Psychological ScienceThis is an RSS file. You can use it to subscribe to this data in your favourite RSS reader, such as GoogleReader, or to display this data on your own website or blog. Subscribe to this data using MyMedWorm.Subscribe to this data using GoogleReader.Subscribe to this data using Bloglines.Subscribe to this data using MyYahoo.

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Losing Access to the Native Language While Immersed in a Second Language: Evidence for the Role of Inhibition in Second-Language LearningEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated the effects of immersion learning for a group of university students studying abroad in Spain. Our interest was in the effect of immersion on the native language (L1), English. We tested the hypothesis that immersion benefits L2 learning as a result of attenuated influence of the L1. Participants were English-speaking learners of Spanish who were either immersed in Spanish while living in Spain or exposed to Spanish in the classroom only. Performance on both comprehension and production tasks showed that immersed learners outperformed their classroom counterparts with respect to L2 proficienc...
Source: Psychological Science - November 10, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jared A. Linck, Judith F. Kroll, Gretchen Sunderman Source Type: journals

Reward Counteracts Conflict Adaptation: Evidence for a Role of Affect in Executive ControlEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The conflict-adaptation effect has been observed in several executive-control tasks and is thought to reflect an increase in control, driven by experienced conflict. We hypothesized that if this adaptation originates from the aversive quality of conflict, it would be canceled out by a positive, rewarding event. Subjects performed an arrow flanker task with monetary gain or loss as arbitrary feedback between trials. As predicted, we found a reduction in conflict adaptation for trials in which conflict was followed by monetary gain. The strength of this gain-induced modulation was found to depend on subjects' ...
Source: Psychological Science - November 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Henk van Steenbergen, Guido P.H. Band, Bernhard Hommel Source Type: journals

Confusing One Instrumental Other for Another: Goal Effects on Social CategorizationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How do everyday goals shape the way people categorize others in the social environment? Research on social categorization has emphasized the role of feature-based categories such as race and gender, showing that people rely on such categories when perceiving and remembering others. We tested the hypothesis that social perception may depend on a new type of category[mdash]what we call "goal instrumentality," or the extent to which others are useful for an active goal. We demonstrate that people make more memory errors within the categories of "instrumental" and "noninstrumental," and fewer between-category er...
Source: Psychological Science - November 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gráinne M. Fitzsimons, James Y. Shah Source Type: journals

Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortical Activity and Behavioral InhibitionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Individuals show marked variation in their responses to threat. Such individual differences in behavioral inhibition play a profound role in mental and physical well-being. Behavioral inhibition is thought to reflect variation in the sensitivity of a distributed neural system responsible for generating anxiety and organizing defensive responses to threat and punishment. Although progress has been made in identifying the key constituents of this behavioral inhibition system in humans, the involvement of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) remains unclear. Here, we acquired self-reported Behavioral Inhibiti...
Source: Psychological Science - November 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Alexander J. Shackman, Brenton W. McMenamin, Jeffrey S. Maxwell, Lawrence L. Greischar, Richard J. Davidson Source Type: journals

The "Name-Ease" Effect and Its Dual Impact on Importance JudgmentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]We demonstrate that merely naming a research finding elicits feelings of ease (a "name-ease" effect). These feelings of ease can reduce or enhance the finding's perceived importance depending on whether people are making inferences about how understandable or how memorable the finding is. When people assess their understanding of a finding, feelings of ease reduce the finding's perceived importance. This is because people usually invest effort to understand important information but also mistakenly infer the reverse[mdash]namely, that information that requires effort to be understood is important. In contras...
Source: Psychological Science - November 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Aparna A. Labroo, Soraya Lambotte, Yan Zhang Source Type: journals

