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A Set of Piezoelectric Biosensors Using CholinesterasesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Piezoelectric sensors have become a versatile tool in biosensorics to study protein—protein and protein—small molecule interactions. Here we present theoretical background on piezoelectric sensors and instructions, how to modify their surface with various recognition elements for cholinesterases. These recognition elements comprise an organophosphate (paraoxon), a cocaine derivative (BZE-DADOO), and a tricyclic, aromatic compound (propidium). Additionally, a guide to the kinetic evaluation of the obtained binding curves is given in this chapter.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Electrochemical Immunosensing Using Micro and NanoparticlesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A model immunosensor based on a labeling method using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and electrochemical detection is developed. Microparamagnetic beads (MB) as primary antibody immobilization platforms and AuNPs modified with a secondary antibody as high sensible electrochemical labels have been used. The carbon electrode used as transducer incorporates a magnet that allows the collection/ immobilization on its surface of the immunological sandwich attached to the MB.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Methods for the Preparation of Electrochemical Composite Biosensors Based on Gold NanoparticlesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Methods for the construction of electrochemical composite biosensors using gold nanoparticles and Teflon as nonconducting-binding material are described in detail. The advantages of the incorporation of gold nanoparticles to the composite electrode matrices are highlighted, giving rise to bioelectrodes with improved analytical performance in terms of stability and sensitivity with respect to other biosensor designs. Three different biosensors have been considered: a tyrosinase biosensor in which the enzyme and gold nanoparticles are incorporated into graphite—Teflon composite electrode matrices by simple physical inc...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Immunochromatographic Lateral Flow Strip TestsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The immunochromatographic lateral flow strip test is a one-step test that facilitates low-cost, rapid identification of various analytes at the point of care. We have developed lateral flow strip tests for the specific qualitative or semiquantitative detection of antigens, antibodies, and haptens, such as drug residues. Here, we describe in detail the preparation of three examples of the strip tests for detection of (a) the infectious bursal disease virus; (b) Trichinella specific antibodies, and (c) Clenbuterol residues in urine samples.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Liposome-Enhanced Lateral-Flow Assays for the Sandwich-Hybridization Detection of RNAEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Clinical and environmental analyses frequently necessitate rapid, simple, and inexpensive point-of-care or field tests. These semiquantitative tests may be later followed up by confirmatory laboratory-based assays, but can provide an initial scenario assessment important for resource mobilization and threat confinement. Lateral-flow assays (LFAs) and dip-stick assays, which are typically antibody-based and yield a visually detectable signal, provide an assay format suiting these applications extremely well. Signal generation is commonly obtained through the use of colloidal gold or latex beads, which yield a colored band e...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Rapid Prototyping of Lateral Flow AssaysEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Principles and characteristics of lateral flow strip assays are reviewed. Recent technology developments permit the use of inexpensive electronic readers for interrogating lateral flow strip test results, thus avoiding the inevitable variation and subjectivity of visual inspection to assess the capture of reporter-labeled analyte on test lines of the strip. Protocols for developing lateral flow assays are described, including two specific case studies for assaying cotinine (a small-molecule metabolite of nicotine) in a competitive format, and assaying HIV antibodies in a sandwich-type assay format.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Lateral Flow Colloidal Gold-Based Immunoassay for PesticideEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In recent years, immunochromatographic lateral flow test strips are used as a popular diagnostic tool. There are two formats (noncompetitive and competitive) in gold-based immunoassay. Noncompetitive gold-based immunoassay also called sandwich assay is applied for the detection of large molecular mass. For small molecular mass such as pesticide, competitive format of lateral flow colloidal gold-based immunoassay is described in this chapter. The preparation of gold colloidal and the conjugation between antibody and gold colloidal are described. Hi-flow plus nitrocellulose membranes are separately coated with goat anti-rabb...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Synthesis of a Virus Electrode for Measurement of Prostate Specific Membrane AntigenEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Though relatively unexploited in biosensor applications, phage display technology can provide versatile recognition scaffolds for detection of cancer markers and other analytes. This chapter details protocols for covalent attachment of viruses directly to electrodes for reagent-free detection of analytes in real-time. Customization of binding specificity leverages selections with large phage display libraries prior to covalent attachment of the selected virus to the electrode. The methods described here utilize electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to detect molecular recognition between M13 phage bound to a Au elec...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

