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Effects of Cefaclor on Gastric Emptying and Cholecystokinin Release in Healthy Humans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Cefaclor, when given before a meal in the form of a capsule, does not stimulate CCK release or slow gastric emptying in healthy humans. PMID: 19914303 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 12, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ma J, Bellon M, Wishart JM, Young RL, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Rayner CK Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Changes of substance P during fracture healing in ovariectomized mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, fracture healing is inferior in OVX-induced bone loss and associated with a significant decrease of substance P. substance P may play an important role during osteoporotic fracture healing. PMID: 19903498 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 7, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Ding WG, Zhang ZM, Zhang YH, Jiang SD, Jiang LS, Dai LY Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Peptide therapy with pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in traumatic nerve injury.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We focused on the healing of rat transected sciatic nerve and improvement made by stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (10microg, 10ng/kg) applied shortly after injury (i) intraperitoneally/intragastrically/locally, at the site of anastomosis, or after (ii) non-anastomozed nerve tubing (7mm nerve segment resected) directly into the tube. Improvement was shown clinically (autotomy), microscopically/morphometrically and functionally (EMG, one or two months post-injury, walking recovery (sciatic functional index (SFI)) at weekly intervals). BPC 157-rats exhibited faster axonal regeneration: histomorphometrically (impro...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 7, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Gjurasin M, Miklic P, Zupancic B, Perovic D, Zarkovic K, Brcic L, Kolenc D, Radic B, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

The effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-2 on arterial blood flow and cardiac parameters.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: SC GLP-2 increased SMA blood flow, as previously shown, but elicited no changes in other vascular sites. CO and HR increased significantly, presumably due to the increased mesenteric blood flow. PMID: 19900491 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 6, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bremholm L, Hornum M, Andersen UB, Holst JJ Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

The protective effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide on gastric mucosa injury after cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
High is the incidence of gastrointestinal dysfunction induced by cerebrovascular disease. However, little is known about the effects of CGRP on gastrointestinal injuries induced by cerebrovascular disease. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on gastric mucosa injury after focal cerebral ischemia reperfusion in rats. Thirty healthy adult male Wistar rats were selected for this experiment and were randomly divided into CGRP-treated, sham-operated, and control groups, respectively. Ten rats were involved in each group. Focal cerebral ischemia...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 6, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Feng G, Xu X, Wang Q, Liu Z, Li Z, Liu G Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Fasting plasma levels of nesfatin-1 in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and the nutrient-related fluctuation of nesfatin-1 level in normal humans.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusionwe showed that fasting nesfatin-1were significantly lower in T2 DM patients compared to healthy subjects and T1 DM patients. The significance of this result is unclear but the reduction in fasting nesfatin-1 may be one of the appetite-related hormones involved in diabetic hyperphagia. In addition, neither glucose nor saline ingestions affected plasma nesfatin-1, suggesting that gastric chemosensation is not sufficient for the nesfatin-1 response under the present conditions. PMID: 19896982 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 5, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Li QC, Wang HY, Chen X, Guan HZ, Jiang ZY Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Soybean beta51-63 peptide stimulates cholecystokinin secretion via a calcium-sensing receptor in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We previously demonstrated that intraduodenal administration of an arginine-rich beta51-63 peptide in soybean beta-conglycinin suppresses food intake via cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion in rats. However, the cellular mechanisms by which the beta51-63 peptide induces CCK secretion remain to be clarified. In the present study, we examined whether the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) mediates beta51-63-induced CCK secretion in murine CCK-producing enteroendocrine cell line STC-1. CCK secretion and changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in response to beta51-63 peptide were measured in STC-1 cells under ...