Reducing Narcissistic Aggression by Buttressing Self-Esteem: An Experimental Field StudyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report a randomized field experiment that tested whether a social-psychological intervention designed to lessen the impact of ego threat reduces narcissistic aggression. A sample of 405 young adolescents (mean age = 13.9 years) were randomly assigned to complete either a short self-affirmation writing assignment (which allowed them to reflect on their personally important values) or a control writing assignment. We expected that the self-affirmation would temporarily attenuate the ego-protective motivations that normally drive narcissists' aggression. As expected, the self-affirmation writing assignment reduced narcissi...
Source: Psychological Science - November 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sander Thomaes, Brad J. Bushman, Bram Orobio de Castro, Geoffrey L. Cohen, Jaap J.A. Denissen Source Type: journals

Differentiating Social and Personal Power: Opposite Effects on Stereotyping, but Parallel Effects on Behavioral Approach TendenciesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How does power affect behavior? We posit that this depends on the type of power. We distinguish between social power (power over other people) and personal power (freedom from other people) and argue that these two types of power have opposite associations with independence and interdependence. We propose that when the distinction between independence and interdependence is relevant, social power and personal power will have opposite effects; however, they will have parallel effects when the distinction is irrelevant. In two studies (an experimental study and a large field study), we demonstrate this by show...
Source: Psychological Science - November 9, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Joris Lammers, Janka I. Stoker, Diederik A. Stapel Source Type: journals

AcknowledgmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - November 3, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: journals

Social Learning Mechanisms and Cumulative Cultural Evolution: Is Imitation Necessary?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Cumulative cultural evolution has been suggested to account for key cognitive and behavioral attributes that distinguish modern humans from their anatomically similar ancestors, but researchers have yet to establish which cognitive mechanisms are responsible for this kind of learning and whether they are unique to humans. Here, we show that human participants' cumulative learning is not always reliant on sources of social information commonly assumed to be essential. Seven hundred participants were organized into 70 microsocieties and completed a task involving building a paper airplane. We manipulated the a...
Source: Psychological Science - November 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Christine A. Caldwell, Ailsa E. Millen Source Type: journals

Visual Parsing After Recovery From BlindnessEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How the visual system comes to bind diverse image regions into whole objects is not well understood. We recently had a unique opportunity to investigate this issue when we met three congenitally blind individuals in India. After providing them treatment, we studied the early stages of their visual skills. We found that prominent figural cues of grouping, such as good continuation and junction structure, were largely ineffective for image parsing. By contrast, motion cues were of profound significance in that they enabled intraobject integration and facilitated the development of object representations that p...
Source: Psychological Science - November 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Yuri Ostrovsky, Ethan Meyers, Suma Ganesh, Umang Mathur, Pawan Sinha Source Type: journals

Destination Memory: Stop Me if I've Told You This BeforeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Everyone has recounted a story or joke to someone only to experience a nagging feeling that they may already have told this person this information. Remembering to whom one has told what, an ability that we term destination memory, has been overlooked by researchers despite its important social ramifications. Using a novel paradigm, we demonstrate that destination memory is more fallible than source memory[mdash]remembering the person from whom one has received information (Experiment 1). In Experiments 2 and 3, we increased and decreased self-focus, obtaining support for a theoretical framework that explain...
Source: Psychological Science - November 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nigel Gopie, Colin M. MacLeod Source Type: journals

Seeking Pleasure and Seeking Pain: Differences in Prohedonic and Contra-Hedonic Motivation From Adolescence to Old AgeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Using a mobile-phone-based experience-sampling technology in a sample of 378 individuals ranging from 14 to 86 years of age, we investigated age differences in how people want to influence their feelings in their daily lives. Contra-hedonic motivations of wanting either to maintain or enhance negative affect or to dampen positive affect were most prevalent in adolescence, whereas prohedonic motivations of wanting either to maintain, but not enhance, positive affect or to dampen negative affect were most prevalent in old age. This pattern was mirrored by an age-related increase in self-reported day-to-day emo...
Source: Psychological Science - November 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michaela Riediger, Florian Schmiedek, Gert G. Wagner, Ulman Lindenberger Source Type: journals