In Vivo Bacteriophage Display for the Discovery of Novel Peptide-Based Tumor-Targeting AgentsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A powerful strategy for targeted drug discovery is the use of bacteriophage (phage) display technology for identification of peptide-based tumor targeting agents. Peptide pharmaceuticals may possess clinically desirable properties because of their rapid blood clearance, non-immunogenic nature, and ease of synthesis. Phage display has identified hundreds of different peptide sequences that bind a desired target in vitro. Regrettably, few of these peptides offer good targeting efficacy in vivo. One reason for this is the synthesized peptide may not retain its optimal activity outside the microenvironment of the phage. Anothe...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Biopanning of Phage Displayed Peptide Libraries for the Isolation of Cell-Specific LigandsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One limitation in the development of biosensors for the early detection of disease is the availability of high specificity and affinity ligands for biomarkers that are indicative of a pathogenic process. Within the past 10 years, biopanning of phage displayed peptide libraries on intact cells has proven to be a successful route to the identification of cell-specific ligands. The peptides selected from these combinatorial libraries are often able to distinguish between diseased cells and their normal counterparts as well as cells in different activation states. These ligands are small and chemical methodologies are availabl...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Biosensor Detection Systems: Engineering Stable, High-Affinity Bioreceptors by Yeast Surface DisplayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Over the past two decades, the field of biosensors has been developing fast, portable, and convenient detection tools for various molecules of interest, both biological and environmental. Although much attention is paid to the transduction portion of the sensor, the actual bioreceptor that binds the ligand is equally critical. Tight, specific binding by the bioreceptor is required to detect low levels of the relevant ligand, and the bioreceptor must be stable enough to survive immobilization, storage, and in ideal cases, regeneration on the biosensing device. Often, naturally-occurring bioreceptors or antibodies that are s...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Piezoelectric Biosensors for Aptamer—Protein InteractionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Aptamers can be considered as a valid alternative to antibodies or other biomimetic receptors for the development of biosensors and other analytical methods. The production of aptamers is commonly performed by the SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) process, which, starting from large libraries of oligonucleotides, allows the isolation of large amounts of functional nucleic acids by an iterative process of in vitro selection and subsequent amplification through polymerase chain reaction. Aptamers are suitable for applications based on molecular recognition as analytical, diagnostic, and therapeutic tools.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Antibody Affinity Optimization Using Yeast Cell Surface DisplayEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many biosensors depend on molecular recognition reagents to achieve highly sensitive and specific detection levels of an analyte of interest. Although new and improved detection platforms continue to be developed, improvements in the affinity and specificity of the molecular recognition reagents often dictate the ultimate performance level and utility of the instrument. Accordingly, large effort is placed in discovering and characterizing the reagents to be used for a biosensor application. Antibodies, owing to their unparalleled ability to bind a diverse array of antigens with high affinity and specificity, have been wide...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Using RNA Aptamers and the Proximity Ligation Assay for the Detection of Cell Surface AntigensEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The detection and typing of tumor cells based on differentially or similarly expressed antigens (biomarkers) have proven to be increasingly important for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. Sensitive techniques for the detection of cell surface antigens are therefore crucial for the early and accurate detection of cancer. Although techniques such as ELISA and tissue staining have proven their worth, these techniques often either require substantial amounts of starting material or are prone to high background and false negatives. The proximity ligation assay (PLA) has proven to be an exquisitely sensitive techni...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