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 5, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Nakajima S, Hira T, Eto Y, Asano K, Hara H Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Modulation of granulocyte functions by peptide YY in the rat: Age-related differences in Y receptors expression and plasma dipeptidyl peptidase 4 activity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the diverse age-related anti-inflammatory effect of PYY in rats originates from different expression levels of Y1, Y2, and Y5 receptor subtypes in addition to different plasma DP4 activity. PMID: 19896984 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 5, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Dimitrijević M, Stanojević S, Mitić K, Kuštrimović N, Vujić V, Miletić T, Kovačević-Jovanović V Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Increased expression of (pro)renin receptor in the remnant kidneys of 5/6 nephrectomized rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Recent studies have revealed that (pro)renin receptor ((P)RR), a newly identified member of the renin-angiotensin system, is associated with renal organ damage. However, there is little information regarding the regulation of (P)RR expression in various pathophysiological conditions. We therefore examined the expression of (P)RR in the remnant kidneys of rats with renal mass ablation due to 5/6 nephrectomy by quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Expression levels of (P)RR mRNA were significantly increased in the remnant kidneys at day 56 after nephrectomy, when compared with sham operati...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 5, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Hirose T, Mori N, Totsune K, Morimoto R, Maejima T, Kawamura T, Metoki H, Asayama K, Kikuya M, Ohkubo T, Kohzuki M, Takahashi K, Imai Y Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Cytoskeleton mediates negative inotropism and lusitropism of chromogranin A-derived peptides (human vasostatin1-78 and rat CgA1-64) in the rat heart.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study investigates, on the isolated Langendorff perfused rat heart, whether cardiac cytoskeleton is involved in the modulation of contractility and relaxation exerted by hrVS-1 and rCgA1-64. Cytoskeleton impairment by either Cytochalasin-D (actin polymerization inhibitor), BDM (myosin ATP-ase antagonist) or Wortmannin (inhibitor of PI3-K/Akt transduction cascade), or W-7 (calcium-calmodulin antagonist) abolished hrVS-1 and rCgA1-64-mediated inotropism and lusitropsm. Using fluorescent phalloidin, we showed on rat cardiac H9C2 cells that hrVS-1 (10nM/10microM) stimulates actin polymerization.Taken together these data i...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - November 4, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Angelone T, Quintieri AM, Goumon Y, Di Felice V, Filice E, Gattuso A, Mazza R, Corti A, Tota B, Metz-Boutigue MH, Cerra MC Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Corticotropin-releasing hormone attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor release from human HaCaT keratinocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: CRH might downregulate the expression of VEGF through the CRH-R1 and MAPK (p38 MAPK and JNK1/2) signaling pathways in human HaCaT cells. PMID: 19852986 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - October 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zhou CL, Yu XJ, Chen LM, Jiang H, Li CY Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Altered regulation of renal nitric oxide, atrial natriuretic peptide and cyclooxygenase systems in aldosterone escape in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the upregulation of nNOS, ANP, and COX-2 may be causally related with the aldosterone escape. PMID: 19846045 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - October 18, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bae EH, Cho HJ, Kim IJ, Joo SY, Shin JH, Ma SK, Lee J, Kim SW Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Structure and Function Relationships of Three Novel hGHRH-GGC Analogs.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is one of the hypothalamus hormones. For its potential applications in agriculture and medicine, GHRH analog with higher activity and longer half-life has been looked for. By using the fusion expression with unique acid labile linker Asp-Pro and biochemical purification, the three novel GHRH peptides, Pro-Pro-hGHRH(1-44)-Gly-Gly-Cys, Pro-hGHRH(1-44)-Gly-Gly-Cys, and (1)Pro-GHRH(2-44)-Gly-Gly-Cys, were obtained. The peptide molecular weight with 5,455, 5,373, or 5,210Da measured by EIS-MS is coincident with the actual values. The peptides at 0.1-10mug/ml increased rat pituitary GH...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - October 6, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Tang SS, Du MH, Zhang JH, Kong X, Liu JJ Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Prepro-orexin and feeding-related peptide receptors expression in dehydration-induced anorexia.