The Restraint Bias: How the Illusion of Self-Restraint Promotes Impulsive BehaviorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Four studies examined how impulse-control beliefs[mdash]beliefs regarding one's ability to regulate visceral impulses, such as hunger, drug craving, and sexual arousal[mdash]influence the self-control process. The findings provide evidence for a restraint bias: a tendency for people to overestimate their capacity for impulse control. This biased perception of restraint had important consequences for people's self-control strategies. Inflated impulse-control beliefs led people to overexpose themselves to temptation, thereby promoting impulsive behavior. In Study 4, for example, the impulse-control beliefs of ...
Source: Psychological Science - October 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Loran F. Nordgren, Frenk van Harreveld, Joop van der Pligt Source Type: journals

Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processes in Emotion Generation: Common and Distinct Neural MechanismsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Emotions are generally thought to arise through the interaction of bottom-up and top-down processes. However, prior work has not delineated their relative contributions. In a sample of 20 females, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the neural correlates of negative emotions generated by the bottom-up perception of aversive images and by the top-down interpretation of neutral images as aversive. We found that (a) both types of responses activated the amygdala, although bottom-up responses did so more strongly; (b) bottom-up responses activated systems for attending to and encoding percep...
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Kevin N. Ochsner, Rebecca R. Ray, Brent Hughes, Kateri McRae, Jeffrey C. Cooper, Jochen Weber, John D.E. Gabrieli, James J. Gross Source Type: journals

Decoding the Large-Scale Structure of Brain Function by Classifying Mental States Across IndividualsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Brain-imaging research has largely focused on localizing patterns of activity related to specific mental processes, but recent work has shown that mental states can be identified from neuroimaging data using statistical classifiers. We investigated whether this approach could be extended to predict the mental state of an individual using a statistical classifier trained on other individuals, and whether the information gained in doing so could provide new insights into how mental processes are organized in the brain. Using a variety of classifier techniques, we achieved cross-validated classification accurac...
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Russell A. Poldrack, Yaroslav O. Halchenko, Stephen José Hanson Source Type: journals

Creating Fair Lineups for Suspects With Distinctive FeaturesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]In their descriptions, eyewitnesses often refer to a culprit's distinctive facial features. However, in a police lineup, selecting the only member with the described distinctive feature is unfair to the suspect and provides the police with little further information. For fair and informative lineups, the distinctive feature should be either replicated across foils or concealed on the target. In the present experiments, replication produced more correct identifications in target-present lineups[mdash]without increasing the incorrect identification of foils in target-absent lineups[mdash]than did concealment. ...
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Theodora Zarkadi, Kimberley A. Wade, Neil Stewart Source Type: journals

I'll Walk This Way: Eyes Reveal the Direction of Locomotion and Make Passersby Look and Go the Other WayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study shows that humans (a) infer other people's movement trajectories from their gaze direction and (b) use this information to guide their own visual scanning of the environment and plan their own movement. In two eye-tracking experiments, participants viewed an animated character walking directly toward them on a street. The character looked constantly to the left or to the right (Experiment 1) or suddenly shifted his gaze from direct to the left or to the right (Experiment 2). Participants had to decide on which side they would skirt the character. They shifted their gaze toward the direction in which the characte...
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lauri Nummenmaa, Jukka Hyönä, Jari K. Hietanen Source Type: journals

Representation of Shape in Individuals From a Culture With Minimal Exposure to Regular, Simple Artifacts: Sensitivity to Nonaccidental Versus Metric PropertiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This report provides evidence against this explanation. The Himba, a seminomadic people living in a remote region of northwestern Namibia where there is little exposure to regular, simple artifacts, were virtually identical to Western observers in their greater sensitivity to nonaccidental properties than to metric properties of simple shapes. (Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Irving Biederman, Xiaomin Yue, Jules Davidoff Source Type: journals