In Vitro Selection of Protein-Binding DNA Aptamers as Ligands for Biosensing ApplicationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Aptamers are single-stranded functional nucleic acids that possess cognate ligand recognition capability. These functional nucleic acids have been used for biosensing of a variety of ligands. Aptamers are isolated by “in vitro selection” or SELEX from random-sequence nucleic acid pools. For example, DNA aptamers that recognize a protein can be generated by applying a DNA library to an affinity column containing the protein target and retrieving the bound sequences after wash. These sequences are amplified and used for a new round of binding and amplification. The identity of enriched sequences are subsequently ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Immobilization of Biomolecules onto Silica and Silica-Based Surfaces for Use in Planar Array BiosensorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Several methods are described in which a biological recognition molecule — a critical element in any biosensor — is immobilized onto a silica or silica-based sensing substrate. Although several variations are described, the methods for covalent immobilization share a common theme and are generally composed of three steps: modification of the surface to add specific functional groups (using appropriate silanes or an amine or carboxyl-containing hydrogel), covalent attachment of a crosslinker through one of its reactive moieties, and finally, covalent linking of the biomolecule (recognition element) to the remain...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Rapid DNA Amplification Using a Battery-Powered Thin-Film Resistive ThermocyclerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A prototype handheld, compact, rapid thermocycler was developed for multiplex analysis of nucleic acids in an inexpensive, portable configuration. Instead of the commonly used Peltier heating/cooling element, electric thin-film resistive heater and a miniature fan enable rapid heating and cooling of glass capillaries leading to a simple, low-cost Thin-Film Resistive Thermocycler (TFRT). Computer-based pulse width modulation control yields heating rates of 6–7 K/s and cooling rates of 5 K/s. The four capillaries are closely coupled to the heater, resulting in low power consumption. The energy required by a nominal PCR...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Resonators Applied for Immunosensing and Affinity Interaction StudiesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Piezoelectric quartz crystals serve as resonator-based transducers for direct and real-time monitoring of immunoaffinity interactions. The measuring system is briefly characterized; several examples for immobilization of antibodies are recommended. The piezoelectric immunoassays employing direct, competitive, and displacement-based formats are demonstrated on examples. The method for kinetic characterization of immunoaffinity interactions is presented.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Biosensors Based on CantileversEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Microcantilevers based-biosensors are a new label-free technique that allows the direct detection of biomolecular interactions in a label-less way and with great accuracy by translating the biointeraction into a nanomechanical motion. Low cost and reliable standard silicon technologies are widely used for the fabrication of cantilevers with well-controlled mechanical properties. Over the last years, the number of applications of these sensors has shown a fast growth in diverse fields, such as genomic or proteomic, because of the biosensor flexibility, the low sample consumption, and the non-pretreated samples required. In ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Piezoelectric-Excited Millimeter-Sized Cantilever BiosensorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this chapter, method of fabricating a cantilever biosensors and their use in measuring the presence of a protein is described. There are many variations in construction of a cantilever sensor. A simple and an easy version is described in this chapter. The specificity of the sensor is obtained by immobilizing an antibody specific to the antigen of interest. The piezoelectric cantilever sensors are very sensitive and can easily detect a 60 kDa protein at 100 fg/mL concentration. Experimental procedure for carrying out detection of a target analyte is outlined and a sample set of results is included.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Preparation of Screen-Printed Electrochemical Immunosensors for Estradiol, and Their Application in Biological FluidsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The method of fabrication of a prototype electrochemical immunosensor for estradiol (E2) is described. Methodologies are also given for colorimetric assays, which can be used to verify and optimize reagent performance, prior to their use in the electrochemical immunoassay: these include an E2 ELISA and a colorimetric assay performed on the immunosensor surface. The electrochemical immunosensor system uses screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCEs) upon which antibody against E2 is immobilized. Antibodies (rabbit anti-mouse IgG, then monoclonal mouse anti-E2) are immobilized by passive adsorption onto the working electrode su...