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Anxiety sensitivity and the anxiety disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There has been significant interest in the role of anxiety sensitivity (AS) in the anxiety disorders. In this meta-analysis, we empirically evaluate differences in AS between anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and nonclinical controls. A total of 38 published studies (N = 20,146) were included in the analysis. The results yielded a large effect size indicating greater AS among anxiety disorder patients versus nonclinical controls (d = 1.61). However, this effect was maintained only for panic disorder patients compared to mood disorder patients (d = 0.85). Panic disorder was also associated with greater AS compared to other...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Olatunji, Bunmi O.; Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate B. Source Type: journals

How numeracy influences risk comprehension and medical decision making.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We review the growing literature on health numeracy, the ability to understand and use numerical information, and its relation to cognition, health behaviors, and medical outcomes. Despite the surfeit of health information from commercial and noncommercial sources, national and international surveys show that many people lack basic numerical skills that are essential to maintain their health and make informed medical decisions. Low numeracy distorts perceptions of risks and benefits of screening, reduces medication compliance, impedes access to treatments, impairs risk communication (limiting prevention efforts among the m...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Reyna, Valerie F.; Nelson, Wendy L.; Han, Paul K.; Dieckmann, Nathan F. Source Type: journals

Linking dimensional models of internalizing psychopathology to neurobiological systems: Affect-modulated startle as an indicator of fear and distress disorders and affiliated traits.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Integrative hierarchical models have sought to account for the extensive comorbidity between various internalizing disorders in terms of broad individual difference factors these disorders share. However, such models have been developed largely on the basis of self-report and diagnostic symptom data. Toward the goal of linking such models to neurobiological systems, we reviewed studies that have employed variants of the affect-modulated startle paradigm to investigate emotional processing in internalizing disorders as well as personality constructs known to be associated with these disorders. Specifically, we focused on fo...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Vaidyanathan, Uma; Patrick, Christopher J.; Cuthbert, Bruce N. Source Type: journals

Beyond diathesis stress: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Discussion focuses upon limits of the evidence, statistical criteria for distinguishing differential susceptibility from diathesis stress, potential mechanisms of influence, and unknowns in the differential-susceptibility equation. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin)
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Belsky, Jay; Pluess, Michael Source Type: journals

Men and things, women and people: A meta-analysis of sex differences in interests.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The magnitude and variability of sex differences in vocational interests were examined in the present meta-analysis for Holland’s (1959, 1997) categories (Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional), Prediger’s (1982) Things–People and Data–Ideas dimensions, and the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) interest areas. Technical manuals for 47 interest inventories were used, yielding 503,188 respondents. Results showed that men prefer working with things and women prefer working with people, producing a large effect size (d = 0.93) on the Things–People dimension....
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Su, Rong; Rounds, James; Armstrong, Patrick Ian Source Type: journals

Stress and specificity: Reply to Miller (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
T. F. Denson, M. Spanovic, and N. Miller (see record 2009-19763-001) meta-analytically tested the hypotheses that specific appraisals and emotions would predict cortisol and immune responses to laboratory stressors and emotion inductions. Although the cortisol data supported the integrated specificity hypothesis, G. E. Miller (see record 2009-19763-002) raised questions concerning the extent to which the immunity data supported specificity. The authors respond to these concerns. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin)
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Denson, Thomas F.; Spanovic, Marija; Miller, Norman Source Type: journals

In search of integrated specificity: Comment on Denson, Spanovic, and Miller (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Psychologists have long been interested in the integrated specificity hypothesis, which maintains that stressors elicit fairly distinct behavioral, emotional, and biological responses that are molded by selective pressures to meet specific demands from the environment. This issue of Psychological Bulletin features a meta-analytic review of the evidence for this proposition by T. F. Denson, M. Spanovic, and N. Miller (see record 2009-19763-001). Their review concluded that the meta-analytic findings support the “core concept behind the integrated specificity model” (p. 845) and reveal that “within the context of a str...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Miller, Gregory E. Source Type: journals