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Food-restricted animals present metabolic adaptations that facilitate food-seeking behavior and decelerate energy utilization by reducing the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis function. Stress by dehydration induces an anorexic behavior in rats, loss of weight and reduced food intake when compared to ad libitum fed animals, however these alterations are accompanied by HPT axis changes such as increased serum thyrotropin levels and enhanced expression of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, which is considered as anorexigenic peptide. In contrast, a pair-fed gro...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: García-Luna C, Amaya MI, Alvarez-Salas E, de Gortari P Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Melittin promotes exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells through the activation of phospholipase A(2).Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Regulated exocytosis requires the formation of trans-SNARE complexes that assemble at the interface between vesicles and the plasma membrane. Recent evidence has also highlighted the importance of lipid dynamic in this process. For instance, small cone-shaped lipids generating membrane curvature of the plasma membrane are synthesized at the exocytotic sites. Among those lipids, phosphatidic acid (PA) synthesized through the activity of phospholipase D (PLD) has been recently shown to be necessary to hormonal release in various cell types as well as in neurotransmitter release. In this paper we examined the possible rol...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Vitale N, Thiersé D, Bader MF Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Regulatory peptides from chromogranin A and secretogranin II: Putative modulators of cells and tissues involved in inflammatory conditions.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Chromogranin A (CgA) and secretogranin II (SgII) of the granin family of uniquely acidic proteins secreted from elements of the diffuse neuroendocrine system are also produced by cells involved in inflammation. CgA and the CgA-derived peptides vasostatin-I and catestatin are products of polymorphonuclear neutrophils accumulating at sites of injury or infections while SgII and the Sg II-derived secretoneurin may contribute to neurogenic inflammation when released from sensory nerve terminals. This review is directed towards vasostatin-I, catestatin and secretoneurin as modulators of cells and tissues associated with inf...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Helle KB Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Relaxin-3 and receptors in the human and rhesus brain and reproductive tissues.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Evidence suggests that relaxin-3 may have biological functions in the reproductive and central nervous systems. To date, however, relaxin-3 biodistribution has only been investigated in the mouse, rat, pig and teleost fish. Characterizing relaxin-3 gene structure, expression patterns, and function in non-human primates and humans is critical to delineating its biological significance. Experiments were performed to clone the rhesus macaque orthologues of the relaxin-3 peptide hormone and its cognitive receptors (RXFP1 and RXFP4). An investigation of rhesus relaxin-3 bioactivity and RXFP1 binding properties was also perf...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 20, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Silvertown JD, Neschadim A, Liu HN, Shannon P, Walia JS, Kao JC, Robertson J, Summerlee AJ, Medin JA Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

C-Terminal processing of GABARAP is not required for trafficking of the Angiotensin II Type 1A Receptor.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: GABARAP and AT(1)R interact through discrete domains and this association regulates the cell-surface accumulation and, consequently, ligand-induced function of the receptor. Unlike that observed with the GABA(A) receptor, this regulation is not dependent on C-terminal processing and modification of GABARAP. PMID: 19766149 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 15, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Alam J, Deharo D, Redding KM, Re RN, Cook JL Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Cortistatin attenuates vascular calcification in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated in rats whether CST inhibits vascular calcification induced by vitamin D3 and nicotine treatment in vivo and calcification of cultured rat vascular smooth muscular cells (VSMCs) induced by beta-glycerophosphate in vitro and the underlying mechanism. We measured rat hemodynamic variables, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition and pathological changes in aortic tissues and cultured VSMCs. CST treatment significantly improved hemodynamic values and arterial compliance in rats with vascular calcification, by decreasing systolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, left ventricular en...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 15, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Liu Y, Zhou YB, Zhang GG, Cai Y, Duan XH, Teng X, Song JQ, Shi Y, Tang CS, Yin XH, Qi YF Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Increased Angiotensin II AT(1) receptor mRNA and binding in spleen and lung of AT(2) receptor gene disrupted mice.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