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Electrochemical DNA Biosensors: Protocols for Intercalator-Based Detection of Hybridization in Solution and at the SurfaceEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An electrochemical DNA biosensor is a device that utilizes the inherent ability of two complementary strands of nucleic acids to form a double helix. The specificity of this reaction, namely hybridization, is used in the detection of target DNA sequences with a view toward developing point-of-care devices. Since the early 1990s, great progress has been made in this field, but there are still numerous challenges to overcome. This chapter describes the components of an electrochemical DNA biosensor for researchers new to the field, paying particular attention to intercalator-based DNA biosensors. We will use a well-defined e...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Electrochemical Biosensor Technology: Application to Pesticide DetectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In recent years, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are becoming an accepted part of analytical chemistry since they satisfy the expanding need for rapid and reliable measurements.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Electrochemical Detection of DNA Hybridization Using Micro and NanoparticlesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A novel, rapid, and sensitive protocol for the electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization that take the advantage of a magnetic separation/mixing process and the use of monomaleimido-gold nanoparticles of 1.4 nm diameter as label is presented. A sandwich-type assay is formed in this protocol by the capture probe DNA immobilized on the surface of magnetic beads and the double hybridization of the target (cystic fibrosis related DNA), first with the immobilized probe, and then with signaling probe DNA labeled with monomaleimido-gold nanoparticles. When the assay is completed, the final conjugate is transferred onto genom...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - December 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface Plasmon Field-Enhanced Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Sensitive Detection of Tumor MarkersEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), which provides real-time, in situ analysis of dynamic surface events, is a valuable tool for studying interactions between biomolecules. In the clinical diagnosis of tumor markers in human blood, SPR is applied to detect the formation of a sandwich-type immune complex composed of a primary antibody immobilized on a sensor surface, the tumor marker, and a secondary antibody. However, the SPR signal is quite low due to the minute amounts (ng-pg/mL) of most tumor markers in blood. We have shown that the SPR signal can be amplified by applying an antibody against the secondary antibody or strep...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Label-Free Serodiagnosis on a Grating CouplerEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The unique feature of the label-free measurement techniques for screening specific binding molecules against a certain ligand is that knowledge about the analyte is not required. Due to the direct monitoring of the binding event, no further detection step, e.g., by a fluorescently labeled antibody, is necessary. This technique enables not only the analysis of binding properties, but also applications in serodiagnosis and in primary screening in drug discovery. Especially when complex biological solutions such as blood serum are used as sample fluids, the minimization of unspecific attachment is the crucial point of the ass...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

CCD Camera Detection of HIV InfectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Rapid and precise quantification of the infectivity of HIV is important for molecular virologic studies, as well as for measuring the activities of antiviral drugs and neutralizing antibodies. An indicator cell line, a CCD camera, and image-analysis software were used to quantify HIV infectivity. The cells of the P4R5 line, which express the receptors for HIV infection as well as β-galactosidase under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat, were infected with HIV and then stained 2 days later with X-gal to turn the infected cells blue. Digital images of monolayers of the infected cells were captured using a hig...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Simple Luminescence Detector for Capillary ElectrophoresisEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The performance of a homemade, simple, fluorescence-induced capillary electrophoresis (CE) detector is described here. It is based on LED as excitation source, a bifurcated optical fibre as a waveguide and a CCD as a photodetector. The connection of all the components is fairly easy, even for non-experts. This detector provides a low cost and rapid system for the determination of high-quantum-yield native fluorescence compounds and fluorescence derivatised compounds by CE with direct fluorescence deter mination. R-phycoerythrin and B-phycoerythrin were used as models for native fluorescence compounds and amine labelled wit...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Optical System Design for Biosensors Based on CCD DetectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The use of Charge Coupled Device (CCD) detectors as an integral part of a biosensing system has become widespread in recent years due to several advantages of this type of detection, such as the ability to image multiple zones on the sensor, the flexibility of defining the sensing configuration and the low-noise performance of the detectors. The specification of the CCD as well as the selection of the other components in this system–including the source and the filters–is driven by the particular transduction mechanism, but all parts must be matched. Particular attention must be paid to reducing the various noi...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