Cognitive appraisals and emotions predict cortisol and immune responses: A meta-analysis of acute laboratory social stressors and emotion inductions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Models of stress and health suggest that emotions mediate the effects of stress on health; yet meta-analytic reviews have not confirmed these relationships. Categorizations of emotions along broad dimensions such as valence (e.g., positive and negative affect) may obscure important information about the effects of specific emotions on physiology. Within the context of the integrated specificity model, we present a novel theoretical framework that posits that specific emotional responses associated with specific types of environmental demands influence cortisol and immune outcomes in a manner that would have likely promoted...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Denson, Thomas F.; Spanovic, Marija; Miller, Norman Source Type: journals

Beyond the pleistocene: Using phylogeny and constraint to inform the evolutionary psychology of human mating.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Evolutionary psychologists explore the adaptive function of traits and behaviors that characterize modern Homo sapiens. However, evolutionary psychologists have yet to incorporate the phylogenetic relationship between modern Homo sapiens and humans’ hominid and pongid relatives (both living and extinct) into their theorizing. By considering the specific timing of evolutionary events and the role of evolutionary constraint, researchers using the phylogenetic approach can generate new predictions regarding mating phenomena and derive new explanations for existing evolutionary psychological findings. Especially useful is th...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Eastwick, Paul W. Source Type: journals

"Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: A quantitative review of 30 years of investigations": Correction to Chida and Hamer (2008).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reports an error in "Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: A quantitative review of 30 years of investigations" by Yoichi Chida and Mark Hamer (Psychological Bulletin, 2008[Nov], Vol 134[6], 829-885). There is an error in Table 1. On p. 840 the entry for Hill et al. 1987 should be Masters et al. 2004. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2008-14745-003.) This meta-analysis included 729 studies from 161 articles investigating how acute stress responsivity (including stress reactivity and recovery of hypothalamic-pitui...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Chida, Yoichi; Hamer, Mark Source Type: journals

Property transmission: An explanatory account of the role of similarity information in causal inference.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many kinds of common and easily observed causal relations exhibit property transmission, which is a tendency for the causal object to impose its own properties on the effect object. It is proposed that property transmission becomes a general and readily available hypothesis used to make interpretations and judgments about causal questions under conditions of uncertainty, in which property transmission functions as a heuristic. The property transmission hypothesis explains why and when similarity information is used in causal inference. It can account for magical contagion beliefs, some cases of illusory correlation, the co...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: White, Peter A. Source Type: journals

Children’s understanding of second-order mental states.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews research directed to second-order false belief and other forms of higher order, recursive mentalistic reasoning. Three general issues are considered. Research directed to developmental changes indicates that preschoolers typically fail second-order tasks and that success emerges at about age 5 or 6, although results vary some with method of assessment. Research directed to the consequences of second-order competence has revealed positive relations with a number of other aspects of children’s development. Finally, measures of both language and executive function relate positively to performance on sec...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Miller, Scott A. Source Type: journals

Overnight therapy? The role of sleep in emotional brain processing.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Cognitive neuroscience continues to build meaningful connections between affective behavior and human brain function. Within the biological sciences, a similar renaissance has taken place, focusing on the role of sleep in various neurocognitive processes and, most recently, on the interaction between sleep and emotional regulation. This review surveys an array of diverse findings across basic and clinical research domains, resulting in a convergent view of sleep-dependent emotional brain processing. On the basis of the unique neurobiology of sleep, the authors outline a model describing the overnight modulation of affectiv...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Walker, Matthew P.; van der Helm, Els Source Type: journals