Death, Life, Scarcity, and Value: An Alternative Perspective on the Meaning of DeathEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]That the scarcity of objects enhances their value is a widely known principle in the behavioral sciences. In addition, research has demonstrated that attaching high value to an object produces biased perceptions of its scarcity. Three studies applied this bidirectional link between scarcity and value to the meaning of death, testing the prediction that death represents the scarcity of life. In Study 1, reminders of death led to enhanced evaluations of life. In Studies 2 and 3, the monetary (Study 2) and psychological (Study 3) value of life were manipulated. In both studies, when human life was highly valuab...
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Laura A. King, Joshua A. Hicks, Justin Abdelkhalik Source Type: journals

Self-Affirmation Enhances Attentional Bias Toward Threatening Components of a Persuasive MessageEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]We explored whether self-affirmation enhances attentional bias toward threatening elements of a persuasive message. Female alcohol consumers read an article linking alcohol to breast cancer and were then exposed supraliminally to threat and nonthreat words from the article (as well as threat and nonthreat words that did not appear in the article). Among moderately heavy drinkers who were not self-affirmed, there emerged an attentional bias away from the threatening words in the article[mdash]a result suggesting an avoidant response. However, among moderately heavy drinkers who were self-affirmed, there was a...
Source: Psychological Science - October 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: William M.P. Klein, Peter R. Harris Source Type: journals

Evidence That Self-Relevant Motives and Metaphoric Framing Interact to Influence Political and Social AttitudesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]We propose that metaphor is a mechanism by which motivational states in one conceptual domain can influence attitudes in a superficially unrelated domain. Two studies tested whether activating motives related to the self-concept influences attitudes toward social topics when the topics' metaphoric association to the motives is made salient through linguistic framing. In Study 1, heightened motivation to protect one's own body from contamination led to harsher attitudes toward immigrants entering the United States when the country was framed in body-metaphoric, rather than literal, terms. In Study 2, a self-e...
Source: Psychological Science - October 21, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mark J. Landau, Daniel Sullivan, Jeff Greenberg Source Type: journals

Ongoing Victim Suffering Increases Prejudice: The Case of Secondary Anti-SemitismEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Some people have postulated that the perception of Jews' ongoing suffering from past atrocities can result in an increase in anti-Semitism. This postulated secondary anti-Semitism is compatible with a number of psychological theories, but until now there has been no empirical evidence in support of this notion. The present study provides the first evidence that ongoing suffering evokes an increase in prejudice against the victims. However, this effect became apparent only if respondents felt obliged to respond truthfully because of a bogus pipeline (BPL); without this constraint, the perception of ongoing vi...
Source: Psychological Science - October 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Roland Imhoff, Rainer Banse Source Type: journals

Construing Collective Concerns: Increasing Cooperation by Broadening Construals in Social DilemmasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - October 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Lawrence J. Sanna, Edward C. Chang, Craig D. Parks, Lindsay A. Kennedy Source Type: journals

Suppressing Secrecy Through Metacognitive Ease: Cognitive Fluency Encourages Self-DisclosureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Understanding when people reveal unfavorable information about themselves is both practically and theoretically important. Existing research suggests that people tend not to adopt stable disclosure strategies, and consequently disclose too much information in some situations (e.g., embarrassing personal information on Facebook) and too little in other situations (e.g., risky sexual behavior to a physician during diagnosis of a possible sexually transmitted disease). We sought to identify a domain-general cue that predicts self-disclosure patterns. We found that metacognitive ease, or fluency, promoted greate...
Source: Psychological Science - October 20, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Adam L. Alter, Daniel M. Oppenheimer Source Type: journals

School Violence and the Culture of HonorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]We investigated the hypothesis that a sociocultural variable known as the culture of honor would be uniquely predictive of school-violence indicators. Controlling for demographic characteristics associated in previous studies with violent crime among adults, we found that high-school students in culture-of-honor states were significantly more likely than high-school students in non-culture-of-honor states to report having brought a weapon to school in the past month. Using data aggregated over a 20-year period, we also found that culture-of-honor states had more than twice as many school shootings per capita...
Source: Psychological Science - October 14, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ryan P. Brown, Lindsey L. Osterman, Collin D. Barnes Source Type: journals

