White matter microstructure in children with autistic traits
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is thought to arise from aberrant development of connections in the brain. Previous studies have identified differences in white matter microstructure in children with ASD, offering support to such hypotheses. While ASD is thought to represent the severe end of a spectrum of traits, there are no studies evaluating white matter microstructure in relation to autistic traits in children from the general population. In a population-based sample of 604 6-to-10 year-old children, we assessed the relation between a continuous measure of autistic traits and white matter microstructure, using both pro...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 28, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Laura M.E. Blanken, Ryan L. Muetzel, Vincent W.V. Jaddoe, Frank C. Verhulst, Aad van der Lugt, Henning Tiemeier, Tonya White Source Type: research
Right fronto-temporal activation differs between Chinese first-episode and recurrent Major Depression Disorders during a verbal fluency task: A near-infrared spectroscopy study
Major Depression Disorder (MDD) is the second most common psychiatric disease, the prevalence of which is about 2 –4% globally, and 1.7–2% in China (Gu et al., 2013). Around 50–60% of these patients who have gone through the first-episode of MDD encounter recurrences (Talarowska et al., 2015), and 20–60% of patients diagnosed with recurrent MDD experience more than two episodes of MDD in their lifetime (Mead et al., 2008). (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 28, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Jiuju Wang, Bin Lvd, Wenxiang Quan, Taeko N. Wydell, Ju Tian, Pengfei Wang, Jin Liu, Wentian Dong Source Type: research
Relationship between rapheal echogenicity and personality as possible markers of a disposition to develop depressive and anxiety disorders
We examined 100 healthy volunteers using quantitative and qualitative TCS, the five-dimension revised NEO Personality Inventory, Beck ´s scales of anxiety and depression, and the Social Re-adjustment Rating Scale (SRRS). (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 26, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Petr Šilhán, Martin Hýža, Ladislav Hosák, Denisa Perničková, Jan Vantuch, Monika Jelínková, David Školoudík Source Type: research
Elucidating the aberrant brain regions in bipolar disorder using T1-weighted/T2-weighted magnetic resonance ratio images
Although diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have revealed brain abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD) subjects, DTI methods might not detect disease-related abnormalities in the white matter (WM) where nerve fibers are crossing. We investigated BD myelin-related abnormal brain regions in both gray matter and WM for 29 BD and 33 healthy control (HC) participants using T1-weighted (T1w)/T2-weighted (T2w) ratio images that increase myelin-related contrast irrespective of nerve fiber orientation. To check effect of the brain volume, the results were compared with those of voxel-based morphometry (VBM). (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 25, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Takuya Ishida, Tomohiro Donishi, Jun Iwatani, Shinichi Yamada, Shun Takahashi, Satoshi Ukai, Kazuhiro Shinosaki, Masaki Terada, Yoshiki Kaneoke Source Type: research
Availability of Dopamine Transporters in Heroin-dependent Subjects: A 18F-FECNT PET Imaging Study
This study was to reconfirm the reduced dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in heroin-dependent subjects and validate the use of 2 β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)−8-(2-fluoroethyl)-nortropane (18F-FECNT) as a PET radiotracer to assess the changes of striatal DAT in drug addicted subjects. Herein, we assessed DAT standardized uptake values (SUV) of 18F-FECNT in the striatum and cerebellum of 20 heroin-dependent subjects a nd 10 healthy controls and analyzed the correlation between DAT availability and heroin withdrawal symptom scores and anxiety/depression rating scales in heroin-dependent subjects, as well as th...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 24, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Shasha Xu, Ying Liu, Yu Li, Yangping Deng, Jie Yuan, Rongbin Lv, Yuankai Wang, Guangming Zhang, Zhirui Guo, Daxu Fu, Hui Zeng, Xingdang Liu, Mei Han Source Type: research
Evaluating the diagnostic utility of applying a machine learning algorithm to diffusion tensor MRI measures in individuals with major depressive disorder
Using MRI to diagnose mental disorders has been a long-term goal. Despite this, the vast majority of prior neuroimaging work has been descriptive rather than predictive. The current study applies support vector machine (SVM) learning to MRI measures of brain white matter to classify adults with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and healthy controls. In a precisely matched group of individuals with MDD (n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 25), SVM learning accurately (74%) classified patients and controls across a brain map of white matter fractional anisotropy values (FA). (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 22, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: David M Schnyer, Peter C. Clasen, Christopher Gonzalez, Christopher G. Beevers Source Type: research
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met Genotype Modulates Amygdala Habituation
A deficit in amygdala habituation to repeated emotional stimuli may be an endophenotype of disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation, such as borderline personality disorder (BPD). Amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli is genetically modulated by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) variants. Whether amygdala habituation itself is also modulated by BDNF genotypes remains unknown. We used imaging-genetics to examine the effect of BDNF Val66Met genotypes on amygdala habituation to repeated emotional stimuli. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 21, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: M. Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez, Antonia S. New, Kim E. Goldstein, Daniel Rosell, Qiaoping Yuan, Zhifeng Zhou, Colin Hodgkinson, David Goldman, Larry J. Siever, Erin A. Hazlett Source Type: research
Single dose of mirtazapine modulates whole-brain functional connectivity during emotional narrative processing
The link between neurotransmitter-level effects of antidepressants and their clinical effect remain poorly understood. A single dose of mirtazapine decreases limbic responses to fearful faces in healthy subjects, but it is unknown whether this effect applies to complex emotional situations and dynamic connectivity between brain regions. Thirty healthy volunteers listened to spoken emotional narratives during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In an open-label design, 15 subjects received 15mg of mirtazapine two hours prior to fMRI while 15 subjects served as a control group. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 21, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Emma Komulainen, Enrico Glerean, Katarina Meskanen, Roope Heikkil ä, Lauri Nummenmaa, Tuukka T. Raij, Jari Lahti, Pekka Jylhä, Tarja Melartin, Erkki Isometsä, Jesper Ekelund Source Type: research