To clarify the relationship between Angiotensin II AT(1) and AT(2) receptors, we studied AT(1) receptor mRNA and binding expression in tissues from AT(2) receptor gene-disrupted (AT(2) -/-) female mice, where AT(2) receptors are not expressed in vivo, using in situ hybridization and quantitative autoradiography. Wild type mice expressed AT(1A) receptor mRNA and AT(1) receptor binding in lung parenchyma, the spleen, predominantly in the red pulp, and in liver parenchyma. In wild type mice, lung AT(2) receptors were expressed in lung bronchial epithelium and smooth muscle, and were not present in the lung parenchyma, the...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 15, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Pavel J, Terrón JA, Benicky J, Falcón-Neri A, Rachakonda A, Inagami T, Saavedra JM Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Novel, non-peptidic somatostatin receptor subtype 5 antagonists improve glucose tolerance in rodents.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: SSTR5 antagonists have the potential for short- and long-term improvement of the glucose homeostasis in rodent models of type 2 diabetes. Further work on the mechanism and the relevance for human disease is warranted. PMID: 19761802 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 13, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Sprecher U, Mohr P, Martin RE, Maerki HP, Sanchez RA, Binggeli A, Künnecke B, Christ AD Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Is caseinomacropeptide from milk proteins, an inhibitor of gastric secretion?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The aim of this work was to study, in vivo, the effect of the ingestion of not glycosylated caseinomacropeptide (CMP) on gastric secretion. In experiments #1 and #2, 7 calves fitted with a gastric pouch received either a diet without CMP (C diet) or C diet in which CMP was introduced (equal to and 5 folds that of CMP quantity contained in cow milk, diets CMP1 and CMP5, respectively). In experiment #3, 2 calves (with gastric pouch) were fed C diet followed by an "i.v. Perfusion" of CMP. In experiment #4, 25 calves fed either C, CMP1 or CMP5 diets were fitted with a blood catheter for sample collections. The quantities o...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 13, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Guilloteau P, Romé V, Delaby L, Mendy F, Roger L, Chayvialle JA Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Angiotensin II activates JAK2/STAT3 pathway and induces interleukin-6 production in cultured rat brainstem astrocytes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we investigated whether Ang II induces Janus kinase (JAK) 2, signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 phosphorylation, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion in cultured brainstem rat astrocytes. Ang II increased JAK2 phosphorylation in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Maximal phosphorylation of 1.7+/-0.4 fold above basal was observed at 15min with 100nM Ang II. Losartan (10microM), an AT(1) receptor blocker, inhibited Ang II-mediated JAK2 phosphorylation, while 10microM PD123319, an AT(2) receptor blocker, was ineffective. The JAK2 inhibitor, AG490 (50microM), prevented Ang II JAK2 phosphory...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 10, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kandalam U, Clark MA Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

The role of G-proteins in the dimerisation of human somatostatin receptor Types 2 and 5.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Somatostatin (SST) is a peptide hormone that acts through a family of heptahelical receptors belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. There are five known SST receptor subtypes termed SSTR1-5 and all couple to Galpha(i/o) G-proteins. It has been previously demonstrated that these receptors can form both homo- and heterodimers within their family or with other GPCR family members. Although agonist was demonstrated as a factor in modulating certain dimeric pairs, the molecular mechanism(s) underlying this regulation remain undetermined. Here, we demonstrate the coupling of G-protein as a contributi...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - September 9, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Grant M, Kumar U Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

A Transcriptionally Permissive Epigenetic Landscape at the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Receptor-1 Promoter Suggests an Euchromatin Nuclear Position in Murine CD4 T Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
T cells express receptors for neuropeptides that mediate immunological activities. Vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor - 1 (VPAC1), the prototypical group II G protein coupled receptor, binds two neuropeptides with high affinity, called vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide. During T cell signaling, VPAC1 mRNA expression levels are significantly downregulated through a Src kinase dependent mechanism, thus altering the sensitivity for these neuropeptides during an immune reaction. Presently, it is unknown whether the mechanism that regulates VPAC1 during T cell signaling inv...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Benton KD, Hermann RJ, Vomhof-Dekrey EE, Haring JS, Van der Steen T, Smith J, Dovat S, Dorsam GP Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Inhibition of intracellular Angiotensin II formation blocks high glucose effect on mesangial matrix.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