Order in Choice: Effects of Serial Position on PreferencesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report a large-scale experiment that assessed tasting preferences in choice sets of two, three, four, or five wines. We found a large primacy effect[mdash]the first wine had a large advantage in the end-of-sequence choice. We also found that participants who were knowledgeable about wines showed a recency effect in the longer sequences. We conclude with a process model that explains our findings. (Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - October 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Antonia Mantonakis, Pauline Rodero, Isabelle Lesschaeve, Reid Hastie Source Type: journals

Selective Attention and Perceptual Load in Autism Spectrum DisorderEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]It has been suggested that the locus of selective attention (early vs. late in processing) is dependent on the perceptual load of the task. When perceptual load is low, irrelevant distractors are processed (late selection), whereas when perceptual load is high, distractor interference disappears (early selection). Attentional abnormalities have long been reported within autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and this study is the first to examine the effect of perceptual load on selective attention in this population. Fourteen adults with ASD and 23 adults without ASD performed a selective attention task with varyi...
Source: Psychological Science - October 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Anna Remington, John Swettenham, Ruth Campbell, Mike Coleman Source Type: journals

Decisions Under Distress: Stress Profiles Influence Anchoring and AdjustmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study demonstrates the importance of considering profiles of cardiovascular reactivity when examining the influence of stress on decision making. (Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - October 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Karim S. Kassam, Katrina Koslov, Wendy Berry Mendes Source Type: journals

When the Boss Feels Inadequate: Power, Incompetence, and AggressionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]When and why do power holders seek to harm other people? The present research examined the idea that aggression among the powerful is often the result of a threatened ego. Four studies demonstrated that individuals with power become aggressive when they feel incompetent in the domain of power. Regardless of whether power was measured in the workplace (Studies 1 and 4), manipulated via role recall (Study 2), or assigned in the laboratory (Study 3), it was associated with heightened aggression when paired with a lack of self-perceived competence. As hypothesized, this aggression appeared to be driven by ego th...
Source: Psychological Science - October 8, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Nathanael J. Fast, Serena Chen Source Type: journals

The Self-Organization of Explicit AttitudesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]How do minds produce explicit attitudes over several hundred milliseconds? Speeded evaluative measures have revealed implicit biases beyond cognitive control and subjective awareness, yet mental processing may culminate in an explicit attitude that feels personally endorsed and corroborates voluntary intentions. We argue that self-reported explicit attitudes derive from a continuous, temporally dynamic process, whereby multiple simultaneously conflicting sources of information self-organize into a meaningful mental representation. While our participants reported their explicit (like vs. dislike) attitudes to...
Source: Psychological Science - October 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Michael T. Wojnowicz, Melissa J. Ferguson, Rick Dale, Michael J. Spivey Source Type: journals

Accuracy and Biases in Newlyweds' Perceptions of Each Other: Not Mutually Exclusive but Mutually BeneficialEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]There has been a long-standing debate about whether having accurate self-perceptions or holding positive illusions of self is more adaptive. This debate has recently expanded to consider the role of accuracy and bias of partner perceptions in romantic relationships. In the present study, we hypothesized that because accuracy, positivity bias, and similarity bias are likely to serve distinct functions in relationships, they should all make independent contributions to the prediction of marital satisfaction. In a sample of 288 newlywed couples, we tested this hypothesis by simultaneously modeling the actor eff...
Source: Psychological Science - October 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Shanhong Luo, Anthony G. Snider Source Type: journals

No Retrieval-Induced Forgetting Under StressEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Stress affects memory, yet no study has investigated the effects of stress on memory inhibition: Remembering not only facilitates later recall, but also inhibits retrieval of related material, a phenomenon known as retrieval-induced forgetting. We investigated the effects of stress on this mechanism, which is thought to adaptively guide memory selection. Participants learned categorized lists and were then exposed to either a psychosocial laboratory stressor or a cognitively challenging control treatment. They then actively retrieved parts of the previously learned material. Finally, memory for all initially...
Source: Psychological Science - October 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Susanne Koessler, Harald Engler, Carsten Riether, Johanna Kissler Source Type: journals

