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A social-cognitive model of human behavior offers a more parsimonious account of emotional expressivity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
According to socio-relational theory, men and women encountered different ecologies in their evolutionary past, and, as a result of different ancestral selection pressures, they developed different patterns of emotional expressivity that have persisted across cultures and large human evolutionary time scales. We question these assumptions, and propose that social-cognitive models of individual differences more parsimoniously account for sex differences in emotional expressivity. PMID: 19825228 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Zayas V, Tabak JA, Günaydýn G, Robertson JM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Expressed emotions, early caregiver-child interaction, and disorders.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In addition to the socio-relational framework of expressive behaviors (SRFB), we recommend integrating theoretical and empirical findings based on attachment theory. We advocate a dynamic interpretation of early caregiver-child interaction. The consequences of models from developmental psychology for the occurrence of psychopathology are demonstrated from a clinical perspective. PMID: 19825229 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Wiefel A, Schepker R Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

On the systematic social role of expressed emotions: An embodied perspective.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vigil suggests that expressed emotions are inherently learned and triggered in social contexts. A strict reading of this account is not consistent with the findings that individuals, even those who are congenitally blind, do express emotions in the absence of an audience. Rather, grounded cognition suggests that facial expressions might also be an embodied support used to represent emotional information. PMID: 19825230 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Vermeulen N Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Brain-based sex differences in parenting propagate emotion expression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Parent-infant emotional expressions vary according to parent and infant gender. Such parent-infant interactions critically affect infant development. Neuroimaging research is exploring emotion-related brain function that varies according to gender, and regulates parenting thoughts and behaviors in the early postpartum. Through specific brain functions, parenting serves to program the infant brain for the next generation of sex-specific emotional expression. PMID: 19825231 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Swain JE Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Human female exogamy is supported by cross-species comparisons: Cause to recognise sex differences in societal policy?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
A sex difference in the tendency to outbreed (female exogamy) is a premise for the target article's proposed framework, which receives some support by being shared with chimpanzees but not with more distantly related primates. Further empirical support is provided, and it is suggested that recognition of sex differences might improve effective fairness, taking sexual assault as a case in point. PMID: 19825232 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Madison G Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Cry baby cry, make your mother buy? Evolution of tears, smiles, and reciprocity potential.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this commentary, the idea of reciprocity potential indicators is tied in with ultimate accounts on sex differences in social sensitivity. It is proposed that, rather than crying, smiling is a more likely cooperative signal. The possibility of coevolution and polymorphism in perceptual and signalling systems are also discussed briefly, with a reference to Theory of Mind and Machiavellianism. PMID: 19825233 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lyons M Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

The other side of the coin: Intersexual selection and the expression of emotions to signal youth or maturity.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vigil summarizes sex-related differences in emotivity, and presents a psychological model based on the restrictive assumption that responses to stimuli are dichotomous. The model uses for support the concept of intrasexual selection, but ignores intersexual selection. An alternative hypothesis might be that emotivity signals age: maturity in men and youth in women. Integration requires considering all evolutionary biology, not just agreeable concepts. PMID: 19825234 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lozano GA Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