High glucose causes increased matrix synthesis by glomerular mesangial cells and angiotensin II (Ang II) has been shown to mediate this effect of glucose. These studies investigate whether inhibition of Ang II formation can block high glucose-induced increase in mesangial matrix. Human mesangial cells were incubated with 25mM glucose (HG) along with captopril, an ACE inhibitor to block Ang II formation. In other experiments, cells were nucleofected with siRNA to knockdown angiotensinogen (Agt), the precursor of Ang II, and then exposed to high glucose. Captopril blocked high glucose-induced increase in Ang II levels in...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 23, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Singh R, Choubey D, Chen J, Leehey DJ Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Fragment analogs as better mimics of obestatin.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study we have tried to increase the efficacy of these fragments. As an initial step, we have substituted G(8) with alpha-aminoisobutyricacid(Aib,U) and F(5) with cyclohexylalanine(Cha) in the N-terminal peptide to obtain two modified peptides and modified the middle fragment (residues 6-18) by substituting both the glycine residues at position 3 and 8 with alpha-aminoisobutyricacid(U). The rationale being, unusual amino acids could protect the peptides from immediate degradation and Aib would also induce secondary structure in these unstructured peptides. The N-terminal fragment with the G(8)U substitution fared th...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 23, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Nagaraj S, Peddha MS, Manjappara UV Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Increased plasma levels of the mature and intermediate forms of adrenomedullin in obesity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a cardiovascular protective peptide produced in various organs and tissues including adipose tissue. In the present study, we measured the plasma AM levels of subjects with or without obesity by two assay methods to separately evaluate the biologically active AM-NH(2) and the intermediate form of AM-glycine (AM-Gly). We measured the total AM and AM-NH(2) levels of plasma in 52 obese and 172 non-obese residents of a Japanese community, who received regular health check-ups and had no overt cardiovascular disease. AM-Gly values were obtained by subtracting AM-NH(2) levels from those of total AM. Bo...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 22, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Nomura I, Kato J, Tokashiki M, Kitamura K Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Effects of the LHRH antagonist Cetrorelix on affective and cognitive functions in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The decapeptide LHRH antagonist, Cetrorelix, inhibits gonadotropin and sex-steroid secretion. Cetrorelix is used for IVF-ET procedures and for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, endometriosis and leiomyomas. However little is known about the effects of Cetrorelix on brain functions. Previously we have tested Cetrorelix in mice on the impairment of the consolidation of a passive avoidance behavior caused by beta-amyloid 25-35, anxiolytic action in the plus maze, antidepressive action in a forced swimming test, tail suspension and open field behavior following its administration into the lateral brain ventric...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Telegdy G, Adamik A, Tanaka M, Schally AV Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Development of Peptide Receptor Binding Assays: Methods to Avoid False Negatives.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We report here multivariate experimental designs for screening of peptide (radio)ligand receptor binding assay conditions. This approach efficiently minimizes the risk on false negative results due to inappropriate operational conditions. PMID: 19706310 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Vergote V, Van Dorpe S, Verbeken M, Burvenich C, Van de Wiele C, Banks WA, De Spiegeleer B Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Role of selenium compounds on tyrosine hydroxylase activity, adrenomedullin and total RNA levels in hearts of rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study demonstrates that synthetic organoselenium compounds can regulate DMBA-induced stress related changes in rat heart. PMID: 19706312 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Talas ZS, Ozdemir I, Gok Y, Ates B, Yilmaz I Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

