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IndexEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: INDEX TO VOLUME 4, 2009 Source Type: journals

Speculation to Inform and Speculation to Explore: Response to Craig et al. (2009) and Turkheimer & Halpern (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article, a follow-up to an empirical article on the same subject, was written with both of these purposes in mind. Many researchers are interested in uncovering the genetic mechanisms underlying general intelligence, so no doubt the roles of genes on the X chromosome will one day be understood. Psychologists can contribute best to these developments by being informed about the genetic issues involved. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wendy Johnson, Andrew Carothers, Ian J. Deary Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Commentary on "A Role for the X Chromosome in Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence?" (Johnson et al., 2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Johnson et al.'s (2009) article highlights the role of X-chromosomal genes in general intelligence and draws attention to their potential role in explaining the observed greater variance for this trait in males and their excess at both extremes of the distribution. We note that this would result from a simple additive effect of X-linked intelligence genes and also discuss the potentially important contribution of recessive deleterious loci. The buffering effect of heterozygosity in females will be partly constrained by the skewing of X-inactivation patterns increasing the variance of females beyond what is e...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ian W. Craig, Claire M.A. Haworth, Robert Plomin Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Sex Differences in Variability for Cognitive Measures: Do the Ends Justify the Genes? (Commentary on Johnson et al., 2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Theories about the origin of cognitive sex differences must address differences in three portions of ability distributions: low-tail variability, high-tail variability, and mean values. In addition, genetic theories must provide evidence that these three types of differences are (at least in large part) caused by alleles that are located on the X chromosome. It is well established that there are more mentally retarded males than females, and this disparity is attributable to genes located on the X chromosome. By contrast, there are no known "intelligence genes" that can provide a parallel explanation for dif...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Eric Turkheimer, Diane F. Halpern Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

A Role for the X Chromosome in Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]There is substantial evidence that males are more variable than females in general intelligence. In recent years, researchers have presented this as a reason that, although there is little, if any, mean sex difference in general intelligence, males tend to be overrepresented at both ends of its overall distribution. Part of the explanation could be the presence of genes on the X chromosome related both to syndromal disorders involving mental retardation and to population variation in general intelligence occurring normally. Genes on the X chromosome appear overrepresented among genes with known involvement i...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Wendy Johnson, Andrew Carothers, Ian J. Deary Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Ten Statisticians and Their Impacts for PsychologistsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Although psychologists frequently use statistical procedures, they are often unaware of the statisticians most associated with these procedures. Learning more about the people will aid understanding of the techniques. In this article, I present a list of 10 prominent statisticians: David Cox, Bradley Efron, Ronald Fisher, Leo Goodman, John Nelder, Jerzy Neyman, Karl Pearson, Donald Rubin, Robert Tibshirani, and John Tukey. I then discuss their key contributions and impact for psychology, as well as some aspects of their nonacademic lives. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Daniel B. Wright Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Monitoring Matters: Meta-Analytic Review Reveals the Reliable Linkage of Parental Monitoring With Adolescent Marijuana UseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Parental monitoring is commonly accredited as an important protective factor against risky adolescent behaviors. In this meta-analytic review, associations of adolescents' perceptions of parental monitoring with adolescent marijuana use were collected and quantified across 25 independent samples from 17 empirical studies involving 35,367 unique participants. Applying a random-effects model, the average magnitude of effect was r=[minus].21. The association was significantly stronger in female-only samples (r=[minus].31 vs. r=[minus].19, p < .001) and when parental monitoring was defined purely in terms of par...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Andrew Lac, William D. Crano Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Educational Policy and Country Outcomes in International Cognitive Competence StudiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Prior studies of students' and adults' cognitive competence have shown large differences between nations, equivalent to a difference of 5 to 10 years of schooling. These differences seem to be relevant because studies using different research paradigms have demonstrated that population-level cognitive abilities are related to a number of important societal outcomes, including productivity, democratization, and health. In this overview of transnational differences, we document a number of positive predictors of international differences in student competence, including the amount of preschool education, stude...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Heiner Rindermann, Stephen J. Ceci Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Two Is Not Always Better Than One: A Critical Evaluation of Two-System TheoriesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article critically examines the scientific advance offered by these theories (in particular advances in the domains of reasoning, decision making, and social cognition) and questions their theoretical coherence as well as the evidence for their existence. We scrutinize the conceptual underpinnings of two-system models and explicate the assumptions underlying these models to see whether they are reasonable. We also evaluate the empirical paradigms used to validate two-system models and ponder about their explanatory strength and predictive power. Given the popularity of these models, we discuss the appeal of two-system...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - November 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gideon Keren, Yaacov Schul Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

ErratumEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Erratum Source Type: journals

Giving Psychological Science Away: The Role of Applications CoursesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The applicability of basic research in psychological science is obvious to those in the field, but too often underappreciated outside of it. In this article, I suggest some reasons for that gap, including confusion between the relevance of psychological science and its actual application, which can lead to hype; the interdisciplinary nature of applied science, which can obscure the credit due to the field; and the considerable difficulty of moving basic research into application, including the potential for resistance to the products we deliver. I suggest that our own students constitute a relatively underut...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Roberta L. Klatzky Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality With Others' Inner States About the WorldEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present a new conceptualization of shared reality based on four conditions. We posit (a) that shared reality involves a (subjectively perceived) commonality of individuals' inner states (not just observable behaviors); (b) that shared reality is about some target referent; (c) that for a shared reality to occur, the commonality of inner states must be appropriately motivated; and (d) that shared reality involves the experience of a successful connection to other people's inner states. In reviewing relevant evidence, we emphasize research on the saying-is-believing effect, which illustrates the creation of shared reality...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gerald Echterhoff, E. Tory Higgins, John M. Levine Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Rejoinder to Baumeister, DeWall, and Vohs (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jonathan P. Gerber, Ladd Wheeler Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Social Rejection, Control, Numbness, and Emotion: How Not To Be Fooled by Gerber and Wheeler (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Emotional numbness remains an empirically supported and theoretically intriguing pattern of response to social exclusion that warrants further research, and it would be a loss to the field if such research were prematurely terminated or hampered by the unwarranted conclusions from misleading meta-analyses. The meta-analyses by Gerber and Wheeler (2009, this issue) are based on a biased sample that omits much relevant work. Worse, the authors misinterpret what evidence they do assemble, even interpreting strong evidence for numbness as if it contradicted numbness. Their conclusions about control are similarly...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Roy F. Baumeister, C. Nathan DeWall, Kathleen D. Vohs Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