On the detection of emotional facial expressions: Are girls really better than boys?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
One facet of Vigil's socio-relational framework of expressive behaviors (SRFB) suggests that females are more sensitive to facial expressions than are males, and should detect facial expressions more quickly. A re-examination of recent research with children demonstrates that girls do detect various facial expressions more quickly than do boys. Although this provides support for SRFB, further examination of SRFB in children would lend important support this evolutionary-based theory. PMID: 19825235 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Lobue V, Deloache JS Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Emotional expression of capacity and trustworthiness in humor and in social dilemmas.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Humor and social dilemmas are two disparate areas that have been linked to emotions. However, they tend to have been studied apart from considerations of emotion and emotional expression. We provide an overview of how such areas might be illuminated by Vigil's socio-relational framework, and how capacity and trustworthiness are communicated in humor and social dilemmas. PMID: 19825236 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Li NP, Balliet D Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex differences in emotion expression: Developmental, epigenetic, and cultural factors.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vigil's socio-relational framework of sex differences in emotion-expressive behavior has a number of interesting aspects, especially the principal concepts of reciprocity potential and perceived attractiveness and trustworthiness. These are attractive and potentially heuristic ideas. However, some of his arguments and claims are not well grounded in research on early development. Three- to five-year-old children did not show the sex differences in emotion-expressive behavior discussed in the target article. Our data suggest that Vigil may have underestimated the roles of epigenetic and cultural factors in shaping emoti...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Izard CE, Finlon KJ, Grossman SR Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Biofeedback mechanisms between shapeable endogen structures and contingent social complexes: The nature of determination for developmental paths.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Biofeedback mechanisms (a) between individuals, (b) between the individual and the society structures which shape individual cognitions, and (c) within the individual genetic biochemical circulation, may explain the diversity of trustworthiness potential and the option of mutual trust for every individual in any given society. PMID: 19825238 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Ferber SG Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Separating production from perception: Perceiver-based explanations for sex differences in emotion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
In this commentary, we review evidence that production-based (perceiver-independent) measures reveal few consistent sex differences in emotion. Further, sex differences in perceiver-based measures can be attributed to retrospective or dispositional biases. We end by discussing an alternative view that women might appear to be more emotional because they are more facile with emotion language. PMID: 19825239 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Fugate JM, Gouzoules H, Barrett LF Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Beyond our origin: Adding social context to an explanation of sex differences in emotion expression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Vigil's socio-relational framework of sex differences in emotional expressiveness emphasizes general sex differences in emotional responding, but largely ignores the social context in which emotions are expressed. There is much empirical evidence showing that sex differences in emotion displays are flexible and a function of specific social roles and demands, rather than a reflection of evolutionary-based social adjustments. PMID: 19825240 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Fischer AH Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

When organization meets emotions, does the socio-relational framework fail?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We suggest that the framework proposed by Vigil is useful in laboratory contexts but might come up short for in vivo social interactions. Emotions result from cost-benefits trade-offs but are not solely generated at the individual level to establish emotional social spheres. In organizational contexts, emotion expression can be a constitutive part of a professional activity, and observed sex differences might vanish. PMID: 19825241 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Basso F, Oullier O Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

The socio-relational framework of expressive behaviors as an integrative psychological paradigm.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
This response shows how the socio-relational framework of expressive behaviors may be used to understand and predict social psychological processes, beyond sex differences in the expression of emotion. I use this opportunity to elaborate on several key concepts on the epigenesis of evolved social behaviors that were not fully addressed in the target article. These are: evidence of a natural history of masculine and feminine specialization (sect. R1); phenotypic plasticity and range of reactivity of social behaviors (sect. R2); exploitive and protective functions of social behaviors (sect. R3); and the role of cognition...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Vigil JM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Reciprocity of laughing, humor, and tickling, but not tearing and crying, in the sexual marketplace.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Laughing, humor, and tickling, but not tearing and crying, involve the give-and-take that provides value and a basis for exchange in the psychosexual marketplace. PMID: 19825243 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Provine RR Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

On the richness and limitations of dimensional models of social perception.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The two-dimensional model of social relations outlined in the target article has striking convergence with empirically derived dimensional models of interpersonal perception, inter-group perception, and face evaluation. All these models posit two-dimensional structures related to perceptions of valence/affiliation and power/status. Although these models are parsimonious, they may be insufficient to account for behaviors in specific contexts. PMID: 19825244 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Todorov A Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Smiling reflects different emotions in men and women.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present evidence that smiling is positively associated with positive affect in women and negatively associated with negative affect in men. In line with Vigil's model, we propose that, in women, smiling signals warmth (trustworthiness cues), which attracts fewer and more intimate relationships, whereas in men, smiling signals confidence and lack of self-doubt (capacity cues), which attracts numerous, less-intimate relationships. PMID: 19825245 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Vazire S, Naumann LP, Rentfrow PJ, Gosling SD Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

A socio-relational framework of sex differences in the expression of emotion.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Despite a staggering body of research demonstrating sex differences in expressed emotion, very few theoretical models (evolutionary or non-evolutionary) offer a critical examination of the adaptive nature of such differences. From the perspective of a socio-relational framework, emotive behaviors evolved to promote the attraction and aversion of different types of relationships by advertising the two most parsimonious properties of reciprocity potential, or perceived attractiveness as a prospective social partner. These are the individual's (a) perceived capacity or ability to provide expedient resources, or to inflict...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Vigil JM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