How does sexual minority stigma “get under the skin”? A psychological mediation framework.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sexual minorities are at increased risk for multiple mental health burdens compared with heterosexuals. The field has identified 2 distinct determinants of this risk, including group-specific minority stressors and general psychological processes that are common across sexual orientations. The goal of the present article is to develop a theoretical framework that integrates the important insights from these literatures. The framework postulates that (a) sexual minorities confront increased stress exposure resulting from stigma; (b) this stigma-related stress creates elevations in general emotion dysregulation, social/inter...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hatzenbuehler, Mark L. Source Type: journals

Psychosis as a risk factor for violence to others: A meta-analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The potential association between psychosis and violence to others has long been debated. Past research findings are mixed and appear to depend on numerous potential moderators. As such, the authors conducted a quantitative review (meta-analysis) of research on the association between psychosis and violence. A total of 885 effect sizes (odds ratios) were calculated or estimated from 204 studies on the basis of 166 independent data sets. The central tendency (median) of the effect sizes indicated that psychosis was significantly associated with a 49%–68% increase in the odds of violence. However, there was substantial dis...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - August 25, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Douglas, Kevin S.; Guy, Laura S.; Hart, Stephen D. Source Type: journals

Source monitoring 15 years later: What have we learned from fMRI about the neural mechanisms of source memory?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Focusing primarily on functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), this article reviews evidence regarding the roles of subregions of the medial temporal lobes, prefrontal cortex, posterior representational areas, and parietal cortex in source memory. In addition to evidence from standard episodic memory tasks assessing accuracy for neutral information, the article considers studies assessing the qualitative characteristics of memories, the encoding and remembering of emotional information, and false memories, as well as evidence from populations that show disrupted source memory (older adults, individuals with depression...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mitchell, Karen J.; Johnson, Marcia K. Source Type: journals

Rethinking environmental contributions to child and adolescent psychopathology: A meta-analysis of shared environmental influences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Behavioral genetic research has concluded that the more important environmental influences result in differences between siblings (referred to as nonshared; e²), whereas environmental influences that create similarities between siblings (referred to as shared; c²) are indistinguishable from zero. However, there is mounting evidence that during childhood and adolescence, c² may make important contributions to most forms of psychopathology. The aim of the meta-analysis was to empirically confirm this hypothesis. The author examined twin and adoption studies (n = 490) of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology prio...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Burt, S. Alexandra Source Type: journals

A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between attentional bias and subjective craving in substance abuse.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Theoretical models of addiction suggest that attentional bias for substance-related cues should be associated with self-reported craving. The authors evaluated the strength of the association by performing a meta-analysis on 68 independent data sets from which correlation coefficients between subjective craving and attentional bias indices were derived. Additional stratified analyses were conducted to identify any variables that might moderate the association between craving and attentional bias. The primary meta-analysis indicated a significant, albeit weak (r = .19), association between attentional bias and craving. Stra...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Field, Matt; Munafò, Marcus R.; Franken, Ingmar H. A. Source Type: journals

Feeling validated versus being correct: A meta-analysis of selective exposure to information.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A meta-analysis assessed whether exposure to information is guided by defense or accuracy motives. The studies examined information preferences in relation to attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in situations that provided choices between congenial information, which supported participants’ pre-existing attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors, and uncongenial information, which challenged these tendencies. Analyses indicated a moderate preference for congenial over uncongenial information (d = 0.36). As predicted, this congeniality bias was moderated by variables that affect the strength of participants’ defense motivation and ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hart, William; Albarracín, Dolores; Eagly, Alice H.; Lindberg, Matthew J.; Merrill, Lisa; Brechan, Inge Source Type: journals

Perceived discrimination and health: A meta-analytic review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Perceived discrimination has been studied with regard to its impact on several types of health effects. This meta-analysis provides a comprehensive account of the relationships between multiple forms of perceived discrimination and both mental and physical health outcomes. In addition, this meta-analysis examines potential mechanisms by which perceiving discrimination may affect health, including through psychological and physiological stress responses and health behaviors. Analysis of 134 samples suggests that when weighting each study’s contribution by sample size, perceived discrimination has a significant negative ef...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Pascoe, Elizabeth A.; Smart Richman, Laura Source Type: journals