On Being Rejected: A Meta-Analysis of Experimental Research on RejectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article presents the first meta-analysis of experimental research on rejection, sampling 88 studies. The results are consistent with a needs account, which states that rejection frustrates basic psychological needs, but not with a numbness account, which states that rejection causes physical and emotional numbness. Rejection moderately lowers mood (d=[minus]0.50) and self-esteem (d=[minus]0.70), but does not decrease arousal or flatten affect. Both belonging (d= 0.69) and control (d= 1.16) are frustrated by rejection. Aggressive responses to rejection, considered paradoxical by some, appear to be due to attempts to ga...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jonathan Gerber, Ladd Wheeler Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Varieties of Perspectives on Creativity: Reply to CommentatorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]In this reply, I concentrate on two broad issues raised by the four commentaries in this issue: the hierarchical model of domains and individual differences in creativity. In the first case, I cite additional research to address the contrast between "hard" and "soft" domains and the application of this contrast to children, adolescents, and noneminent adults. In the second case, I introduce two recent studies to confirm the model's predictions regarding personal creative achievement. I hope that the original article, the commentaries, and this reply will inspire future inquiries into creativity in all its di...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dean Keith Simonton Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Simplifying Theories of Creativity and Revisiting the Criterion Problem: A Comment on Simonton's (2009) Hierarchical Model of Domain-Specific Disposition, Development, and AchievementEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT Simonton's (2009, this issue) hierarchical model represents a useful contribution to studies of creativity and eminence. Simonton breaks all kinds of new ground by extrapolating the hierarchy to the arts and humanities, interpolating it within disciplines, and relating it to family background and disposition. This commentary poses a few questions about the hierarchical model and proposes an alternative. I also introduce a candidate for a simple theory of creativity that focuses on a universally shared capacity. This simple theory complements Simonton's hierarchical view, though his applies best to actual performan...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mark A. Runco Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Psychology of Simonton's Science: Commentary on Simonton (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]One key assumption of the psychology of science is that psychological factors make certain interests, talents, and abilities more likely and others less likely (Feist, 2006). The line of argument that Simonton (2009, this issue) puts forth[mdash]integrating and uniting the metaliteratures on dispositional and developmental influences on scientific and artistic creativity[mdash]is not only consistent with this assumption from the psychology of science, but it is also a breeding ground for a host of testable hypotheses and calls for future empirical investigations. Given Simonton's own extraordinary levels of ...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gregory J. Feist Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Sources of Scientific Innovation: A Meta-Analytic Approach (Commentary on Simonton, 2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Innovations in science can be divided into at least four major types: radical revolutions (such as Copernican and Darwinian theory), technical revolutions (led by scientists such as Newton, Lavoisier, and Einstein), controversial innovations (for example, Semmelweis's theory of puerperal fever), and conservative innovations (eugenics and various vitalistic doctrines). Biographical predictors of support for scientific innovations are distinctly different depending on the type of innovation, as are the predictors of who initially engineers such innovations. A meta-analytic approach assessing each new scientifi...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Frank J. Sulloway Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Is One Dimension Enough? A Response to Simonton's Varieties of (Scientific) Creativity (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]We admire Simonton's valiant attempt to bring all of creativity under a single dimension. We offer a view that is sometimes complementary and sometimes distinct from Simonton's model: Our own multidimensional amusement park theoretical model, which tries to integrate domain-specific and domain-general points of view. We eagerly await future research on Simonton's model and are curious of how his hard[ndash]soft dimension can be included into the creativity pantheon. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - September 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: James C. Kaufman, John Baer Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Varieties of (Scientific) Creativity: A Hierarchical Model of Domain-Specific Disposition, Development, and AchievementEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Prior research supports the inference that scientific disciplines can be ordered into a hierarchy ranging from the "hard" natural sciences to the "soft" social sciences. This ordering corresponds with such objective criteria as disciplinary consensus, knowledge obsolescence rate, anticipation frequency, theories-to-laws ratio, lecture disfluency, and age at recognition. It is then argued that this hierarchy can be extrapolated to encompass the humanities and arts and interpolated within specific domains to accommodate contrasts in subdomains (e.g., revolutionary versus normal science). This expanded and more...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - August 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Dean Keith Simonton Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

