Impulsivity and aggression mediate regional brain responses in Borderline Personality Disorder: An fMRI Study
Fronto-limbic brain networks involved in regulation of impulsivity and aggression are abnormal in Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). However, it is unclear whether, or to what extent, these personality traits actually modulate brain responses during cognitive processing. Using fMRI, we examined the effects of trait impulsivity, aggression, and depressed mood on regional brain responses in 31 female BPD and 25 control subjects during a Go No-Go task using Ekman faces as targets. First-level contrasts modeled effects of negative emotional context. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 15, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Paul H. Soloff, Kristy Abraham, Ashley Burgess, Karthik Ramaseshan, Asadur Chowdury, Vaibhav A. Diwadkar Source Type: research

Lateralization of Intrinsic Frontoparietal Network Connectivity and Symptoms in Schizophrenia
It has been frequently reported that schizophrenia patients have reduced functional lateralization in the areas related to language processing. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting that schizophrenia patients have disrupted functional connectivity in the bilateral frontoparietal networks (FPNs), of which the left is strongly associated with a cognition-language paradigm, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI). To examine the laterality of resting-state functional connectivity in schizophrenia, we investigated the bilateral FPNs. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 14, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Shuraku Son, Jun Miyata, Yasuo Mori, Masanori Isobe, Shin-ichi Urayama, Toshihiko Aso, Hidenao Fukuyama, Toshiya Murai, Hidehiko Takahashi Source Type: research

Brain network dysfunction in youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder induced by simple uni-manual behavior: The role of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
In an effort to elucidate differences in functioning brain networks between youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder and controls, we used fMRI signals to analyze brain network interactions of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) during visually coordinated motor responses. Subjects made a uni-manual response to briefly presented probes, at periodic (allowing participants to maintain a “motor set”) or random intervals (demanding reactive responses). Network interactions were assessed using psycho-physiological interaction (PPI), a basic model of functional connectivity evaluating modulatory effects of the dACC i...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 12, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Amy L. Friedman, Ashley Burgess, Karthik Ramaseshan, Phil Easter, Dalal Khatib, Asadur Chowdury, Paul D. Arnold, Gregory L. Hanna, David R. Rosenberg, Vaibhav A. Diwadkar Source Type: research

Cerebral blood flow and its connectivity features of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia: A perfusion study
The goal of the study was to investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and its connectivity (an across-subject covariance measure) patterns of schizophrenia (SZ) patients with auditory verbal hallucinations (AVHs). A total of demographically matched 25 SZ patients with AVHs, 25 without AVHs, and 25 healthy controls (HCs) underwent resting state perfusion imaging using a pulsed arterial spin labeling sequence. CBF and its connectivity were analyzed and then CBF topological properties were calculated. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 10, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Long-Biao Cui, Gang Chen, Zi-Liang Xu, Lin Liu, Hua-Ning Wang, Li Guo, Wen-Ming Liu, Ting-Ting Liu, Shun Qi, Kang Liu, Wei Qin, Jin-Bo Sun, Yi-Bin Xi, Hong Yin Source Type: research

White matter abnormalities in long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid users: a pilot study
Recent studies of long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) users reported amygdala structural and functional connectivity abnormalities. We assessed white matter microstructure in the inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), a major associative bundle of the amygdala network. Diffusion weighted images acquired from 9 male long-term AAS users and 8 matched controls aged 36 –51 years old were processed using a standardized pipeline (Tract-Based Spatial Statistics). Group differences were examined using linear regression with adjustment for age and current testosterone level. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 8, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Johanna Seitz, Amanda E. Lyall, Gen Kanayama, Nikos Makris, James I. Hudson, Marek Kubicki, Harrison G. Pope, Marc J. Kaufman Source Type: research

Decreased response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks in females with depression: Evidence from an event-related potential study
The present study aimed to investigate neural substrates of response inhibition to sad faces across explicit and implicit tasks in depressed female patients. Event-related potentials were obtained while participants performed modified explicit and implicit emotional go/no-go tasks. Compared to controls, depressed patients showed decreased discrimination accuracy and amplitudes of original and nogo-go difference waves at the P3 interval in response inhibition to sad faces during explicit and implicit tasks. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 7, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Fengqiong Yu, Xiaoqing Zhou, Wu Qing, Dan Li, Jing Li, Xingui Chen, Gongjun Ji, Yi Dong, Yuejia Luo, Chunyan Zhu, Kai Wang Source Type: research

Lost emotion: Disrupted brain-based tracking of dynamic affective episodes in anxiety and depression
In our day-to-day lives we are confronted with dynamic sensory inputs that elicit a continuously evolving emotional response. Insight into the brain basis of the dynamic nature of emotional reactivity may be critical for understanding chronic symptoms of anxiety and depression. Here, individuals with generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and healthy controls watched a video with dynamic affective content while fMRI activity was recorded. Across all participants there was a large-scale tracking of affective content in emotion processing regions and the default mode network. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 6, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Joshua M. Carlson, Denis Rubin, Lilianne R. Mujica-Parodi Source Type: research