A dual-process model of the alcohol–behavior link for social drinking.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A dual-process model of the alcohol–behavior link is presented, synthesizing 2 of the major social–cognitive approaches: expectancy and myopia theories. Substantial evidence has accrued to support both of these models, and recent neurocognitive models of the effects of alcohol on thought and behavior have provided evidence to support both as well. While proponents of these theories have not suggested that they are mutually exclusive views on how alcohol affects behavior, attempts to synthesize the 2 have been conspicuously absent. The dual-process model presented suggests that the alcohol–behavior link is better reco...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Moss, Antony C.; Albery, Ian P. Source Type: journals

Editorial.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
There are few experiences, in S. P. Hinshaw's view, like reading a systematic, integrative, authoritative, and commanding review of the literature on a topic of interest. Such reviews inspire appreciation for good science and for the importance of psychology as a field. For over a century, Psychological Bulletin has been the leading source of such systematic review articles for the entire discipline of psychology. In this inaugural editorial Hinshaw aims to discuss, in brief fashion, the nature of systematic review articles, the kinds of features that are critical in getting a manuscript to cross the high bar of acceptance...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - July 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hinshaw, Stephen P. Source Type: journals

A biosocial developmental model of borderline personality: Elaborating and extending linehan’s theory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Over the past several decades, research has focused increasingly on developmental precursors to psychological disorders that were previously assumed to emerge only in adulthood. This change in focus follows from the recognition that complex transactions between biological vulnerabilities and psychosocial risk factors shape emotional and behavioral development beginning at conception. To date, however, empirical research on the development of borderline personality is extremely limited. Indeed, in the decade since M. M. Linehan initially proposed a biosocial model of the development of borderline personality disorder, there...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Crowell, Sheila E.; Beauchaine, Theodore P.; Linehan, Marsha M. Source Type: journals

Moral agency and the sexual transmission of HIV.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sexual transmission of HIV occurs because an infected person has unprotected sex with a previously uninfected person. The majority of HIV infections are transmitted by individuals who are unaware of their infection, and most persons who are diagnosed with HIV significantly reduce or eliminate risk behaviors once they learn they have HIV. However, a minority of known-infected individuals engage in transmission risk behavior, sometimes without disclosure to their partners. Such behavior may involve a breakdown or temporary suspension of moral mechanisms, such as personal responsibility beliefs and anticipatory self-evaluativ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: O’Leary, Ann; Wolitski, Richard J. Source Type: journals

Mechanisms of masked priming: A meta-analysis.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The extent to which unconscious information can influence behavior has been a topic of considerable debate throughout the history of psychology. A frequently used method for studying subliminal processing is the masked priming paradigm. The authors focused on studies in which this paradigm was used. Their aim was twofold: first, to assess the magnitude of subliminal priming across the literature and to determine whether subliminal primes are processed semantically, and second, to examine potential moderators of priming effects. The authors found significant priming in their analyses, indicating that unconsciously presented...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Van den Bussche, Eva; Van den Noortgate, Wim; Reynvoet, Bert Source Type: journals

Internal and external moderators of the effect of variety on food intake.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many factors contribute to how much we eat. One such factor is the variety of different foods available. The current article reviews the variety literature with a specific focus on the factors that moderate the effects of variety on food intake and that moderate the processes that may underlie the variety effect (i.e., sensory-specific satiety and monotony). The moderators have been categorized as being of either an internal nature or an external nature. The literature suggests that internal moderators, including characteristics such as gender, weight, and dietary restraint, do not act as moderators of the variety effect. ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Remick, Abigail K.; Polivy, Janet; Pliner, Patricia Source Type: journals

