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Identification and treatment of metabolic complications in pediatric obesityEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Metabolic consequences of obesity including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and non-alcoholic fatty liver infiltration are rapidly emerging in the pediatric population. Identifying effective strategies for identifying and treating these obesity related co-morbidities in children are crucial to the prevention of future cardiovascular disease and poor health outcomes. This review discusses the pathophysiologic connections between obesity, metabolic disease and cardiovascular risk. Current evidence and recommendations for screenin...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - October 7, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Fracture risk assessment in postmenopausal womenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Patients with osteoporosis have an increased risk of sustaining fractures because of the low bone mineral density (BMD) and altered bone micro-architecture which are characteristic features of the disease. Although a good correlation exists between BMD and fracture risks, many other factors influence this relationship. While there is consensus that patients with osteoporosis should be investigated and treated, the issue is much less clear for patients with osteopenia. Because osteopenia is so prevalent, it would be unrealistic to treat all patients with this condition. Therefore, there is a need to ...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - October 1, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Role of biological rhythms in gastrointestinal health and diseaseEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The molecular basis for biological rhythms is formed by clock genes. Clock genes are functional in the liver, within gastrointestinal epithelial cells and neurons of the enteric nervous system. These observations suggest a possible role for clock genes in various circadian functions of the liver and the gastrointestinal tract through the modulation of organ specific clock-controlled genes. Consequently, disruptions in circadian rhythmicity may lead to adverse health consequences. This review will focus on the current understanding of the role of circadian rhythms in the pathogenesis of gastrointesti...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - October 1, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Effects of circadian disruption on the cardiometabolic systemEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The presence of day–night variations in cardiovascular and metabolic functioning is well known. However, only recently it has been shown that cardiovascular and metabolic processes are not only affected by the behavioral sleep/wake cycle but are partly under direct control of the master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Heart rate, cardiac autonomic activity, glucose metabolism and leptin—involved in appetite control—all show circadian variation (i.e., under constant behavioral and environmental conditions). This knowledge of behavioral vs. circadian modulation ...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Expression of clock genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Effect of environmental lighting conditionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the anatomical substrate for the principal circadian clock coordinating daily rhythms in a vast array of behavioral and physiological responses. Individual SCN neurons are cellular oscillators and are organized into a multi-oscillator network following unique spatiotemporal patterns. The rhythms generated in the SCN are generally entrained to the environmental light dark cycle, which is the most salient cue influencing the network organization of the SCN. The neural network in the SCN is a heterogeneous structure, containing two major compartments identified by a...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

The current state of pediatric obesity treatmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-009-9114-8Authors Brandon M. Nathan, University of Minnesota Division of Pediatric Endocrinology 420 Delaware Street SE, MMC 404 Minneapolis MN 55455 USA Journal Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic DisordersOnline ISSN 1573-2606Print ISSN 1389-9155
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

The role of retinal photoreceptors in the regulation of circadian rhythmsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The circadian clock is an evolutionarily, highly conserved feature of most organisms. This internal timing mechanism coordinates biochemical, physiological and behavioral processes to maintain synchrony with the environmental cycles of light, temperature and nutrients. Several studies have shown that light is the most potent cue used by most organisms (humans included) to synchronize daily activities. In mammals, light perception occurs only in the retina; three different types of photoreceptors are present within this tissue: cones, rods and the newly discovered intrinsically photosensitive retinal...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Physiological responses of the circadian clock to acute light exposure at nightEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Circadian rhythms in physiological, endocrine and metabolic functioning are controlled by a neural clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). This structure is endogenously rhythmic and the phase of this rhythm can be reset by light information from the eye. A key feature of the SCN is that while it is a small structure containing on the order of about 20,000 cells, it is amazingly heterogeneous. It is likely that anatomical heterogeneity reflects an underlying functional heterogeneity. In this review, we examine the physiological responses of cells in the SCN to light stimuli that reset th...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 18, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