A scrutiny of the biochemical pathways from Ang II to Ang-(3-4) in renal basolateral membranes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In a previous paper we demonstrated that Ang-(3-4) counteracts inhibition of the Ca(2+)-ATPase by Ang II in the basolateral membranes of kidney proximal tubules cells (BLM). We have now investigated the enzymatic routs by which Ang II is converted to Ang-(3-4). Membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme, aminopeptidases and neprilysin were identified using fluorescent substrates. HPLC showed that Plummer's inhibitor but not Z-pro-prolinal blocks Ang II metabolism, suggesting that carboxypeptidase N catalyzes the conversion Ang II--> Ang-(1-7). Different combinations of bestatin, thiorphan, Plummer's inhibitor, Ang...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Axelband F, Dias J, Miranda F, Ferrão FM, Barros NM, Carmona AK, Lara LS, Vieyra A Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Gonadal steroids modulated hypocretin/orexin type-1 receptor expression in a brain region, sex and daytime specific manner.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Orexins A and B (hypocretins A and B) are regulatory peptides that control a variety of neuroendocrine and autonomic functions including feeding and sleep-wakefulness. Previously, we described a clear relationship between the hormonal milieu of the estrous cycle and the mRNA expression of the components of the orexinergic system, in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary. Here, we investigate whether steroid hormones are involved in the modulation of the hypocretin/orexin type-1 receptor expression at the protein level, and its time of the day dependence, in hypothalamus and pituitary of castrated male and female rats and c...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 19, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Silveyra P, Cataldi NI, Lux-Lantos V, Libertun C Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Selective amino acid deficiency in patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSIONS: Total amino acid levels are similar in patients with diabetes, IGT subjects and controls, but the individual levels of several amino acids differ significantly between these groups. These alterations may contribute to the disturbances in insulin secretion and action in diabetic patients and may provide a rationale for offering specific amino acid supplementations to diabetic patients. PMID: 19695292 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 16, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Menge BA, Schrader H, Ritter PR, Ellrichmann M, Uhl W, Schmidt WE, Meier JJ Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 stimulates secretion and synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone in mouse pituitary.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Growth hormone (GH)-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are synthetic peptides which induce strong GH release in both animals and humans. Among them, GHRP-2 is known to stimulate GH release by acting at both hypothalamic and pituitary sites, but also induces adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release in healthy subjects. GHRP-2 may stimulate ACTH release directly via GHRP receptor type 1a in ACTH-producing tumors. GHRP-2 increases ACTH secretion in rat in vivo, but not ACTH release from rat primary pituitary cells. In the present study, in order to elucidate the mechanism underlying ACTH secretion by GHRPs, mouse pituitary cell...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 10, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kageyama K, Kushibiki M, Hanada K, Sakihara S, Yasujima M, Suda T Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Ontogeny of apelin and its receptor in the rodent gastrointestinal tract.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the APJ receptor and both apelin and APJ are expressed in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The aim of this study was to define ontogeny of apelin and APJ in the developing rodent GI tract by measuring expression levels and characterizing abundance and cellular localization at an embryonic stage (E18.5 or E21), two postnatal stages (P4, P16) and in the adult. Apelin and APJ mRNA levels were measured by real time RT-PCR, apelin and APJ-containing cells were identified by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. Gastric, duodenal and colonic apelin and APJ mRNA levels were highest at birth a...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 2, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Wang G, Kundu R, Han S, Qi X, Englander EW, Quertermous T, Greeley GH Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Presence of immunoreactive salusin-beta in human plasma and urine.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Salusin-alpha and salusin-beta are multifunctional bioactive peptides originally identified using bioinformatics analyses. Salusin-beta has been shown to exert potent hypotensive, bradycardic, and pro-atherosclerotic effects. The form in which it exists in biological fluids remains undetermined due to technical difficulties originating from its unexpected physicochemical properties. Here we show that salusin-beta peptide adheres to polypropylene and polystyrene, so that the aliquoted peptide dissolved in distilled water may rapidly disappear from the solution. By circumventing these features and using an antibody again...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - August 2, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Sato K, Sato T, Susumu T, Koyama T, Shichiri M Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Distinct binding mode of (125)I-AngII to AT(1) receptor without the Cys(18)-Cys(274) disulfide bridge.