The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating disorders: Meta-analysis and implications for DSM.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) is the most prevalent eating disorder (ED) diagnosis. In this meta-analysis, the authors aimed to inform Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders revisions by comparing the psychopathology of EDNOS with that of the officially recognized EDs: anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED). A comprehensive literature search identified 125 eligible studies (published and unpublished) appearing in the literature from 1987 to 2007. Random effects analyses indicated that whereas EDNOS did not differ significantly from AN and BED on eating ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Thomas, Jennifer J.; Vartanian, Lenny R.; Brownell, Kelly D. Source Type: journals

The cognitive and neural correlates of tactile memory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Tactile memory systems are involved in the storage and retrieval of information about stimuli that impinge on the body surface and objects that people explore haptically. Here, the authors review the behavioral, neuropsychological, neurophysiological, and neuroimaging research on tactile memory. This body of research reveals that tactile memory can be subdivided into a number of functionally distinct neurocognitive subsystems, just as is the case with auditory and visual memory. Some of these subsystems are peripheral and short lasting and others are more central and long lasting. The authors highlight evidence showing tha...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gallace, Alberto; Spence, Charles Source Type: journals

Theoretical claims necessitate basic research: Reply to Gawronski, Lebel, Peters, and Banse (2009) and Nosek and Greenwald (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors of this reply article note that B. Gawronski, E. P. LeBel, K. R. Peters, and R. Banse (see record 2009-05290-002) (a) expressed agreement in their comment with the analysis put forward in the target article (J. De Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, & A. Moors) (see record 2009-05290-001) and (b) pointed to a further implication for the way in which the implicitness of a measure should be examined. The current authors note that B. A. Nosek and A. G. Greenwald (see record 2009-05290-003), on the other hand, raised questions in their comment about the definition of the concept “implicit” in the target arti...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: De Houwer, Jan; Teige-Mocigemba, Sarah; Spruyt, Adriaan; Moors, Agnes Source Type: journals

(Part of) the case for a pragmatic approach to validity: Comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In their review of validity of the Implicit Association Test and affective priming, J. De Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, and A. Moors (see record 2009-05290-001) identified validity with establishment of “basic theoretical understanding” of the measures. It is agreed that theoretical understanding has an important role in making measures more valid and useful. Nevertheless, the authors conclude that scientific advancement will more often be well served by prioritizing pragmatic goals of establishing the predictive validity of the measures and their adequate sensitivity to individual differences. (PsycINFO Datab...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nosek, Brian A.; Greenwald, Anthony G. Source Type: journals

Methodological issues in the validation of implicit measures: Comment on De Houwer, Teige-Mocigemba, Spruyt, and Moors (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
J. De Houwer, S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, and A. Moors’s (see record 2009-05290-001) normative analysis of implicit measures provides an excellent clarification of several conceptual ambiguities surrounding the validation and use of implicit measures. The current comment discusses an important, yet unacknowledged, implication of J. De Houwer et al.’s analysis, namely, that investigations addressing the proposed implicitness criterion (i.e., does the relevant psychological attribute influence measurement outcomes in an automatic fashion?) will be susceptible to fundamental misinterpretations if they are conducted ind...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gawronski, Bertram; LeBel, Etienne P.; Peters, Kurt R.; Banse, Rainer Source Type: journals

Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Implicit measures can be defined as outcomes of measurement procedures that are caused in an automatic manner by psychological attributes. To establish that a measurement outcome is an implicit measure, one should examine (a) whether the outcome is causally produced by the psychological attribute it was designed to measure, (b) the nature of the processes by which the attribute causes the outcome, and (c) whether these processes operate automatically. This normative analysis provides a heuristic framework for organizing past and future research on implicit measures. The authors illustrate the heuristic function of their fr...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - April 29, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: De Houwer, Jan; Teige-Mocigemba, Sarah; Spruyt, Adriaan; Moors, Agnes Source Type: journals