The surgical approach to management of pediatric obesity: When to refer and what to expectEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Weight loss surgery is recommended for adult patients with morbid obesity and has been used on a case by case basis in the pediatric population. Surgery, however, is just a tool added to the two mainstays of therapy for obesity: 1.) controlled dietary intake and 2.) increases in activity and exercise behaviors. For the pediatric population, the health consequences of obesity are profound with increased cardiovascular risk during adolescence and increased mortality in adulthood. Currently accepted guidelines for weight loss surgery referral use BMI cut points that are the same as for adults: BMI �...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 3, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Effective dietary therapies for pediatric obesity treatmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Dietary changes combined with behavioral management techniques, such as short term attainable goal setting, is effective for treating pediatric obesity. Dietary interventions combined with increasing physical activity are essential for weight loss. We review the basic nutrition concepts that should be employed to treat pediatric obesity and summarize the available literature on effective dietary interventions that have been studied to date. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-009-9113-9Authors Angela Fitch, University of Minnesota Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Pediatric Weight Man...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 25, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Pharmacotherapy in pediatric obesity: Current agents and future directionsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Childhood obesity is emerging as a major public health threat, with adverse implications on the health of individuals and long-term costs to society. Family-based lifestyle interventions with behavioral modification, diet and exercise form the mainstay of treatment. Pharmacologic treatment may be considered in selected subjects, especially in the presence of significant and severe comorbidities, when lifestyle intervention has failed to achieve weight reduction. Orlistat and sibutramine are FDA-approved for treatment of pediatric obesity; metformin may be considered in the presence of clinically sig...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 17, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Designing and implementing an effective pediatric weight management programEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract In order to successfully address the problem of childhood obesity, effective weight management programs must be established by a variety of clinicians to treat the increasing numbers of overweight and obese children and adolescents. An effective program will: 1) identify children and adolescents with health risks related to excess fat, 2) help families make permanent healthy lifestyle changes, and 3) provide ongoing care to optimize long-term health. Building a pediatric weight management program which achieves these goals requires attention to several aspects, including location, personnel, equipme...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - June 25, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

The influence of fitness on insulin resistance in obese childrenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract An increasingly pervasive environment of reduced activity and easy access to high caloric food is leading to an epidemic of poor cardiovascular fitness, obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) in children. Studies have shown that insulin resistance (IR) to be an independent predictor for morbidity as well as mortality. These serve as a strong stimulus for public health strategies to improve fitness in children and adolescents. Methods to assess IR, improve IR and understand complications are increasingly important in children. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-009-9109...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - May 29, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

AdrenarcheEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-009-9108-6Authors Sharon E. Oberfield, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Columbia University Medical Center 630 West 168th Street New York NY 10032 USAPerrin C. White, UT Southwestern Medical Center 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard Dallas TX 75390-9063 USA Journal Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic DisordersOnline ISSN 1573-2606Print ISSN 1389-9155
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - February 24, 2009 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Androgen synthesis in adrenarcheEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The enzymes and pathways of steroidogenesis are central to an understanding of adrenarche. The quantitative regulation of steroidogenesis occurs at the first step, the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone. Chronic quantitative regulation is principally at the level of transcription of the CYP11A1 gene encoding P450scc, which is the enzymatically rate-limiting step. Acute regulation is mediated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), which facilitates the rapid influx of cholesterol into mitochondria, where P450scc resides. Qualitative regulation, which determines the type of stero...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 27, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Adrenal changes associated with adrenarcheEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the intra-adrenal changes of the adrenal cortex associated with adrenarche. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-008-9092-2Authors Yasuhiro Nakamura, Medical College of Georgia Department of Physiology 1120 15th Street Augusta GA 30912 USAHui Xiao Gang, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Department of Pathology Sendai 980-8575 JapanTakashi Suzuki, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Department of Pathology Sendai 980-8575 JapanHironobu Sasano, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine Department of Pathology Sendai 980-8575 JapanWilliam E. Rainey, Medical Colleg...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 27, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Expression of the IGF and the aromatase/estrogen receptor systems in human adrenal tissues from early infancy to late puberty: Implications for the development of adrenarcheEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Adrenarche is a process of postnatal sexual maturation occurring in higher primates, in which there is an increase in the secretion of adrenal androgens. It is the consequence of a process of postnatal organogenesis characterized by the development of a new zone in the adrenal cortex, the zona reticularis (ZR). The mechanism of this phenomenon remains poorly understood, suggesting that it might be a multifactorial event. A relationship between circulating IGF-I, insulin sensitivity, and adrenal androgens has been postulated. Boys and girls have different patterns of changes in insulin sensitivity at...