Increased Nucleus Accumbens Volume in First-Episode Psychosis
Nucleus accumbens has been reported as a key structure in the neurobiology of schizophrenia. Studies analyzing structural abnormalities have shown conflicting results, possibly related to confounding factors. We investigated the nucleus accumbens volume using manual delimitation in first-episode psychosis (FEP) controlling for age, cannabis use and medication. Thirty-one FEP subjects who were naive or minimally exposed to antipsychotics and a control group were MRI scanned and clinically assessed from baseline to 6 months of follow-up. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 17, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Mireia Forns-Nadal, Daniel Berg é, Federico Sem, Anna Mané, Laura Igual, Dani Guinart, Oscar Vilarroya Source Type: research
Imaging decision about whether to benefit self by harming others: Adolescents with conduct and substance problems, with or without callous-unemotionality, or developing typically
We sought to identify brain activation differences in conduct-problem youth with limited prosocial emotions (LPE) compared to conduct-problem youth without LPE and community adolescents, and to test associations between brain activation and severity of callous-unemotional traits. We utilized a novel task, which asks subjects to repeatedly decide whether to accept offers where they will benefit but a beneficent other will be harmed. Behavior on this task has been previously associated with levels of prosocial emotions and severity of callous-unemotional traits, and is related to empathic concern. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 10, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Joseph T. Sakai, Manish S. Dalwani, Susan K. Mikulich-Gilbertson, Kristen Raymond, Shannon McWilliams, Jody Tanabe, Don Rojas, Michael Regner, Marie T. Banich, Thomas J. Crowley Source Type: research
Imaging Decision about Whether to, or Not to, Benefit Self by Harming Others: Adolescents with Conduct and Substance Problems, with or without Callous-Unemotionality, or Developing Typically
We sought to identify brain activation differences in conduct-problem youth with limited prosocial emotions (LPE) compared to conduct-problem youth without LPE and community adolescents, and to test associations between brain activation and severity of callous-unemotional traits. We utilized a novel task, which asks subjects to repeatedly decide whether to accept offers where they will benefit but a beneficent other will be harmed. Behavior on this task has been previously associated with levels of prosocial emotions and severity of callous-unemotional traits, and is related to empathic concern. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 9, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Joseph T. Sakai, Manish S. Dalwani, Susan K. Mikulich-Gilbertson, Kristen Raymond, Shannon McWilliams, Jody Tanabe, Don Rojas, Michael Regner, Marie T. Banich, Thomas J. Crowley Source Type: research
The Relation between Parent Depressive Symptoms and Neural Correlates of Attentional Control in Offspring: A Preliminary Study
Offspring of depressed parents are at significantly elevated risk for depressive disorders themselves; however, the specific mechanisms associated with this risk are not well known. Given the well-established link between parental depression and biased attention for negative stimuli in children, this preliminary study sought to examine the neural correlates of directing attention toward and away from emotional faces in children and adolescents in association with parent's current depressive symptoms. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 8, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Katie L. Burkhouse, Autumn Kujawa, Kate Keenan, Heide Klumpp, Kate D. Fitzgerald, Christopher S. Monk, K. Luan Phan Source Type: research
Altered functional connectivity in brain networks underlying self-referential processing in delusions of reference in schizophrenia
Delusions of reference in schizophrenia are thought to result from misattributions of self-relevance to neutral events. Activation of regions within the cortical midline structures (CMS; e.g., medial prefrontal cortex, cingulate cortex, and precuneus) have been previously associated with self-referential processing in schizophrenia patients; however, the specificity of this pattern to individuals with current delusions of reference has yet to be determined. In the present study, we identified functional brain networks that underlie self-referential processing using task-based multivariate functional connectivity. (Source: ...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 8, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Sara Larivi ère, Katie M. Lavigne, Todd S. Woodward, Philip Gerretsen, Ariel Graff-Guerrero, Mahesh Menon Source Type: research
Screening of autism based on task-free fMRI using graph theoretical approach
Studies on autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have indicated several dysfunctions in the structure, and functional organization of the brain. However, findings have not been established as a general diagnostic tool yet. In this regard, current study proposed an automatic screening method for recognition of ASDs from healthy controls (HCs) based on their brain functional abnormalities. In this paradigm, brain functional networks of 60 adolescent and young adult males (29 ASDs and 31 HCs) were estimated from subjects ’ task-free fMRI data. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 7, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Masoumeh Sadeghi, Reza Khosrowabadi, Fatemeh Bakouie, Hoda Mahdavi, Changiz Eslahchi, Hamidreza Pouretemad Source Type: research
Gender Dimorphism of Brain Reward System Volumes in Alcoholism
The brain's reward network has been reported to be smaller in alcoholic men compared to nonalcoholic men, but little is known about the volumes of reward regions in alcoholic women. Morphometric analyses were performed on magnetic resonance brain scans of 60 long-term chronic alcoholics (ALC; 30 men) and 60 nonalcoholic controls (NC; 29 men). We derived volumes of total brain, and cortical and subcortical reward-related structures including the dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC), orbitofrontal, and cingulate cortices, and the temporal pole, insula, amygdala, hippocampus, nucleus accumbens septi (NAc), and ventral diencephalon...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - March 4, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Kayle S. Sawyer, Marlene Oscar-Berman, Olivier J. Barthelemy, George M. Papadimitriou, Gordon J. Harris, Nikos Makris Source Type: research
