = -.01), with Asian Americans falling in between (d = .52). East Asians did self-enhance in the methods that involved comparing themselves to average but were self-critical in other methods. It was hypothesized tha...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Heine SJ, Hamamura T Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

Social identity performance: extending the strategic side of SIDE.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article extends the social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE) by considering the various ways in which relations of visibility to an audience can affect the public expression of identity-relevant norms (identity performance). It is suggested that social identity performance can fulfill two general functions: Affirming, conforming, or strengthening individual or group identities (the identity consolidation function) and persuading audiences into adopting specific behaviors (the mobilization function). The authors report evidence supporting these two functions of identity performance both in intragroup and...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Klein O, Spears R, Reicher S Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals

The epistemic-teleologic model of deliberate self-persuasion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article proposes a new model to help understand the process, while comparing the process of deliberate self-persuasion with relevant theory and research. The core feature of this model is a distinction between epistemic processes, which involve attempting to form new valid attitudes, and teleologic processes, which involve self-induced attitude change but with minimal concerns for validity. The epistemic processes employ tactics of reinterpretation, reattribution, reintegration, retesting, changing comparators, and changing dimensions of comparison. The teleologic processes include suppression, preemption, distraction...
Source: Personality and Social Psychology Review - February 1, 2007 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Maio GR, Thomas G Tags: Pers Soc Psychol Rev Source Type: journals