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 16, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Medical therapy of pituitary adenomas: Effects on tumor shrinkageEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The efficacy of dopamine-agonists (DA) in patients with prolactinomas and that of somatostatin analogues (SSA) in those with GH- and TSH-secreting adenomas is well established. More recently, data are accumulating suggesting a potential therapeutic role of DA also in patients with ACTH-secreting and clinically non-functioning (NFA) pituitary adenomas. This review aims at summarizing published results of DA and SSA on tumor shrinkage in patients with different histotypes of pituitary adenomas. Results of tumor shrinkage are of clinical relevance as tumor size is the one of the most important determin...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 13, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Modern techniques for pituitary radiotherapyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Radiotherapy (RT) remains an effective treatment for residual or recurrent pituitary adenomas with excellent rates of tumour control and normalisation of excess hormone secretion. The main late toxicity is hypopituitarism: other side effects are rare. We discuss technical developments in the delivery of radiotherapy (stereotactic conformal radiotherapy (SCRT) and stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS)), all aiming to reduce the amount of normal brain receiving significant doses of radiation. We provide a comprehensive review of published data on outcome of conventional fractionated radiotherapy and modern ...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 12, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

β -cell failure as a complication of diabetesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complex disease characterized by β-cell failure in the setting of insulin resistance. In early stages of the disease, pancreatic β-cells adapt to insulin resistance by increasing mass and function. As nutrient excess persists, hyperglycemia and elevated free fatty acids negatively impact β-cell function. This happens by numerous mechanisms, including the generation of reactive oxygen species, alterations in metabolic pathways, increases in intracellular calcium and the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress. These processes adversely affect β-cells by impairing i...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - September 8, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Mass spectrometric quantification of amino acid oxidation products identifies oxidative mechanisms of diabetic end-organ damageEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Diabetes mellitus is increasingly prevalent worldwide. Diabetic individuals are at markedly increased risk for premature death due to cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, substantial morbidity results from microvascular complications which include retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. Clinical studies involving diabetic patients have suggested that degree of diabetic hyperglycemia correlates with risk of complications. Recent evidence implicates a central role for oxidative stress and vascular inflammation in all forms of insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes and its complications. Although, glu...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 28, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Clinical spectrum of premature pubarche: Links to metabolic syndrome and ovarian hyperandrogenismEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Premature pubarche—defined as the appearance of pubic hair before age 8 years in girls and 9 years in boys—has been traditionally considered a benign entity. However, recent evidence supports the notion that premature pubarche in girls may be a forerunner of the metabolic syndrome, and may precede the development of clinical ovarian androgen excess in adolescence. This sequence seems to occur more frequently when premature pubarche was preceded by reduced fetal growth and followed by excessive postnatal catch-up in height and particularly in weight; hyperinsulinemia appears to be a key...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 26, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

New insights into the mechanisms of fibrosis and sclerosis in diabetic nephropathyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Progression of diabetic nephropathy (DN) is manifested by gradual scarring of both the renal glomerulus and tubulointerstitial region. Over the past several years, the general understanding of the pathogenic factors that lead to renal fibrosis in DN has expanded considerably. In this review, some of the important factors that appear to be involved in driving this fibrosing process are discussed, with special emphasis on newer findings and insights. It is now clear that multiple cell types in the kidney contribute to progressive fibrosis in DN. New concepts about bradykinin, TGF-β and eNOS signaling...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 24, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Non-traditional metabolic pathways of adrenal steroidsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Metabolic pathways are reconstructed from biochemical evidence to conceptualize the predominant route to important biomolecules. Pathways have heuristic value in their capacity to explain the metabolic derangements in genetic diseases of enzyme deficiencies and during pharmacologic inhibition of these enzymes. Implicit in the description of these pathways is the potential existence of alternate routes, variable order of reactions, and the inevitable by-products generated by incomplete efficiencies and competing enzymes. This chapter will consider alternate fates encountered by steroid hormone precur...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 22, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Mechanisms of disease: The oxidative stress theory of diabetic neuropathyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Diabetic neuropathy is the most common complication of diabetes, affecting 50% of diabetic patients. Currently, the only treatment for diabetic neuropathy is glucose control and careful foot care. In this review, we discuss the idea that excess glucose overloads the electron transport chain, leading to the production of superoxides and subsequent mitochondrial and cytosolic oxidative stress. Defects in metabolic and vascular pathways intersect with oxidative stress to produce the onset and progression of nerve injury present in diabetic neuropathy. These pathways include the production of advanced g...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 16, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Defining human diabetic nephropathy on the molecular level: Integration of transcriptomic profiles with biological knowledgeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common cause for end stage renal disease (ESRD). Next to environmental factors, genetic predispositions determine the susceptibility for DN and its rate of progression to ESRD. With the availability of genome wide expression profiling we have the opportunity to define relevant pathways activated in the individual diabetic patient, integrating both environmental exposure and genetic background. In this review we summarize current understanding of how to link comprehensive gene expression data sets with biomedical knowledge and present strategies to build a transc...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 15, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Nonclassic adrenal hyperplasiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article will review relevant clinical, hormonal and genetic aspects of nonclassic adrenal hyperplasia. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-008-9097-xAuthors Phyllis W. Speiser, Schneider Children’s Hospital 269-01 76th Ave. New Hyde Park NY 11040 USA Journal Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic DisordersOnline ISSN 1573-2606Print ISSN 1389-9155