On the pursuit of sound science for the betterment of the american indian community: Reply to beals et al. (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors of this reply argue that ongoing criticism of existing theories, the development of alternative theories, and empirical theory tests offer the best chance for advancing American Indian research. The authors therefore note their appreciation for the comments of J. Beals et al. (see record 2009-02580-012). The authors nevertheless disagree with many of the specific claims of Beals et al., noting that in their original article (see record 2007-06095-002), (a) the characterization of the existing literature on reservation-dwelling American Indian drinking was accurate; (b) no argument made by Beals et al. undermine...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Spillane, Nichea S.; Smith, Gregory T. Source Type: journals

Reflections on a proposed theory of reservation-dwelling American Indian alcohol use: Comment on Spillane and Smith (2007).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In their recent article, N. Spillane and G. Smith (see record 2007-06095-002) suggested that reservation-dwelling American Indians have higher rates of problem drinking than do either non–American Indians or those American Indians living in nonreservation settings. These authors further argued that problematic alcohol use patterns in reservation communities are due to the lack of contingencies between drinking and “standard life reinforcers” (SLRs), such as employment, housing, education, and health care. This comment presents evidence that these arguments were based on a partial review of the literature. Weaknesses ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Beals, Janette; Belcourt-Dittloff, Annie; Freedenthal, Stacey; Kaufman, Carol; Mitchell, Christina; Whitesell, Nancy; Albright, Karen; Beauvais, Fred; Belcourt, Gordon; Duran, Bonnie; Fleming, Candace; Floersch, Natasha; Foley, Kevin; Jervis, Lori; Kipp, Source Type: journals

A meta-analysis of the five-factor model of personality and academic performance.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reports a meta-analysis of personality–academic performance relationships, based on the 5-factor model, in which cumulative sample sizes ranged to over 70,000. Most analyzed studies came from the tertiary level of education, but there were similar aggregate samples from secondary and tertiary education. There was a comparatively smaller sample derived from studies at the primary level. Academic performance was found to correlate significantly with Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. Where tested, correlations between Conscientiousness and academic performance were largely independent of intellige...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Poropat, Arthur E. Source Type: journals

Disgust as a disease-avoidance mechanism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many researchers have claimed that the emotion of disgust functions to protect us from disease. Although there have been several discussions of this hypothesis, none have yet reviewed the evidence in its entirety. The authors derive 14 hypotheses from a disease-avoidance account and evaluate the evidence for each, drawing upon research on pathogen avoidance in animals and empirical research on disgust. In all but 1 case, the evidence favors a disease-avoidance account. It is suggested that disgust is evoked by objects/people that possess particular types of prepared features that connote disease. Such simple disgusts are d...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Oaten, Megan; Stevenson, Richard J.; Case, Trevor I. Source Type: journals

Extending the functional cerebral systems theory of emotion to the vestibular modality: A systematic and integrative approach.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Throughout history, vestibular and emotional dysregulation have often manifested together in clinical settings, with little consideration that they may have a common basis. Regarding vestibular mechanisms, the role of brainstem and cerebellar structures has been emphasized in the neurological literature, whereas emotion processing in the cerebral hemispheres has been the focus in psychology. A conceptual model is proposed that links research in the 2 disparate fields by means of a functional cerebral systems framework. The claim is that frontal regions exert regulatory control over posterior systems for sensation and auton...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Carmona, Joseph E.; Holland, Alissa K.; Harrison, David W. Source Type: journals

What's next? Judging sequences of binary events.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors review research on judgments of random and nonrandom sequences involving binary events with a focus on studies documenting gambler's fallacy and hot hand beliefs. The domains of judgment include random devices, births, lotteries, sports performances, stock prices, and others. After discussing existing theories of sequence judgments, the authors conclude that in many everyday settings people have naive complex models of the mechanisms they believe generate observed events, and they rely on these models for explanations, predictions, and other inferences about event sequences. The authors next introduce an explan...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Oskarsson, An T.; Van Boven, Leaf; McClelland, Gary H.; Hastie, Reid Source Type: journals