Predicting Soccer Matches After Unconscious and Conscious Thought as a Function of ExpertiseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]In two experiments, we investigated the effects of expertise and mode of thought on the accuracy of people's predictions. Both experts and nonexperts predicted the results of soccer matches after conscious thought, after unconscious thought, or immediately. In Experiment 1, experts who thought unconsciously outperformed participants in all other conditions. Whereas unconscious thinkers showed a correlation between expertise and accuracy of prediction, no such relation was observed for conscious thinkers or for immediate decision makers. In Experiment 2, this general pattern was replicated. In addition, exper...
Source: Psychological Science - October 7, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Ap Dijksterhuis, Maarten W. Bos, Andries van der Leij, Rick B. van Baaren Source Type: journals

Asymmetrical Body Perception: A Possible Role for Neural Body RepresentationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Perception of one's body is related not only to the physical appearance of the body, but also to the neural representation of the body. The brain contains many body maps that systematically differ between right- and left-handed people. In general, the cortical representations of the right arm and right hand tend to be of greater area in the left hemisphere than in the right hemisphere for right-handed people, whereas these cortical representations tend to be symmetrical across hemispheres for left-handers. We took advantage of these naturally occurring differences and examined perceived arm length in right- ...
Source: Psychological Science - September 24, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sally A. Linkenauger, Jessica K. Witt, Jonathan Z. Bakdash, Jeanine K. Stefanucci, Dennis R. Proffitt Source Type: journals

The Unconscious Eye Opener: Pupil Dilation Reveals Strategic Recruitment of Resources Upon Presentation of Subliminal Reward CuesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - September 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Erik Bijleveld, Ruud Custers, Henk Aarts Source Type: journals

A Picture's Worth: Partner Photographs Reduce Experimentally Induced PainEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
(Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - September 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sarah L. Master, Naomi I. Eisenberger, Shelley E. Taylor, Bruce D. Naliboff, David Shirinyan, Matthew D. Lieberman Source Type: journals

When Are Attention and Saccade Preparation Dissociated?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]To understand the mechanisms of visual attention, it is crucial to know the relationship between attention and saccades. Some theories propose a close relationship, whereas others view the attention and saccade systems as completely independent. One possible way to resolve this controversy is to distinguish between the maintenance and shifting of attention. The present study used a novel paradigm that allowed simultaneous measurement of attentional allocation and saccade preparation. Saccades toward the location where attention was maintained were either facilitated or suppressed depending on the probability...
Source: Psychological Science - September 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Artem V. Belopolsky, Jan Theeuwes Source Type: journals

Suppression During Binocular Rivalry Broadens Orientation TuningEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]During binocular-rivalry suppression, an ordinarily visible stimulus is erased from awareness, but how is the sensory representation of that stimulus affected? Although it is established that rivalry suppression attenuates signal strength, the influence of suppression on signal fidelity remains unknown. Here, we show that noise plays a hitherto undiscovered role in the degradation of the percept under suppression. In Experiment 1, we measured psychometric functions for a stimulus presented under dominance and suppression, and found that the slope of these functions was shallower under suppression[mdash]a res...
Source: Psychological Science - September 23, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sam Ling, Randolph Blake Source Type: journals

The Left Hand Doesn't Know What the Right Hand Is Doing: The Disruptive Effects of Attention to the Hands in Skilled TypewritingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Everyone knows that attention to the details disrupts skilled performance, but little empirical evidence documents this fact. We show that attention to the hands disrupts skilled typewriting. We had skilled typists type words preceded by cues that told them to type only the letters assigned to one hand or to type all of the letters. Cuing the hands disrupted performance markedly, slowing typing and increasing the error rate (Experiment 1); these deleterious effects were observed even when no keystrokes were actually inhibited (Experiment 3). However, cuing the same letters with colors was not disruptive (Exp...
Source: Psychological Science - September 17, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Gordon D. Logan, Matthew J.C. Crump Source Type: journals