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 9, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Nonhuman primates as models for human adrenal androgen production: Function and dysfunctionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The origin of circulating DHEA and adrenal-derived androgens in humans and nonhuman primates is largely distinct from other mammalian species. In humans and many Old world primates, the fetal adrenal gland and adult zona reticularis (ZR) are known to be the source for production of DHEA (and DHEAS) in mg quantities. In spite of similarities there are also some differences. Herein, we take a comparative endocrine approach to the diversity of adrenal androgen biosynthesis and its developmental timing in three primate species to illustrate how understanding such differences may provide unique insight i...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 6, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

The adrenal cortex and sexual differentiation during early human developmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Human sexual differentiation is a critical process whereby a strict dimorphism is established that enables future reproductive success as phenotypic males and females. Significant components of this differentiation pathway unfold during the first three months of gestation when they are sensitive to disruption by abnormal hormonal influences. Excessive exposure of female development to androgens in conditions such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia causes virilization. However, recently we have suggested that female development normally takes place in the presence of low, yet significant, levels of an...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - August 1, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Iodine deficiency disorders and their prevention in IndiaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract New insights on the high prevalence of functional decompensation of the thyroid among newborn and children from several states of India as well as neighbouring countries of Nepal and Bhutan helped to prevent nutritional iodine deficiency and iodine deficiency disorders through country-wide iodized salt prophylaxis. Presently on the basis of scientific studies, salt iodization in India is saving millions of children from neonatal hypothyroidism related psycho-physical retardation. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-008-9094-0Authors N. Kochupillai, M. S. Ramaiah Medical College and Ho...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 29, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Maternal nutrition, intrauterine programming and consequential risks in the offspringEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract It is traditionally believed that genetic susceptibility and adult faulty lifestyle lead to type 2 diabetes, a chronic non-communicable disease. The “Developmental Origins of Health and Disease” (DOHaD) model proposes that the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes originates in the intrauterine life by environmental fetal programming, further exaggerated by rapid childhood growth, i.e. a biphasic nutritional insult. Both fetal under nutrition (sometimes manifested as low birth weight) and over nutrition (the baby of a diabetic mother) increase the risk of future diabetes. The common characteristic o...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 26, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Oxidative stress and diabetic retinopathy: Pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment perspectivesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Retinopathy is one of the most severe ocular complications of diabetes and is a leading cause of acquired blindness in young adults. The cellular components of the retina are highly coordinated but very susceptible to the hyperglycemic environment. The microvasculature of the retina responds to hyperglycemic milieu through a number of biochemical changes, including increased oxidative stress and polyol pathway, PKC activation and advanced glycation end product formation. Oxidative stress is considered as one of the crucial contributors in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, but oxidative stres...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 25, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Novel mechanisms of protein synthesis in diabetic nephropathy—role of mRNA translationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Ambient protein levels are affected by both synthesis and degradation. Synthesis of a protein is regulated by transcription and messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Translation has emerged as an important site of regulation of protein expression during development and disease. It is under the control of distinct factors that regulate initiation, elongation and termination phases. Regulation of translation occurs via signaling reactions, guanosine diphosphate–guanosine triphosphate binding and by participation of non-coding RNA species such as microRNA. Recent work has revealed an important role for t...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 25, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Somatostatin–dopamine ligands in the treatment of pituitary adenomasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Somatostatin receptors (sst1–5) and dopamine receptor 2 (D2DR) are well expressed and co-localized in several human pituitary adenomas, suggesting possible functional interactions in the control of hormonal hypersecretion and tumor cell growth. The present review describes the expression and functionality of these receptors in the different classes of human pituitary adenomas. The sst2 agonists, octreotide and lanreotide, control GH hypersecretion and tumor growth in about 65% of somatotropinomas. The D2DR agonists, bromocriptine and cabergoline, control about 90% of prolactinomas. Such drugs are ...