What Kind of Empirical Research Should We Publish, Fund, and Reward?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]When evaluating empirical papers for publication, grant proposals, or individual contributions (e.g., awarding tenure), the basic question one should ask is how much the contribution adds to understanding in psychology and not whether the contribution takes a particular form or represents one particular model of how to do empirical studies. Academic psychology has flourished with its mastery of the hypothesis[ndash]experiment model of science and its expertise in generating and eliminating alternative hypotheses and isolating causation. These accomplishments are a critical part of psychology, and they are we...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Paul Rozin Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Human–Android Interaction in the Near and Distant FutureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]In this article, a psychologist and an artificial-intelligence (AI) researcher speculate on the future of social interaction between humans and androids (robots designed to look and act exactly like people). We review the trajectory of currently developing robotics technologies and assess the level of android sophistication likely to be achieved in 50 years time. On the basis of psychological research, we consider obstacles to creating an android indistinguishable from humans. Finally, we discuss the implications of human[ndash]android social interaction from the standpoint of current psychological and AI re...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Neal J. Roese, Eyal Amir Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Achieving and Sustaining a Good LifeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How can we live well? To answer this question, psychology must acknowledge and integrate its descriptive and prescriptive components. One of psychology's strengths has been its willingness to embrace different purposes, perspectives, and approaches, and this recommendation is in the spirit of the field's history. At present, psychology knows more about people's problems and how to solve them than it does about what it means to live well and how to encourage and maintain such a life. Moreover, what is known is often fragmented because of psychology's specialization. Our article calls for further discussion in...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nansook Park, Christopher Peterson Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Why Do Different Individuals Progress Along Different Life Trajectories?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The core marker of progress in psychological science is the degree to which our work enhances the welfare of people. In order to effectively enhance human welfare, we must develop comprehensive models that explain why different individuals progress along different life trajectories. Exciting theoretical accounts that describe transitional processes from gene polymorphisms through moment-to-moment behavior are beginning to emerge. These early accounts highlight opportunities to investigate specific transitional steps along that long pathway, the need to understand the universal and the contextual aspects of p...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gregory T. Smith Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Mechanisms of Gene–Environment Interaction Effects in the Development of Conduct DisorderEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The gene[ndash]environment interaction effect in the development of conduct disorder is one of the most important discoveries of the past decade, but the mechanisms through which this effect operates remain elusive. I propose a model of these processes that focuses on the individual's response to a threatening stimulus in ongoing social interaction. The individual's response coordinates three interrelated systems: neural, autonomic, and information-processing. In each system, adaptive, evolutionarily selected response patterns characterize normal responding, but in psychopathology these patterns have gone aw...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kenneth A. Dodge Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Perspectives on Preference AggregationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]For centuries, the mathematical aggregation of preferences by groups, organizations, or society itself has received keen interdisciplinary attention. Extensive theoretical work in economics and political science throughout the second half of the 20th century has highlighted the idea that competing notions of rational social choice intrinsically contradict each other. This has led some researchers to consider coherent democratic decision making to be a mathematical impossibility. Recent empirical work in psychology qualifies that view. This nontechnical review sketches a quantitative research paradigm for the...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michel Regenwetter Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Unpacking Intuition: A ConjectureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Can intuition be taught? The way in which faces are recognized, the structure of natural classes, and the architecture of intuition may all be instances of the same process. The conjecture that intuition is a species of recognition memory implies that human intuitive decision making can be enormously enhanced by virtual simulation. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Martin E.P. Seligman, Michael Kahana Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Giving Debiasing Away: Can Psychological Research on Correcting Cognitive Errors Promote Human Welfare?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Despite Miller's (1969) now-famous clarion call to "give psychology away" to the general public, scientific psychology has done relatively little to combat festering problems of ideological extremism and both inter- and intragroup conflict. After proposing that ideological extremism is a significant contributor to world conflict and that confirmation bias and several related biases are significant contributors to ideological extremism, we raise a crucial scientific question: Can debiasing the general public against such biases promote human welfare by tempering ideological extremism? We review the knowns and...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Scott O. Lilienfeld, Rachel Ammirati, Kristin Landfield Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Know ThyselfEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Self-knowledge has never been a central topic in empirical psychology. There are pockets of research on self-knowledge in different subdisciplines of the field, but until now there has been little communication between them. I believe that these areas will converge in the next few years into a cohesive study of how people form judgments about their past, current, and future selves and about the accuracy of these judgments. I discuss theoretical developments in this area, the costs of poor self-knowledge, how people can know themselves better, and some of the obstacles to the study of self-knowledge. (Source:...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Timothy D. Wilson Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

How Can Decision Making Be Improved?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article argues that the time has come to focus attention on the search for strategies that will improve bounded judgment because decision-making errors are costly and are growing more costly, decision makers are receptive, and academic insights are sure to follow from research on improvement. In addition to calling for research on improvement strategies, this article organizes the existing literature pertaining to improvement strategies and highlights promising directions for future research. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Katherine L. Milkman, Dolly Chugh, Max H. Bazerman Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Can We Improve Our Physical Health by Altering Our Social Networks?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Persons with more types of social relationships live longer and have less cognitive decline with aging, greater resistance to infectious disease, and better prognoses when facing chronic life-threatening illnesses. We have known about the importance of social integration (engaging in diverse types of relationships) for health and longevity for 30 years. Yet, we still do not know why having a more diverse social network would have a positive influence on our health, and we have yet to design effective interventions that influence key components of the network and in turn physical health. Better understanding ...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sheldon Cohen, Denise Janicki-Deverts Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

How to Tell If a Particular Memory Is True or FalseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How can you tell if a particular memory belonging to you or someone else is true or false? Cognitive scientists use a variety of techniques to measure groups of memories, whereas police, lawyers, and other researchers use procedures to determine whether an individual can be believed or not. We discuss evidence from behavioral and neuroimaging studies and research on lying that have attempted to distinguish true from false memories. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Daniel M. Bernstein, Elizabeth F. Loftus Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Psychoneuroimmunology: Psychology's Gateway to the Biomedical FutureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How do stressful events and negative emotions influence the immune system, and how big are the effects? This broad question has been intensely interesting to psychoneuroimmunology researchers over the last 3 decades. Many promising lines of work underscore the reasons why this question is still so important and pivotal to understanding and other advances. New multidisciplinary permutations provide fresh vistas and emphasize the importance of training psychologists more broadly so that they will be central and essential players in the advancement of biomedical science. (Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Janice K. Kiecolt-Glaser Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