Two Forms of Spatial Imagery: Neuroimaging EvidenceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study provides evidence that spatial imagery is not a single faculty; rather, visualizing spatial location and mentally transforming location rely on distinct neural networks. Using 3-T functional magnetic resonance imaging, we tested 16 participants (8 male, 8 female) in each of two spatial imagery tasks[mdash]one that required visualizing location and one that required mentally rotating stimuli. The same stimuli were used in the two tasks. The location-based task engendered more activation near the occipito-parietal sulcus, medial posterior cingulate, and precuneus, whereas the transformation task engendered more ac...
Source: Psychological Science - September 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: William L. Thompson, Scott D. Slotnick, Marie S. Burrage, Stephen M. Kosslyn Source Type: journals

How Does Stigma "Get Under the Skin"?: The Mediating Role of Emotion RegulationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Stigma is a risk factor for mental health problems, but few studies have considered how stigma leads to psychological distress. The present research examined whether specific emotion-regulation strategies account for the stigma-distress association. In an experience-sampling study, rumination and suppression occurred more on days when stigma-related stressors were reported than on days when these stressors were not reported, and rumination mediated the relationship between stigma-related stress and psychological distress. The effect of social support on distress was moderated by the concealability of the sti...
Source: Psychological Science - September 16, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Mark L. Hatzenbuehler, Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, John Dovidio Source Type: journals

Arbitrary Social Norms Influence Sex Differences in Romantic SelectivityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Men tend to be less selective than women when evaluating and pursuing potential romantic partners. The present experiment employed speed-dating procedures to test a novel explanation for this sex difference: The mere act of physically approaching a potential romantic partner (vs. being approached), a behavior that is more characteristic of men than of women, increases one's attraction to that partner. This hypothesis was supported in a sample of speed daters (N= 350) who attended a heterosexual event where either men (eight events) or women (seven events) rotated from one partner to the next while members of...
Source: Psychological Science - September 15, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Eli J. Finkel, Paul W. Eastwick Source Type: journals

Social-Evaluative Threat and Proinflammatory Cytokine Regulation: An Experimental Laboratory InvestigationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study experimentally tested whether a stressor characterized by social-evaluative threat (SET), a context in which the self can be judged negatively by others, would elicit increases in proinflammatory cytokine activity and alter the regulation of this response. This hypothesis was derived in part from research on immunological responses to social threat in nonhuman animals. Healthy female participants were assigned to perform a speech and a math task in the presence or absence of an evaluative audience (SET or non-SET, respectively). As hypothesized, stimulated production of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosi...
Source: Psychological Science - September 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Sally S. Dickerson, Shelly L. Gable, Michael R. Irwin, Najib Aziz, Margaret E. Kemeny Source Type: journals

Sequential Dynamics of Culturally Moderated Facial Expressions of EmotionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We examined the emotional displays of Olympic athletes across time, classified their expressive styles, and tested the association between those styles and a number of characteristics associated with the countries the athletes represented. Athletes from relatively urban, individualistic cultures expressed their emotions more, whereas athletes from less urban, collectivistic cultures masked their emotions more. These culturally influenced expressions occurred within a few seconds after initial, immediate, and universal emotional displays. Thus, universal and culture-specific emotional displays can unfold across time in an i...
Source: Psychological Science - September 13, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: David Matsumoto, Bob Willingham, Andres Olide Source Type: journals