Women's underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The underrepresentation of women at the top of math-intensive fields is controversial, with competing claims of biological and sociocultural causation. The authors develop a framework to delineate possible causal pathways and evaluate evidence for each. Biological evidence is contradictory and inconclusive. Although cross-cultural and cross-cohort differences suggest a powerful effect of sociocultural context, evidence for specific factors is inconsistent and contradictory. Factors unique to underrepresentation in math-intensive fields include the following: (a) Math-proficient women disproportionately prefer careers in no...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ceci, Stephen J.; Williams, Wendy M.; Barnett, Susan M. Source Type: journals

Anger and approach: Reply to Watson (2009) and to Tomarken and Zald (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article responds briefly to these issues. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2009 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Psychological Bulletin)
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Carver, Charles S.; Harmon-Jones, Eddie Source Type: journals

Conceptual, methodological, and empirical ambiguities in the linkage between anger and approach: Comment on Carver and Harmon-Jones (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
C. S. Carver and E. Harmon-Jones (see record 2009-02580-003) have made an important contribution to the understanding of anger, its linkage to higher order dimensions of emotion, and potential neurobiological substrates. The authors believe, however, that their model and future research conducted to test it would be improved by a more precise explication and parsing of the primary constructs, a clearer articulation of the relation between anger and approach, and the use of methods for assessing brain activation that are more precise than the electroencephalogram. Neuroimaging studies reviewed generally fail to corroborate ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Tomarken, Andrew J.; Zald, David H. Source Type: journals

Locating anger in the hierarchical structure of affect: Comment on Carver and Harmon-Jones (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
C. S. Carver and E. Harmon-Jones (see record 2009-02580-003) have presented considerable evidence to support their argument that “anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system” (p. 183). However, they have failed to take sufficient account of the extensive psychometric data indicating that anger is strongly related to anxiety (and other negative affects) and more weakly associated with the positive affects. Considering all of the available evidence, the most accurate conclusion is that anger shows both approach and avoidance prope...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Watson, David Source Type: journals

Anger is an approach-related affect: Evidence and implications.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The authors review a range of evidence concerning the motivational underpinnings of anger as an affect, with particular reference to the relationship between anger and anxiety or fear. The evidence supports the view that anger relates to an appetitive or approach motivational system, whereas anxiety relates to an aversive or avoidance motivational system. This evidence appears to have 2 implications. One implication concerns the nature of anterior cortical asymmetry effects. The evidence suggests that such asymmetry reflects direction of motivational engagement (approach vs. withdrawal) rather than affective valence. The o...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Carver, Charles S.; Harmon-Jones, Eddie Source Type: journals

Time to let go of the illusion that psychotherapy extends the survival of cancer patients: Reply to Kraemer, Kuchler, and Spiegel (2009).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Replies to comments from Kraemer, Kuchler, and Spiegel (see record 2009-02580-001) on the authors original article Psychotherapy and survival in cancer: The conflict between hope and evidence (see record 2007-06095-001). The authors recently reviewed evidence related to the notion that psychotherapy extends survival in cancer patients (J. C. Coyne, M. Stefanek, & S. C. Palmer, 2007). The authors found that no study to date, including several designed and powered to test this hypothesis, can be reasonably interpreted as evidence that cancer patients live longer as a result of receiving psychotherapy. The authors concluded t...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Coyne, James C.; Thombs, Brett D.; Stefanek, Michael; Palmer, Steven C. Source Type: journals

Use and misuse of the consolidated standards of reporting trials (CONSORT) guidelines to assess research findings: Comment on Coyne, Stefanek, and Palmer (2007).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Comments on the article titled Psychotherapy and survival in cancer: The conflict between hope and evidence by J. C. Coyne, M. Stefanek, and S. C. Palmer (see record 2007-06095-001).The basic principles underlying randomized clinical trials have been known for more than 50 years. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) guidelines, published in 1996 and based on those principles, are a valuable guide to what needs to be reported from any trial within word-limit constraints, but they do not provide guidelines to the decisions that have to be made to generate a trial with credible results. Using these guideli...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - March 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kraemer, Helena C.; Kuchler, Thomas; Spiegel, David Source Type: journals