How Can Evolutionary Psychology Successfully Explain Personality and Individual Differences?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article highlights some promising theoretical directions for tackling this question. These include life-history theory, costly signaling theory, environmental variability in fitness optima, frequency-dependent selection, mutation load, and flexibly contingent shifts in strategy according to environmental conditions. Tackling the explanatory question also requires progress on three fronts: (a) reframing some personality traits as forms of strategic individual differences; (b) providing a nonarbitrary, evolutionary-based formulation of environments as distributions and salience profiles of adaptive problems; and (c) ide...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: David M. Buss Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The "Humpty Dumpty Problem" in the Study of Early Cognitive Development: Putting the Infant Back Together AgainEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]In this article, I propose that the big question for the field of infant cognitive development is best characterized as the "Humpty Dumpty problem": Now that we have studied cognitive abilities in isolation, how do we put the developing cognitive system (and the infant) back together again? This problem is significant because cognitive abilities do not occur in isolation. Infants remember the items they have attended to and perceived, and their emotional state will influence their perception and representation of the events they encounter. Moreover, by examining the development of the whole cognitive system,...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lisa M. Oakes Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Nature (and Nurture?) of Plasticity in Early Human DevelopmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The effect of early experience is a long-standing concern in developmental psychology. Gaining further insight into the nature of human plasticity is central to efforts to prevent problems in development from arising and promote positive functioning. Evolutionary reasoning suggests that children should vary in their susceptibility to environmental influences, including parenting. Evidence indicates that rather than some children, such as those with negatively emotional temperaments or certain genotypes, being simply more vulnerable to the adverse effects of negative experiences, as commonly assumed, they may...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jay Belsky, Michael Pluess Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Naive and Obvious QuestionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Psychology is the luckiest of the sciences because it owns the most interesting questions, the foremost being, "Why do people do what they do?" Naively, one might expect that research addressing this question would focus on the most important behaviors, but instead most studies choose behavioral dependent variables on the basis of their procedural feasibility and suitability for theory testing. The cumulative result is an uneven and unrepresentative map of the behavioral terrain. Situational variables are chosen in a similar manner with a parallel result. (Personality variables, in contrast, typically are de...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: David C. Funder Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

The Future of Psychology: Connecting Mind to BrainEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Psychological states such as thoughts and feelings are real. Brain states are real. The problem is that the two are not real in the same way, creating the mind[ndash]brain correspondence problem. In this article, I present a possible solution to this problem that involves two suggestions. First, complex psychological states such as emotion and cognition can be thought of as constructed events that can be causally reduced to a set of more basic, psychologically primitive ingredients that are more clearly respected by the brain. Second, complex psychological categories like emotion and cognition are the phenom...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - July 6, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lisa Feldman Barrett Tags: Original Articles Source Type: journals

Editor's IntroductionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - June 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ed Diener Tags: Introduction Source Type: journals