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 24, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Somatostatin and dopamine receptors as targets for medical treatment of Cushing’s SyndromeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Somatostatin (SS) and dopamine (DA) receptors are widely expressed in neuroendocrine tumours that cause Cushing’s Syndrome (CS). Increasing knowledge of specific subtype expression within these tumours and the ability to target these receptor subtypes with high-affinity compounds, has driven the search for new SS- or DA-based medical therapies for the various forms of CS. In Cushing’s disease, corticotroph adenomas mainly express dopamine receptor subtype 2 (D2) and somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (sst5), whereas sst2 is expressed at lower levels. Activation of these receptors can inhibit ACTH-re...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 19, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Disorders of sex development (DSDs), their presentation and management in different culturesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The way disorders of sex development (DSD) are viewed and managed in different cultures varies widely. They are complex conditions and even well-educated lay people find them difficult to understand, but when families are very poor and lacking in basic education, and the health system is starved of resources, traditional beliefs, folk remedies and prejudice combine to make the lives of children and adults with DSD extremely difficult and sad. Rumour and discrimination isolate them from their communities and they become devalued. People with DSDs desire the same things in life as everyone else—to f...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 17, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Growth hormone receptor modulatorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Growth hormone (GH) regulates somatic growth, substrate metabolism and body composition. Its actions are elaborated through the GH receptor (GHR). GHR signalling involves the role of at least three major pathways, STATs, MAPK, and PI3-kinase/Akt. GH receptor function can be modulated by changes to the ligand, to the receptor or by factors regulating signal transduction. Insights on the physico-chemical basis of the binding of GH to its receptor and the stoichiometry required for activation of the GH receptor-dimer has led to the development of novel GH agonists and antagonists. Owing to the fact tha...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 12, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Genetic aspects of tropical calcific pancreatitisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Tropical calcific pancreatitis (TCP) is a subtype of chronic pancreatitis which is unique to tropical regions. Patients present at young age with recurrent abdominal pain, nutritional deficiencies, and insulin-requiring diabetes. For a long time, the aetiology of this disorder was poorly understood. Several environmental factors, such as malnutrition or the consumption of toxic food components such as cyanogenic glycosides, were proposed as pathogenic factors. In the last decade, a major impact on the understanding of the aetiology of TCP has come from genetic studies on hereditary and idiopathic ch...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 7, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Potential of retinoic acid derivatives for the treatment of corticotroph pituitary adenomasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Cushing’s disease is a severe clinical condition caused by hypersecretion of corticosteroids due to excessive ACTH secretion from a pituitary adenoma. This complex endocrine disorder still represents a major challenge for the physician in terms of efficient treatment. In the last years there was only little progress in elucidating the molecular mechanisms responsible for the constitutive and autonomous ACTH secretion of pituitary corticotrophinomas. As a consequence, no effective drug therapy is currently available, particularly if surgical excision is not successful. In the present article we exa...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 6, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Potential role of type I interferons in the treatment of pituitary adenomasEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This article reviews the current knowledge about the effects of IFN-α and IFN-β on hypothalamic–pituitary function and describes the potential role of type I IFNs in the treatment of pituitary adenomas. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-008-9083-3Authors Giovanni Vitale, University of Milan Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS Via Zucchi 18 Cusano Milanino 20095 Milan ItalyMichele Caraglia, National Cancer Institute Fondazione “G. Pascale” Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Experimental Oncology Department Naples ItalyPeter M. van Koetsveld, Erasmus Medical Center Department of Internal Medicine Rotte...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 6, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Advantages and disadvantages of GH/IGF-I combination treatmentEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In conclusion, there are many reasons for believing that administration of the combination therapy of GH and IGF-I could have advantages above GH alone or IGF-I alone. However, determination of whether co-administration of GH and IGF-I indeed is superior to either agent alone awaits further study. Content Type Journal ArticleDOI 10.1007/s11154-008-9081-5Authors J. A. M. J. L. Janssen, Erasmus MC Department of Internal Medicine Room D425, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230 3015 CE Rotterdam The Netherlands Journal Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic DisordersOnline ISSN 1573-2606Print ISSN 1389-9155