The role of emotions in adaptations for exploitation.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Emotion expression serves functions in exploitative resource-acquisition strategies that may not include relationship reciprocity. These include rendering victims more exploitable and signaling one's status as non-exploitable. A comprehensive theory of emotion expressions must explain their role in adaptations for exploitation, as well as evolved defenses against those pursuing a strategy of exploitation. PMID: 19825247 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - October 13, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Buss DM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex differences in the developmental antecedents of aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Archer examines sex differences in aggression, and argues that these differences may be better explained by sexual selection theory than by social role theory. This commentary examines sex differences in the developmental antecedents of aggression and violence, and presents a preliminary framework for examining whether the observed sex differences amongst these developmental antecedents can also be accounted for by sexual selection theory. PMID: 19691876 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Boden JM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Two more things for consideration: Sexual orientation and conduct disorder.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We add to Archer's review with mention of sexual orientation differences in aggression and empathy, which suggest a biological basis for the mediating role of empathy. We also note that Archer's view of sex differences will illuminate discussion of conduct disorder, which can only be of help to researchers in this field. PMID: 19691877 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Dickins TE, Sergeant MJ Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sexual selection does not provide an adequate theory of sex differences in aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Our social role/biosocial theory provides a more adequate account of aggression sex differences than does Archer's sexual selection theory. In our theory, these sex differences arise flexibly from sociocultural and ecological forces in interaction with humans' biology, as defined by female and male physical attributes and reproductive activities. Our comments elaborate our theory's explanations for the varied phenomena that Archer presents. PMID: 19691878 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Eagly AH, Wood W Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Standards of evidence for designed sex differences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
At the heart of the debate between social role theorists and evolutionary psychologists is whether natural selection has designed the minds of the sexes differently to some interesting extent. In this commentary I describe the standards of evidence for both the positive and negative claims. In my opinion, Archer has met the standard for designed sex differences in intrasexual conflict. PMID: 19691879 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sell A Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Development of sex differences in physical aggression: The maternal link to epigenetic mechanisms.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
As Archer argues, recent developmental data on human physical aggression support the sexual selection hypothesis. However, sex differences are largely due to males on a chronic trajectory of aggression. Maternal characteristics of these males suggest that, in societies with low levels of physical violence, females with a history of behavior problems largely contribute to maintenance of physical aggression sex differences. PMID: 19691880 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Tremblay RE, Côté SM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Biophobia breeds unparsimonious exceptionalism.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
With respect to aggressiveness it is not enough to say that humans are "like other mammals." We resemble only those species where males have higher maximum reproductive rates than females. In such species males evolve a set of hormonally mediated competitive traits via sexual selection. Because humans match the predictions of this general evolutionary model, attempts to (re)explain men's aggressiveness in sociological terms are superfluous and misleading. PMID: 19691881 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Gaulin SJ Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex differences in dream aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Dream research shows sex differences in dream aggression that fit very well with the findings for waking-life aggressive behaviour. Dream studies are a valuable tool for investigating variables underlying the sex difference in aggression. One might argue that studying dream aggression might be even more promising because aggression in dreams is not socially labelled, as being aggressive in waking life is. PMID: 19691882 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Schredl M Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex differences in aggression: What does evolutionary theory predict?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The target article claims that evolutionary theory predicts the emergence of sex differences in aggression in early childhood, and that there will be no sex difference in anger. It also finds an absence of sex differences in spousal abuse in Western societies. All three are puzzling from an evolutionary perspective and warrant further discussion. PMID: 19691883 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Cashdan E Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

There's no contest: Human sex differences are sexually selected.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
An evolutionary psychological perspective drawing on sexual selection theory can better explain sex differences in aggression and violence than can social constructionist theories. Moreover, there is accumulating evidence that, in accordance with predictions derived from sexual selection theory, men modulate their willingness to engage in risky and violent confrontations in response to cues to fitness variance and future prospects. PMID: 19691884 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Pound N, Daly M, Wilson M Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

The multiple adaptive problems solved by human aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human psychology contains adaptations to deploy aggression as one solution to many distinct adaptive problems. These include expropriating resources, defending against incursions, establishing encroachment-deterring reputations, inflicting costs on rivals, ascending dominance hierarchies, dissuading partner defection, eliminating fitness-draining offspring, and obtaining new mates. Aggression is not a singular strategy. Comprehensive theories must identify the "design features" of multiple adaptations for aggression. PMID: 19691885 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Buss DM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sexual selection and social roles: Two models or one?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Nothing is gained by opposing "sexual selection" and "social roles," or by proclaiming the supremacy of one over the other. Instead, we should develop a unitary model of gene-culture coevolution, allowing for the complex interaction of both, and varying importance of each, all within our double, species-specific, adaptive, evolutionary track. PMID: 19691886 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: van den Berghe PL Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex differences in human aggression: The interaction between early developmental and later activational testosterone.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The relation between testosterone levels and aggressive behavior is well established. From an evolutionary viewpoint, testosterone can explain at least part of the sex differences found in aggressive behavior. This explanation, however, is mediated by factors such as prenatal testosterone levels and basal levels of cortisol. Especially regarding sex differences in aggression during adolescence, these mediators have great influence. Based on developmental brain structure research we argue that sex differences in aggression have a pre-pubertal origin and are maintained during adolescence. Evidence of prenatal, adolescent...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Terburg D, Peper JS, Morgan B, van Honk J Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