Consumption After a Diet Violation: Disinhibition or Compensation?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Previous research, restricted to the laboratory, has found that restrained eaters overeat after they violate their diet. However, there has been no evidence showing that this same process occurs outside the lab. We hypothesized that outside of this artificial setting, restrained eaters would be able to control their eating. In Study 1, 127 participants reported hourly on their diet violations and eating over 2 days. In Study 2, 89 participants tracked their intake for 8 days, and 50 of these participants consumed a milk shake (a diet violation) on Day 7, as part of an ostensibly unrelated study. As hypothesi...
Source: Psychological Science - September 2, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: A. Janet Tomiyama, Ashley Moskovich, Kate Byrne Haltom, Tiffany Ju, Traci Mann Source Type: journals

The Thermometer of Social Relations: Mapping Social Proximity on TemperatureEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]"Holding warm feelings toward someone" and "giving someone the cold shoulder" indicate different levels of social proximity. In this article, we show effects of temperature that go beyond these metaphors people live by. In three experiments, warmer conditions, compared with colder conditions, induced (a) greater social proximity, (b) use of more concrete language, and (c) a more relational focus. Different temperature conditions were created by either handing participants warm or cold beverages (Experiment 1) or placing them in comfortable warm or cold ambient conditions (Experiments 2 and 3). These studies ...
Source: Psychological Science - September 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Hans IJzerman, Gün R. Semin Source Type: journals

Causal Binding of Actions to Their EffectsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report results that suggest a reversal of Hume's conjecture: People's sense of time is warped by the experience of causality. In a stimulus-anticipation task, participants' response behavior reflected a shortened experience of time in the case of target stimuli participants themselves had generated, relative to equidistant, equally predictable stimuli they had not caused. These findings suggest that causality in the mind leads to temporal binding of cause and effect, and extend and generalize beyond earlier claims of intentional binding between action and outcome. (Source: Psychological Science)
Source: Psychological Science - September 1, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Marc J. Buehner, Gruffydd R. Humphreys Source Type: journals

Dramatic Increase in Heritability of Cognitive Development From Early to Middle Childhood: An 8-Year Longitudinal Study of 8,700 Pairs of TwinsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]The generalist genes hypothesis implies that general cognitive ability (g) is an essential target for understanding how genetic polymorphisms influence the development of the human brain. Using 8,791 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study, we examine genetic stability and change in the etiology of g assessed by diverse measures during the critical transition from early to middle childhood. The heritability of a latent g factor in early childhood is 23%, whereas shared environment accounts for 74% of the variance. In contrast, in middle childhood, heritability of a latent g factor is 62%, and share...
Source: Psychological Science - August 31, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Oliver S.P. Davis, Claire M.A. Haworth, Robert Plomin Source Type: journals

The Teddy-Bear Effect: Does Having a Baby Face Benefit Black Chief Executive Officers?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
ABSTRACT[mdash]Prior research suggests that having a baby face is negatively correlated with success among White males in high positions of leadership. However, we explored the positive role of such "babyfaceness" in the success of high-ranking Black executives. Two studies revealed that Black chief executive officers (CEOs) were significantly more baby-faced than White CEOs. Black CEOs were also judged as being warmer than White CEOs, even though ordinary Blacks were rated categorically as being less warm than ordinary Whites. In addition, baby-faced Black CEOs tended to lead more prestigious corporations and earned highe...
Source: Psychological Science - August 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Robert W. Livingston, Nicholas A. Pearce Source Type: journals

Emotional Conception: How Embodied Emotion Concepts Guide Perception and Facial ActionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study assessed embodied simulation via electromyography (EMG) as participants first encoded emotionally ambiguous faces with emotion concepts (i.e., "angry,""happy") and later passively viewed the faces without the concepts. Memory for the faces was also measured. At initial encoding, participants displayed more smiling-related EMG activity in response to faces paired with "happy" than in response to faces paired with "angry." Later, in the absence of concepts, participants remembered happiness-encoded faces as happier than anger-encoded faces. Further, during passive reexposure to the ambiguous faces, participants' E...
Source: Psychological Science - August 30, 2009 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Authors: Jamin Halberstadt, Piotr Winkielman, Paula M. Niedenthal, Nathalie Dalle Source Type: journals