A Simple Portable Electroluminescence Illumination-Based CCD DetectorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this chapter we describe a simple and relatively inexpensive Electroluminescence (EL) illumination and charged-coupled device (CCD) camera (EL-CCD) based detector for monitoring florescence and colorimetric assays. The portable battery-operated florescence detector includes an EL panel for fluoro-genic excitation at 490 nm, a cooled CCD digital camera to monitor emission at 523 nm, filters and a close up lens. The detector system is controlled by a laptop computer for camera operation, image acquisition and analysis. The system was tested using a fluorogenic peptide substrate (SNAP-25) for botulinum neurotoxin serotype ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Fluoroimmunoassays Using the NRL Array BiosensorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Array-based biosensor technology offers the user the ability to detect and quantify multiple targets in multiple samples simultaneously (Analytical Sciences 23:5–10, 2007). The NRL Array Biosensor has been developed with the aim of creating a system for sensitive, rapid, on-site screening for multiple targets of interest. This system is fluorescence-based, using evanescent illumination of a waveguide, and has demonstrated the use of both sandwich and competitive immunoassays for the detection of both high and low molecular weight targets, respectively. The current portable, automated system has demonstrated detection...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Biosensors Technologies: Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter-Based Hyperspectral and Polarization Imagers for Fluorescence and Spectroscopic ImagingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Filters are a critical element in fluorescence detection used by many biosensors. One of the main limitations of the conventional optical filters used in biosensors is that they are limited to a single wavelength operation while numerous wavelengths are used in a typical fluorescence detection used for biosensing. Acousto-optic tunable filters (AOTFs) have the potential to overcome this limitation and provide both spectral and polarization information because they are wavelength agile and polarization sensitive. Such filters can be used to develop compact hyperspectral/polarization imagers. Such an imager can be readily us...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Photodiode-Based Detection System for BiosensorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Many sensors and biosensors are based on the detection of optical changes in the sensing phase. In order to build a stand-alone sensing device, a miniature and low-cost detection system is critical. Here, the method for manufacturing the most critical part (the photodetector) is described in detail. The receiver is based on a photodiode. The practical design of such device is presented here. By using it, it is possible to construct an optical sensor for fluorescence or absorption-based measurement. Discussed here are suitable methods for generation and modulation of probing light, as well as the possible optical configurat...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Photodiode Array On-chip Biosensor for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7 Pathogenic BacteriaEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An integrated circuit (IC) of photodiode array (PDA) microchip system was used for the on-chip detection of E. coli O157:H7 based on an enzymatic bioassay and light absorption property of the reaction product. The PDA microchip consisting of an array of 12 × 12 photodiode detection elements served as a photosensor as well as a protein-immobilizing sample platform. As a result, E. coli O157:H7 could be detected directly on the surface of PDA detection elements. E. coli O157:H7 was detected by forming a “sandwich-type” enzymatic immunocomplex on the PDA detection elements using an on-chip bioassay. The quan...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

DNA Analysis with a Photo-Diode Array SensorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A simple instrument or device for easy DNA analysis is required. A combination of bioluminometric assay and photo-detection with an inexpensive photo-diode array provides a simple instrument for various DNA analyses. Its characteristics and applications for DNA analyses are described.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis Based on Spatial Modulation Phase DetectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor is a powerful tool for biomolecular interaction analysis in proteomics research and drug discovery. But when it is used to analyze small molecules, the sensitivity still needs enhancement. Phase detection is a potential solution, for phase changes more abruptly than intensity when SPR is excited. An SPR system is developed based on spatial modulation phase detection (SMPD). In this system, collimated monochromatic light is used to excite SPR, and the phase of the reflected light is spatially modulated to generate an interference pattern. By processing the interference pattern by ce...