"Cancer-related fatigue: A systematic and meta-analytic review of non-pharmacological therapies for cancer patients": Correction to Kangas, Bovbjerg, and Montgomery (2008).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reports an error in "Cancer-related fatigue: A systematic and meta-analytic review of non-pharmacological therapies for cancer patients" by Maria Kangas, Dana H. Bovbjerg and Guy H. Montgomery (Psychological Bulletin, 2008[Sep], Vol 134[5], 700-741). The URL to the Supplemental Materials for the article is listed incorrectly in two places in the text. The incorrect listings appear on p. 704 (in the last two lines of the third paragraph) and on p. 705 (in the third and fourth lines of the first paragraph in the second column). The correct URL for the Supplemental Materials is http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0012825.supp, which i...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - January 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kangas, Maria; Bovbjerg, Dana H.; Montgomery, Guy H. Source Type: journals

Are psychotic psychopathology and neurocognition orthogonal? A systematic review of their associations.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A systematic review (58 studies, 5,009 individuals) is presented of associations between psychopathological dimensions of psychosis and measures of neurocognitive impairment in subjects with a lifetime history of nonaffective psychosis. Results showed that negative and disorganized dimensions were significantly but modestly associated with cognitive deficits (correlations from -.29 to -.12). In contrast, positive and depressive dimensions of psychopathology were not associated with neurocognitive measures. The patterns of association for the 4 psychosis dimensions were stable across neurocognitive domains and were independ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - January 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: de Gracia Dominguez, Maria; Viechtbauer, Wolfgang; Simons, Claudia J. P.; van Os, Jim; Krabbendam, Lydia Source Type: journals

Binge drinking in young adults: Data, definitions, and determinants.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Binge drinking is an increasingly important topic in alcohol research, but the field lacks empirical cohesion and definitional precision. The present review summarizes findings and viewpoints from the scientific binge-drinking literature. Epidemiological studies quantify the seriousness of alcohol-related problems arising from binge drinking, with a growing incidence reported in college-age men over the last 2 years. Experimental studies have found neurocognitive deficits for frontal lobe processing and working memory operations in binge-drinking compared with nonbinge alcohol drinkers. The findings are organized with the ...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - January 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Courtney, Kelly E.; Polich, John Source Type: journals

What works in coping with HIV? A meta-analysis with implications for coping with serious illness.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Knowledge of effective ways of coping with HIV is critical to help individuals with HIV maintain the best possible psychological and physical well-being. The purpose of the present article is to determine, through meta-analysis, the strength of the evidence regarding 2 questions: (a) Which types of coping are related to psychological and physical well-being among people with HIV? and (b) Do contextual (pre?post introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies [HAART]; time since diagnosis), measurement (HIV-related event vs. generic prompts for coping measurement), or individual (gender) variables affect the extent t...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - January 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Moskowitz, Judith Tedlie; Hult, Jen R.; Bussolari, Cori; Acree, Michael Source Type: journals

Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A meta-analytic review of empirical studies that have investigated incubation effects on problem solving is reported. Although some researchers have reported increased solution rates after an incubation period (i.e., a period of time in which a problem is set aside prior to further attempts to solve), others have failed to find effects. The analysis examined the contributions of moderators such as problem type, presence of solution-relevant or misleading cues, and lengths of preparation and incubation periods to incubation effect sizes. The authors identified a positive incubation effect, with divergent thinking tasks bene...
Source: Psychological Bulletin - January 5, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sio, Ut Na; Ormerod, Thomas C. Source Type: journals