Commentary on Vul et al.'s (2009)"Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition"Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The article "Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition" (Vul, Harris, Winkielman, & Pashler, 2009, this issue) makes a broad case that current practice in neuroimaging methodology is deficient. Vul et al. go so far as to demand that authors retract or restate results, which we find wrongly casts suspicion on the confirmatory inference methods that form the foundation of neuroimaging statistics. We contend the authors' argument is overstated and that their work can be distilled down to two points already familiar to the neuroimaging community: that the multiple...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Thomas E. Nichols, Jean-Baptist Poline Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Reply to Comments on "Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition"Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Edward Vul, Christine Harris, Piotr Winkielman, Harold Pashler Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Understanding the Mind by Measuring the Brain: Lessons From Measuring Behavior (Commentary on Vul et al., 2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Throughout the history of psychology, the path of transforming the physical (muscle movements, verbal behavior, or physiological changes) into the mental has been fraught with difficulty. Over the decades, psychologists have risen to the challenge and learned a few things about how to infer the mental from measuring the physical. The Vul, Harris, Winkielman, and Pashler article (2009, this issue) points out that some of these lessons could be helpful to those of us who measure blood flow in the brain in a quest to understand the mind. Three lessons from psychometrics are discussed. (Source: Perspectives on P...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lisa Feldman Barrett Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Correlations and Multiple Comparisons in Functional Imaging: A Statistical Perspective (Commentary on Vul et al., 2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Vul, Harris, Winkielman, and Pashler (2009, this issue) claim in their article that the correlations reported in fMRI studies are commonly overstated because researchers tend to report only the highest correlations or only those correlations that exceed some threshold. Their article has in a short time given rise to a spirited debate about key statistical issues at the heart of most functional neuroimaging studies. The debate provides a useful opportunity to discuss core statistical issues in neuroimaging and ultimately provides a chance for the field to grow and move forward. This commentary approaches the ...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Martin A. Lindquist, Andrew Gelman Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Discussion of "Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition" by Vul et al. (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]In their article, Vul, Harris, Winkielman, and Pashler (2009, this issue) raise the issue of nonindependent analysis in behavioral neuroimaging, whereby correlations are artificially inflated as a result of spurious statistical procedures. In this comment, I note that the phenomenon in question is a type of selection bias and hence is neither new nor unique to fMRI. The use of massive, complex data sets (common in modern applications) to answer increasingly intricate scientific questions presents many potential pitfalls to valid statistical analysis. Strong collaboration between statisticians and scientists ...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nicole A. Lazar Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Correlations in Social Neuroscience Aren't Voodoo: Commentary on Vul et al. (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Vul, Harris, Winkielman, and Pashler (2009, this issue) claim that many brain[ndash]personality correlations in fMRI studies are "likely [hellip] spurious" (p. 274), and "should not be believed" (p. 285). Several of their conclusions are incorrect. First, they incorrectly claim that whole-brain regressions use an invalid and "nonindependent" two-step inferential procedure, a determination based on a survey sent to researchers that only included nondiagnostic questions about the descriptive process of plotting one's data. We explain how whole-brain regressions are a valid single-step method of identifying bra...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Matthew D. Lieberman, Elliot T. Berkman, Tor D. Wager Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Big Correlations in Little Studies: Inflated fMRI Correlations Reflect Low Statistical Power—Commentary on Vul et al. (2009)Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Vul, Harris, Winkielman, and Pashler (2009, this issue) argue that correlations in many cognitive neuroscience studies are grossly inflated due to a widespread tendency to use nonindependent analyses. In this article, I argue that Vul et al.'s primary conclusion is correct, but for different reasons than they suggest. I demonstrate that the primary cause of grossly inflated correlations in whole-brain fMRI analyses is not nonindependence, but the pernicious combination of small sample sizes and stringent alpha-correction levels. Far from defusing Vul et al.'s conclusions, the simulations presented suggest th...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tal Yarkoni Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Commentary on Vul et al.'s (2009) "Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition"Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The article "Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition" (Vul, Harris, Winkielman, & Pashler, 2009, this issue) makes a broad case that current practice in neuroimaging methodology is deficient. Vul et al. go so far as to demand that authors retract or restate results, which we find wrongly casts suspicion on the confirmatory inference methods that form the foundation of neuroimaging statistics. We contend the authors' argument is overstated and that their work can be distilled down to two points already familiar to the neuroimaging community: that the multiple...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Thomas E. Nichols, Jean-Baptist Poline Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Puzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition1Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of emotion, personality, and social cognition have drawn much attention in recent years, with high-profile studies frequently reporting extremely high (e.g., >.8) correlations between brain activation and personality measures. We show that these correlations are higher than should be expected given the (evidently limited) reliability of both fMRI and personality measures. The high correlations are all the more puzzling because method sections rarely contain much detail about how the correlations were obtained. We surveyed authors of 55 articles that report...
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Edward Vul, Christine Harris, Piotr Winkielman, Harold Pashler Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals

Editor's Introduction to Vul et al. (2009) and CommentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science)
Source: Perspectives on Psychological Science - May 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ed Diener Tags: ORIGINAL ARTICLES Source Type: journals