A quantitative genetic approach to understanding aggressive behavior.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Quantitative genetic studies of human aggressive behavior only partly support the claim of social role theory that individual differences in aggressive behavior are learnt rather than innate. As to its heritable component, future studies on the genetic architecture of aggressive behavior across different contexts could shed more light on the evolutionary origins of male-female versus male-male aggression. PMID: 19691888 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kempenaers B, Forstmeier W Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Suspicions of female infidelity predict men's partner-directed violence.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Archer's argument regarding sex differences in partner violence rests on a general account of between-sex differences in reproductive strategies and in social roles. However, men's partner-directed violence often is predicted by perceived risk of female infidelity. We hypothesize that men's partner-directed violence is produced by psychological mechanisms evolved to solve the adaptive problem of paternity uncertainty. PMID: 19691889 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kaighobadi F, Shackelford TK Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

A history of war: The role of inter-group conflict in sex differences in aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Human aggression has two important dimensions: within-group aggression and between-group aggression. Archer offers an excellent treatment of the former only. A full explanation of sex differences in aggression will fail without accounting for our history of inter-group aggression, which has deep evolutionary roots and specific psychological adaptations. The causes and consequences of inter-group aggression are dramatically different for males and females. PMID: 19691890 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Johnson DD, van Vugt M Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

An I3 Theory analysis of human sex differences in aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
According to I3 Theory, individuals enact aggressive behaviors when (a) instigating triggers are severe, (b) impelling forces are strong, and/or (c) inhibiting forces are weak. Archer's analysis of human sex differences in aggression could be bolstered by a careful analysis of male-female discrepancies in reactivity (or exposure) to instigating triggers, proneness toward impelling forces, and/or proneness toward inhibiting forces. PMID: 19691891 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Finkel EJ, Slotter EB Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex, aggression, and life history strategy.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We agree that sexual selection is a more comprehensive explanation for sex differences in direct aggression than social role theory, which is an unparsimonious and vestigial remnant of human exceptionalism. Nevertheless, Archer misses several opportunities to put the theoretical predictions made by himself and by others into direct competition in a way that would further the interests of strong inference. PMID: 19691892 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Figueredo AJ, Gladden PR, Brumbach BH Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Differentiating defensive and predatory aggression: Neuropsychological systems and personality in sex differences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We draw a distinction between defensive and predatory forms of aggression, and how these forms relate to basic neuropsychological systems, especially the Fight-Flight-Freeze-System (FFFS; putatively related to defensive aggression), and the Behavioural Approach System (BAS; putatively related to predatory aggression). These systems may help further to account for proximal brain processes and personality influences in the context of sex differences. PMID: 19691893 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Corr PJ, Perkins AM Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