Evidence for the changes of pituitary volumes in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder
In pubertal and postpubertal patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), significantly greater pituitary gland volumes have been reported. Moving from this point, in the present study, we aimed to investigate pituitary gland volumes in patients with PTSD and hypothesized that volumes of the gland would be structurally changed. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland was performed among sixteen patients with PTSD and fifteen healthy control subjects. We found that the mean volume of the pituitary gland was statistically significant and smaller than that of healthy subjects (0.69 ±0.08cm3 for p...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 5, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Murad Atmaca, Omer Ozer, Sevda Korkmaz, Ismail Taskent, Hanefi Yildirim Source Type: research

Altered patterns of association between cortical thickness and subcortical volume in patients with first episode major depressive disorder: A structural MRI study
This study explored correlations between overall cortical thickness and the volume of several subcortical structures in first episode major depressive disorder (MDD) patients. Thirty-six untreated individuals experiencing their first episode of MDD were compared with healthy controls (n=41). Their brains were imaged by T1-weighted MRI, allowing the measurement of cortical thickness and the volume of subcortical structures. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - December 1, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Ke Zhao, Haiyan Liu, Rui Yan, Lingling Hua, Yu Chen, Jiabo Shi, Zhijian Yao, Qing Lu Source Type: research

Cortical-Amygdala Volumetric Ratios Predict Onset of Symptoms of Psychosis in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Dysfunction of cortical circuitry involving prefrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus and mesial temporal lobe has been implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic symptoms. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is a neurogenetic disorder that comports a 25-fold increased risk of developing psychosis. Morphological changes in the neuroanatomy of this syndrome may represent a biological risk factor for the development of psychosis. The present study explored ratios between cortical volumes and the amygdala. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - November 24, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: David Berhanu, Leah M. Mattiaccio, Kevin M. Antshel, Wanda Fremont, Frank A. Middleton, Wendy R. Kates Source Type: research

Neural basis for inferring false beliefs and social emotions in others among individuals with schizophrenia and those at ultra-high risk for psychosis
Inferring beliefs and social emotions of others has different neural substrates and possibly different roles in the pathophysiology of different clinical phases of schizophrenia. The current study investigated the neural basis for inferring others ’ beliefs and social emotions, as individual concepts, in 17 subjects at ultra-high risk for psychosis (UHR), 16 patients with schizophrenia and 20 healthy controls. Brain activity significantly differed from normal in both the left superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the inferior frontal gyrus (IF G) in the schizophrenia group while inferring others’ beliefs, whereas those of...
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - November 21, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Yosuke Takano, Yuta Aoki, Noriaki Yahata, Yuki Kawakubo, Hideyuki Inoue, Norichika Iwashiro, Tatsunobu Natsubori, Shinsuke Koike, Wataru Gonoi, Hiroki Sasaki, Hidemasa Takao, Kiyoto Kasai, Hidenori Yamasue Source Type: research

Structural differences in hippocampal subfields among schizophrenia patients, major depressive disorder patients, and healthy subjects
Many MRI studies have reported a volume reduction of the hippocampus in psychiatric diseases. However, disease-related volume differences in hippocampus subfields remain unclear. Here we compared the volumes of hippocampus subfields in patients with schizophrenia, patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), and healthy subjects as controls. T2-weighted images were acquired in 20 patients with schizophrenia, 36 with MDD, and 35 healthy volunteers by 3-Tesla MRI. Hippocampal subfields were segmented using an automatic algorithm, Automatic Segmentation of Hippocampal Subfields (ASHS). (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - November 21, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Miho Ota, Noriko Sato, Shinsuke Hidese, Toshiya Teraishi, Norihide Maikusa, Hiroshi Matsuda, Kotaro Hattori, Hiroshi Kunugi Source Type: research

Predicting CYP2D6 phenotype from resting brain perfusion images by gradient boosting
The cytochrome P450 enzyme 2D6 is involved in the metabolism of 20% of all commonly used drugs, including many psychotropic drugs and CNS-active substances. CYP2D6 is among the CYP enzymes with the highest expression levels in the brain, suggesting a role in the local brain metabolism of psychotropic drugs and the existence of endogenous substrates. The genetic polymorphism of CYP2D6, which causes individual differences in activity levels of the enzyme, has also been characterized functionally in human brain imaging studies. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - November 20, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Giulio Napolitano, Julia C Stingl, Matthias Schmid, Roberto Viviani Source Type: research

Reduced cortical thickness in body dysmorphic disorder
Recent neuroimaging studies in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) have implicated abnormal structure and function of occipito-temporal and fronto-limbic regions in the potential pathophysiology of the disorder. To date, morphometric investigations have yielded inconsistent results, and have suggested that clinical symptoms may mediate morphometric abnormalities in BDD. We measured Grey Matter (GM) cortical thickness in 20 participants with BDD and 20 healthy control participants matched on age, gender and handedness. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - November 20, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Sally A Grace, Ben Buchanan, Jerome J Maller, Wei Lin Toh, David J Castle, Susan L Rossell Source Type: research

Altered dynamics of brain connectivity in major depressive disorder at-rest and during task performance
In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest and during a goal-directed task to investigate dynamics of functional connectivity in 19 unmedicated patients with MDD and 19 healthy controls across both experimental paradigms. (Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging)
Source: Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging - November 16, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Fabio Sambataro, Eleonora Visintin, Nadja Doerig, Janis Brakowski, Martin Grosse Holtforth, Erich Seifritz, Simona Spinelli Source Type: research