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Miniaturized and Integrated Fluorescence Detectors for Microfluidic Capillary Electrophoresis DevicesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present here details of a new integrated fluorescence detection system. A microfluidic biochemical analysis device is mounted on a compact detection platform that comprises a fluorescence-collecting microlens and micromachined fluorescence detector in which a multilayer optical interference filter is monolithically integrated and patterned on a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) photodiode. A central aperture in the micromachined a-Si:H fluorescence detector allows semiconductor laser light to pass up through the detector and to irradiate a microchannel of the microfluidic analysis device. Such an optical configura...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Photomultiplier Tubes in BiosensorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Photomultiplier tubes (PMT) are widely used for the weak light detection in some types of biosensors. A light detection system for biosensors based on PMT generally contains optic fibers, PMT, and filters. Basic principles of those accessories were provided in this chapter. The guides to selecting fibers, filters, PMT, and power suppliers in practical applications were presented. Major problems that may occur with the instruments were listed and discussed.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Integrating Waveguide BiosensorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The Integrating Waveguide Biosensor was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of bacterial cells, spores, and toxins. A sandwich format of immunoassay was employed using Salmonella as model. The analyte was immunocaptured on the inner surface of the waveguide and then detected by the antibody conjugated with fluorescent dye. The waveguide was illuminated by an excitation light at a 90° angle. The emitted light from fluorescent labels on the surface of the waveguide was efficiently collected and channeled to a detector at the end of the waveguide, while minimizing interference from the excitation light. Utilizing ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Detection of Fluorescence Generated in Microfluidic Channel Using In-Fiber Grooves and In-Fiber Microchannel SensorsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In life sciences, the problem of very small volume of sample, analytes, and reagents is often faced. Micro-fluidic technology is ideal for handling costly and difficult-to-obtain samples, analytes, and reagents, because it requires very small volume of samples, in order of μL or even nL. Among many types of optical techniques commonly used for biosensing in microfluidic chip, fluorescence detection technique is the most common. The standard free-space detection techniques used to detect fluorescence emission from microfluidic channel often suffer issues like scattering noise, crosstalks, misalignment, autofluorescence o...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Multiplex Integrating Waveguide Sensor: Signalyte™-IIEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A platform to detect multiplex fluorescent labels was developed based on liquid phase implementation of the Integrating Waveguide Sensor detection principles. The liquid sample is held in a capillary cuvette with a lens at one end. The excitation light incident on the cuvette at 90° angle. The emitted fluores cence is efficiently gathered and propagated to the end of the waveguide cuvette, exiting via the lens to the detector. The capillary cuvette acts as a waveguide to efficiently gather the emission signal, providing high detection sensitivity for small sample sizes.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

CCD Based Fiber-Optic Spectrometer DetectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Highly sensitive and cost effective measurement tools are required in biotechnology research and applications. Fluorescence provides very simple, cost effective, and sensitive methods in most of the biosensor techniques. Spectrometer is an essential tool for any kind of spectroscopic measurements. A charged coupled device (CCD)-based fiber optic spectrometer is highly compact, light weight, and an extremely easy to use tool. In this chapter, we have described the use of CCD-based fiber-optic spectrometers in detection of fluorescence signal from a fiber-optic-based sensor. The method can easily be extended to fluorescence ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Array-Based Spectral SPR Biosensor: Analysis of Mumps Virus InfectionEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Spectral SPR biosensor is a useful system for a rapid analysis of protein arrays, as the biosensor with a fiber optic spectrometer can be easily aligned with the reflected light from protein arrays. The spectral SPR biosensor was constructed by Kretschmann geometry, based on the wavelength interrogation with various modules such as protein arrays, optical unit, programs for data acquisition and processing, and a motorized x–y stage for scanning. Protein arrays consist of glass/gold film/linker layer/protein/air. The surface of gold arrays was modified with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) and 11-mercap-toundeca...