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This study showed that like AngII, [Sar(1)]-AngII can bind the C18S mutant receptor with low affinity whereas [Lys(2)]-AngII binding is still more reduced. Interestingly, when (125)I-AngII instead of (3)H-AngII was used, no significant binding of this mutant was observed although wild type AT(1) receptor was shown to bind all AngII analogues. PMID: 19651161 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Martin RP, Rodrigues ED, Pacheco NA, Corrêa SA, Oliveira SM, Oliveira L, Nakaie CR, Shimuta SI Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Gaegurin-6 Stimulates Insulin Secretion Through Calcium Influx in Pancreatic beta Rin5mf Cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we have shown that gaegurin-6 stimulates insulin secretion and also increases the intracellular calcium concentration in pancreatic beta Rin5mf cells. Moreover, a corollary study revealed that both the hydrophobicity of the N-terminus and the disulfide bridge of the C-terminus of gaegurin-6 are critical for its effects on insulin secretion. Membrane pore-forming ability is also observed in gaegurin-6, but not in the linear form or the N-terminus hydrophobic amino acid-deleted form. We further showed that these regions of gaegurin-6 are responsible for calcium influx in pancreatic beta Rin5mf cells. Taken tog...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kim JH, Lee JO, Jung JH, Lee SK, You GY, Park SH, Kim HS Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Differential effect of PYY1-36 and PYY3-36 on gastric emptying in man.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, PYY3-36's reducing effect upon food intake might be mediated by a decreased gastric emptying rate. PMID: 19651163 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 30, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Witte AB, Grybäck P, Holst JJ, Hilsted L, Hellström PM, Jacobsson H, Schmidt PT Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Potentiation of spinal NMDA-mediated nociception by cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide via PKA and PKC signaling pathways in rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Our previous study showed that cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide fragment 55-102 (CARTp) specifically potentiated spinal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated nociceptive transmission in vivo and in vitro. The cellular mechanisms underlying CARTp potentiation of NMDA receptor function remains unclear. The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that CARTp changes the phosphorylated state of NMDA receptors by activating intracellular signals and subsequently increasing the function of NMDA receptors. We found that the potentiating effect of CARTp on spinal NMDA-induced hyperalgesia in rat...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 22, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Chiu HY, Lin HH, Lai CC Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

High salt intake primes the rat kidney to respond to a subthreshold uroguanylin dose during ex vivo renal perfusion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In a variety of animal models, uroguanylin causes diuresis, natriuresis and kaliuresis and is found in larger concentrations in the urine compared to controls after oral salt intake or in conditions of excess salt and fluid retention. It has been proposed that uroguanylin functions as an intestinal natriuretic hormone following intake of meals high in salt content. In the present work, we examined if 10days of salt ingestion resulted in an enhanced response to uroguanylin in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Rats were given normal water, 1% NaCl (HS1%), or 2% NaCl (HS2%) for 10days, at which time the right kidneys were...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 22, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Fonteles MC, Havt A, Prata RB, Prata PH, Monteiro HS, Lima AA, Jorge AR, Santos CF, Greenberg RN, Nascimento NR Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Bombesin enhances TGF-beta growth inhibitory effect through apoptosis induction in intestinal epithelial cells.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, BBS enhanced TGF-beta growth inhibitory effect through apoptosis induction, which is at least partially mediated by p38(MAPK). PMID: 19631696 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 21, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Liu X, Zhao J, Li F, Guo YS, Hellmich MR, Townsend CM, Cao Y, Ko TC Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Prolactin-releasing peptide regulates cardiac contractility.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, the present data define a hitherto unrecognized role for PrRP in the regulation of cardiovascular system by showing that PrRP exerts a direct positive inotropic effect. Moreover, our results suggest that the cAMP-independent inotropic response to PrRP is suppressed by concurrent activation of PKCalpha and PP1. PMID: 19616582 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 15, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kónyi A, Skoumal R, Kubin AM, Füredi G, Perjés A, Farkasfalvi K, Sárszegi Z, Horkay F, Horváth IG, Tóth M, Ruskoaho H, Szokodi I Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Nuclear PTHrP targeting regulates PTHrP secretion and enhances LoVo cell growth and survival.