What kind of selection?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Supporting a mediating role for fear in inhibiting female aggression, a recent study shows that aversion to "risky" impulsivity completely mediates the sex difference in direct aggression but not in angry acts where dangerous retaliation is unlikely. A more inclusive use of the term "sexual selection" to encompass reproductive advantage would recognise females' crucial role in nurturing and protecting offspring. PMID: 19691894 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Campbell A Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Sex differences in aggression: Origins and implications for sexual integration of combat forces.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Sex differences in aggressive and risk-taking behaviors have practical implications for sexual integration of military combat units. The social-role theory implies that female soldiers will adapt to their role and display the same aggressive and risk-taking propensities as their male comrades. If sex differences reflect evolved propensities, however, adoption of the soldier's role is unlikely to eliminate those differences. PMID: 19691895 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Browne KR Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Dominating versus eliminating the competition: Sex differences in human intrasexual aggression.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Archer presents a traditional view of intrasexual competition. Knowledge of a species' social structure provides a more complete picture. Human males compete against individuals with whom they may cooperate later in inter-group aggression. By contrast, females compete against individuals for a mate's continued support. Females' aggression may aim at eliminating the competition, whereas males simply may attempt to dominate others. PMID: 19691896 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Benenson JF Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Does sexual selection explain why human aggression peaks in early childhood?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Archer provides seemingly compelling evidence for his claim that sexual selection explains sex differences in human aggression better than social role theory. I challenge Archer's interpretation of some of this evidence. I argue that the same evidence could be used to support the claim that what has been selected for is the ability to curb aggression and discuss implications for Archer's theory. PMID: 19691897 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Behme C Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Ultimate and proximate influences on human sex differences.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We agree with Archer that human sex differences in aggression are well explained by sexual selection, but note that "social learning" explanations of human behaviors are not logically mutually exclusive from "evolutionary" explanations and therefore should not be framed as such. We discuss why this type of framing hinders the development of both social learning and evolutionary theories of human behavior. PMID: 19691898 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Bailey DH, Oxford JK, Geary DC Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Does sexual selection explain human sex differences in aggression?Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
I argue that the magnitude and nature of sex differences in aggression, their development, causation, and variability, can be better explained by sexual selection than by the alternative biosocial version of social role theory. Thus, sex differences in physical aggression increase with the degree of risk, occur early in life, peak in young adulthood, and are likely to be mediated by greater male impulsiveness, and greater female fear of physical danger. Male variability in physical aggression is consistent with an alternative life history perspective, and context-dependent variability with responses to reproductive com...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Archer J Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Refining the sexual selection explanation within an ethological framework.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
My response is organized into three sections. The first revisits the theme of the target article, the explanatory power of sexual selection versus social role theory. The second considers the range and scope of sexual selection, and its application to human sex differences. Two topics are examined in more detail: (1) the paternity uncertainty theory of partner violence; (2) evolution of inter-group aggression. Section 4 covers ultimate and proximal explanations and their integration within an ethological approach. I consider the development of sex differences in aggression, and their causal mechanisms, within this fram...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Archer J Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Moderators of sex differences in sexual selection theory.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Archer recognizes that sexual selection theory is sensitive to the effects of ecologies on sex differences, yet he does not explain the impact of such variation. For example, to what degree are there sex differences in aggression in polygynous and monogamous societies? I demonstrate how differences in mating perceptions affect the traditional dichotomy that males compete for and females choose mates. PMID: 19691905 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Pellegrini AD Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

Human sexual dimorphism, fitness display, and ovulatory cycle effects.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Social roles theorists claim that differences between the sexes are of limited consequence. Such misperceptions lead to misunderstanding the important role of sexual selection in explaining phenotypic differences both between species and within humans. Countering these claims, we explain how sexual dimorphism in humans affect expressions of artistic display and patterns of male and female aggression across the ovulatory cycle. PMID: 19691912 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Sefcek JA, Sacco DF Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

More holes in social roles.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
We present data on historical changes in violent crime contradicting that perspective, and discuss recent evidence showing how an evolutionary perspective predicts sex similarities and differences responding in a flexible and functional manner to adaptively relevant triggers across different domains. PMID: 19691913 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] (Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences)
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - August 19, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Kenrick DT, Griskevicius V Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

How we know our own minds: the relationship between mindreading and metacognition.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
Four different accounts of the relationship between third-person mindreading and first-person metacognition are compared and evaluated. While three of them endorse the existence of introspection for propositional attitudes, the fourth (defended here) claims that our knowledge of our own attitudes results from turning our mindreading capacities upon ourselves. Section 1 of this target article introduces the four accounts. Section 2 develops the "mindreading is prior" model in more detail, showing how it predicts introspection for perceptual and quasi-perceptual (e.g., imagistic) mental events while claiming that metacog...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - March 31, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Carruthers P Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals

The propositional nature of human associative learning.Email this article to a colleague. Save this article to My Clippings. Discuss or comment on this article.
The past 50 years have seen an accumulation of evidence suggesting that associative learning depends on high-level cognitive processes that give rise to propositional knowledge. Yet, many learning theorists maintain a belief in a learning mechanism in which links between mental representations are formed automatically. We characterize and highlight the differences between the propositional and link approaches, and review the relevant empirical evidence. We conclude that learning is the consequence of propositional reasoning processes that cooperate with the unconscious processes involved in memory retrieval and percept...
Source: The Behavioral and Brain Sciences - March 31, 2009 Category: Neuroscience Authors: Mitchell CJ, De Houwer J, Lovibond PF Tags: Behav Brain Sci Source Type: journals