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Optical Biosensors Based on Photonic Crystal Surface WavesEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Optical biosensors have played a key role in the selective recognition of target biomolecules and in biomolecular interaction analysis, providing kinetic data about biological binding events in real time without labeling. The advantages of the label-free concept are the elimination of detrimental effects from labels that may interfere with fundamental interaction and the absence of a time-consuming pretreatment. The disadvantages of all label-free techniques–including the most mature one, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique, are a deficient sensitivity to a specific signal and undesirable susceptibilities to no...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Surface Plasmon Resonance BiosensingEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors belong to label-free optical biosensing technologies. The SPR method is based on optical measurement of refractive index changes associated with the binding of analyte molecules in a sample to biorecognize molecules immobilized on the SPR sensor. Since late 1990's, SPR biosensors have become the main tool for the study of biomolecular interactions both in life science and pharmaceutical research. In addition, they have been increasingly applied in the detection of chemical and biological substances in important areas such as medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safe...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Label-Free Detection with the Resonant Mirror BiosensorEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The resonant mirror (RM) biosensor is a leaky waveguide-based instrument that uses the evanescent field to probe changes in the refractive index at the sensing surface.The RM can therefore be used to monitor in real-time and label-free the interaction between an analyte in solution and its biospecific partner immobilized on the waveguide surface.The RM has been used in studying the interaction of a variety of moieties including proteins, carbohydrates, cells, nucleic acids and receptors, leading to applications in areas such as clinical diagnostics, homeland security, and pharmaceutical and biomolecular interactions. This ...
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Label-Free Detection with the Liquid Core Optical Ring Resonator Sensing PlatformEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Optical label-free detection prevents the cost and complexity of fluorescence and radio labeling while providing accurate quantitative and kinetic results. We have developed a new optical label-free sensor called the liquid core optical ring resonator (LCORR). The LCORR integrates optical ring resonator sensors into the microfluidic delivery system by using glass capillaries with a thin wall. The LCORR is capable of performing refractive index detection on liquid samples, as well as bio/chemical analyte detection down to detection limits on the scale of pg/mm2 on a sensing surface.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Reflectometric Interference SpectroscopyEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Reflectometry is classified in comparison to the commercialized refractometric surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The advantages of direct optical detection depend on a sophisticated surface chemistry resulting in negligible nonspecific binding and high loading with recognition sites at the biopolymer sensitive layer of the transducer. Elaborate details on instrumental realization and surface chemistry are discussed for optimum application of reflectometric interference spectroscopy (RIfS). A standard protocol for a binding inhibition assay is given. It overcomes principal problems of any direct optical detection technique.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Phase Sensitive Interferometry for Biosensing ApplicationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A simple yet highly sensitive implementation of an interferometric technique for a label-free molecular biosensing application is described. The intereferometric detection method is based on the phase-sensitive detection of spectral interference fringes. The change in optical path length due to binding of biomolecules on functionalized optically clear substrates can be quantified by detecting the change in the phase of the spectral fringes. The common path interferometeric design permits measurement of sub- monolayer binding of biomolecules to the sensor surfaces.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - November 11, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

Methods for Studying Functional Interactions Among Neuronal PopulationsEmail this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We describe statistical techniques, based on time- and trial-shuffling, that can establish the significance of correlations between multiple and simultaneously recorded spike trains. Then, we describe several approaches to studying functional interactions between neurons, including principal component analysis, cross-correlation analysis, analyses of rate correlations, and analyses of shared predictive information. Finally, we compare these techniques using a sample data set and discuss how the combined use of these techniques can lead to novel insights regarding neuronal interactions during behavior.
Source: Springer protocols feed by Imaging/Radiology - October 24, 2008 Category: Radiology Source Type: info

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