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this study, we used the human colon cancer cell line LoVo as a model system to study the effects of autocrine/paracrine and intracrine PTHrP action on cell growth and survival, hallmarks of malignant tumor cells. We report that PTHrP increases cell growth and survival, protects cells from serum-starvation-induced apoptosis, and promotes anchorage-independent cell growth via an intracrine pathway. Conversely, autocrine/paracrine PTHrP action decreases cell growth and survival. We also show an inverse relationship between secreted and nuclear PTHrP levels, in that cells overexpressing NLS-deleted PTHrP secrete higher PTHr...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 15, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Bhatia V, Saini MK, Falzon M Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Basic fibroblast growth factor upregulates adrenomedullin expression in ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells via JNK-AP-1 pathway.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Adrenomedullin (AM), a potent vasodilator peptide, present in various kinds of tumors. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has broad biological functions involving in the regulation of cell growth, differentiation and proliferation. Here we investigated whether AM expression could be induced by bFGF in human ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells and explored the mediating mechanism. The expression of AM was examined by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Transcriptional control was analyzed by transient transfection assay, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. AM exp...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 14, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Zhang Y, Zhang S, Shang H, Pang X, Zhao Y Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of the NPY-Y1 receptor antagonist, 1229U91, on hyperphagic and glycemic responses to acute and chronic intermediate insulin-induced hypoglycemia in female rats.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptors are implicated in CNS regulation of food intake, but their role in hypoglycemic hyperphagia remains unclear. The present studies utilized a pharmacological approach to investigate the hypothesis that NPY acts via Y1 receptor-dependent mechanisms to regulate feeding and blood glucose profiles during intermediate insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Groups of ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate-treated female rats were injected subcutaneously with one or four doses of neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH), on as many days, or with diluent alone. Before final treatments on day four, the animal...
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 14, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Nedungadi TP, Briski KP Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Molecular cloning of growth hormone secretagogue-receptor and effect of quail ghrelin on gastrointestinal motility in Japanese quail.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, GRLN mainly induces the contractile responses of the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract and MTL stimulates motility of the middle intestine in both the quail and chicken. Regions in which GRLN acts were consistent with the distribution of GHS-R1a mRNA, but the contractile efficacy was different in the quail and chicken. These results suggest a species-specific contribution of GRLN in the regulation of avian gastrointestinal contractility. PMID: 19615411 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 13, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Kitazawa T, Maeda Y, Kaiya H Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Nerve growth factor synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells and its regulation by dexamethasone.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: These data indicate that vascular smooth muscle cells are a source of circulating NGF and thus may be involved in inflammatory responses mediated by neurotrophins. The suppression of NGF synthesis by dexamethasone might be a hint of further anti-inflammatory mechanisms of glucocorticoids. PMID: 19596029 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 9, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Schäper C, Gläser S, Groneberg DA, Kunkel G, Ewert R, Noga O Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals

Influence of long-term growth hormone replacement on leptin and ghrelin in GH deficiency before and after glucose load.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
CONCLUSION: Lipolytic GH causes lower leptin in GH-Sub. The reason for similar ghrelin might be the compensating effect of acute GH suppression and stimulating low fat mass on ghrelin. Leptin regulation after glucose load is impaired in GHD, whereas ghrelin regulation seems to be not effected. PMID: 19596030 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: Regulatory Peptides)
Source: Regulatory Peptides - July 9, 2009 Category: Biochemistry Authors: Roemmler J, Kuenkler M, Otto B, Arafat AM, Bidlingmaier M, Schopohl J Tags: Regul Pept Source Type: journals