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 6, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Pediatric vitamin D and calcium nutrition in developing countriesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Over one billion humans have insufficient circulating levels of vitamin D, and dietary insufficiency of calcium is common in developing countries. Worldwide, nutritional rickets is considered to be the most common non-communicable disease of children. Rickets can be due either to primary deficiencies of vitamin D or calcium or to combined deficiencies of both elements. Vitamin D deficiency is also increasingly linked to non-skeletal complications. Even without laboratory and radiologic resources, the diagnosis of rickets is considered clinically when a child presents with limb deformities and has be...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 6, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Early diagnosis and prevention of diabetes in developing countriesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Type 2 diabetes has an insidious onset with a long latent period of dysglycaemia. By the time the diagnosis of diabetes is made, diabetes-related tissue damage occurs in nearly half of the patients. Even after diagnosis, the glycaemic control is suboptimal in more than 50%, leading to the vascular complications. Evidences suggest that early detection of diabetes by appropriate screening methods, especially in subjects with high risk for diabetes will help to prevent or delay the vascular complications and thus reduce the clinical, social and economic burden of the disease. There are also evidences t...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - July 6, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Proteoglycan mediated lipoprotein retention: A mechanism of diabetic atherosclerosisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract The response to retention hypothesis outlines the initial stages of atherosclerotic lesion formation. The central theme of the hypothesis is that proteoglycan mediated lipoprotein retention plays a critical step in the initiation of atherosclerosis development. Recent research using human arterial specimens, transgenic mouse models and molecular biology techniques have added to our understanding of atherosclerosis development, and provided experimental data in support of the response to retention hypothesis. In this review we summarize the recent data, in particular that which addresses mechanisms b...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - June 27, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Fracture risk and bone mineral density in Turner syndromeEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Bone health is a major lifelong concern in caring for women and girls with Turner syndrome (TS). There is an approximately 25% increase in fracture risk most of which is related to medium or high impact trauma. The long bones, especially of the forearm are predominantly affected. This fact may be due to a selective cortical bone deficiency in TS which is unrelated to hypogonadism. In addition, lack of adequate estrogen replacement can lead to trabecular bone deficiency and increase in vertebral compression fractures after age 45. Evaluation of bone density by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is impo...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - April 15, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Bone density in the adolescent athleteEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Adolescence is a critical time for bone mass accrual, and increases in bone mass through puberty are dependent on rising levels of gonadal steroids, growth hormone and insulin like growth factor-1. Many high school girls are involved in athletic activities, and as many as 23.5% of adolescent athletes have been reported to develop amenorrhea. This review focuses on (1) factors that determine which athletes are likely to develop amenorrhea, such as a negative energy balance state, low levels of leptin and high levels of ghrelin, and (2) the impact of hypogonadism in athletes on bone metabolism. Benefi...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - April 12, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Update on presentation and managementEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a rare heritable condition characterized by bone fragility and reduced bone mass. Traditionally OI was classified into OI types I to IV and thought to be only due to a defect in the collagen gene, however through the discovery of the new types of OI–V to VII, breakthroughs have been made in understanding the pathophysiology of autosomal recessive OI and new genetic mutations, such as in CRTAP and P3H1 genes. OI can present at any age and be difficult to diagnose because of the wide phenotypic variation. Awareness of the new forms of OI, the differential diagnosis an...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - April 11, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Inherited hypophosphatemic disorders in children and the evolving mechanisms of phosphate regulationEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Phosphorous is essential for multiple cellular functions and constitutes an important mineral in bone. Hypophosphatemia in children leads to rickets resulting in abnormal growth and often skeletal deformities. Among various causes of low serum phosphorous are inherited disorders associated with increased urinary excretion of phosphate, including autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic rickets (ADHR), X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), autosomal recessive hypophosphatemia (ARHP), and hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria (HHRH). Recent genetic analyses and subsequent biochemical and anima...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - March 26, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Methods for measurement of pediatric boneEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Many experts believe that optimizing bone mineral accrual early in life may prevent childhood fractures and possibly delay the development of osteoporosis later in life. Adequate nutrition and physical activity are environmental factors important in determining whether or not children acquire an appropriate amount of bone for their body size. Pediatric diseases, or therapeutic interventions used in their treatment, may interfere with normal bone development. Although there are specific methods available for assessing pediatric bone, there is no one method that can adequately assess bone health and i...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - February 5, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

Celiac disease in children: Impact on bone healthEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Abstract Celiac disease is a chronic enteropathy caused by permanent intolerance to gluten and similar proteins found in wheat, barley and rye. The intestinal mucosa of susceptible individuals is crossed by undigested gluten, which leads to a marked inflammatory response. The clinical features may vary from overt intestinal symptoms to silent disease. Bone health has been found to be markedly affected in children and adolescents with untreated celiac disease, regardless of clinical presentation. Bone mass measurements are greatly reduced compared to healthy youth. As indicated by surrogate markers of bone tu...
Source: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders - February 5, 2008 Category: Endocrinology Tags: Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders Source Type: journals

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