The Ocular Surface
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PMID: 19635250 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Regression to the mean.
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PMID: 19635249 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD, Crockett RS Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Extending the duration of tear film protection in dry eye syndrome: review and retrospective case series study of the hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic insert.
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ABSTRACT Options for extending the duration of tear film protection in dry eyes include artificial tear formulations with enhanced viscosity/polymeric systems, ocular ointments and gels, and, recently, the hydroxypropyl cellulose ophthalmic insert (Lacrisert(R); distributed by Aton Pharma, Inc., Lawrenceville, NJ, USA). The goal in using these agents is to achieve a balance between maximizing tear film stability and ocular surface retention, while simultaneously maintaining or improving vision, comfort, and convenience. In this article, various agents are reviewed, and findings are presented from a retrospective study ...
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Wander AH, Koffler BH Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Historical brief on composition of human meibum lipids.
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ABSTRACT Meibomian glands (MG) secrete an oily substance, meibum, that spreads across the ocular surface and mixes with secretions produced by other ocular structures to create a thin film. The protective efficacy of the tear film is believed to be related to the chemical composition of the lipid layer. We reviewed the literature describing the composition of human MG secretions and have provided an overview on methods of collecting meibum samples, methods of lipid analyses, and the results obtained in previous studies. The usefulness and quality of the data obtained about meibum depend on proper sampling and the analy...
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Wojtowicz JC, Butovich IA, McCulley JP Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Matrix revolution: molecular mechanism for inflammatory corneal neovascularization and restoration of corneal avascularity by epithelial stem cell transplantation.
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ABSTRACT Corneal neovascularization (CNV) associated with severe limbal stem cell (LSC) deficiency remains a challenging ocular surface disease in that corneal inflammation may persist and progress, and the condition will not improve without LSC transplantation. A prominent feature after successful LSC transplantation is the suppression of corneal inflammation and CNV, which is generally attributed to the endogenous anti-angiogenic/anti-inflammatory factors secreted by corneal epithelial cells. In addition, corneal epithelial basement membrane (EBM) plays a unique role in the regulation of angiogenesis; several potent ...
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Ma DH, Chen HC, Lai JY, Sun CC, Wang SF, Lin KK, Chen JK Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Tear apparatus of animals: do they weep?
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PMID: 19635245 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Murube J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Things old and things new.
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PMID: 19635244 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The role of bacteria in blepharitis.
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PMID: 19445092 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: O'Brien TP Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Ocular surface research at the Singapore Eye Research Institute.
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Established in 1997, the Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), which is the research arm of the Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), has become one of the top centers for eye research in Southeast Asia. Because of research carried out at SERI and SNEC, Singapore now ranks as the world's top publisher of ophthalmology research on a per capita basis. Under the leadership of SERI director Donald Tan (recently succeeded by Wong Tien Yen) and scientific director Roger Beuerman, SERI has focused on the ocular surface, with particular emphasis on stem cell research, wound healing, and inflammation.
PMID: 19383280 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Tan DT, Beuerman RW Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Just a small, proof-of-concept study.
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PMID: 19383279 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Impression cytology: recent advances and applications in dry eye disease.
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Impression cytology (IC) allows cells to be harvested from the ocular surface noninvasively. Superficial layers of the epithelium are removed by application of cellulose acetate filters or Biopore membranes, and the cells can be subsequently analyzed by various methods, depending on the objective of the investigation or pathology involved. IC techniques are easily learned, can be performed in an outpatient setting, and cause virtually no discomfort to the patient. IC facilitates the diagnosis of ocular surface disorders, including, among others, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, and ocular ...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Lopin E, Deveney T, Asbell PA Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Predicted phenotypes of dry eye: proposed consequences of its natural history.
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This paper reviews current knowledge of the pathophysiology of dry eye and predicts that the clinical picture in late disease differs in both severity and quality from that in early disease. It is hypothesized that hybrid forms evolve, in which aqueous-deficient dry eye (ADDE) takes on features of evaporative dry eye (EDE) and vice versa. As a consequence, early and late forms may require different diagnostic criteria and respond to different therapeutic regimes. Tear hyperosmolarity plays a key role in the damage mechanism of dry eye, and ADDE is recognized to be a low-volume, hyperosmolar state. As ADDE advances, a p...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Bron AJ, Yokoi N, Gafney E, Tiffany JM Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Cornier.
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PMID: 19383276 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Baum J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Immunoregulation on the ocular surface: 2nd Cullen Symposium.
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A one-day symposium with 20 invited participants was held to review current knowledge regarding immunoregulation in the ocular surface and cornea. The program consisted of 11 lectures on various aspects of ocular and systemic immunoregulation, followed by a group discussion to formulate regulatory pathways. The ocular surface and its secondary lymphoid tissues contain numerous components of the innate and adaptive immune systems, which modulate the immune response to suppress or prevent excessive damaging immune reactions. These include factors that regulate induction of the immune response (afferent loop), as well as...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Pflugfelder SC, Stern ME, Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Basal, reflex, and psycho-emotional tears.
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PMID: 19383274 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Murube J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Controlling the ocular surface: how it's done.
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PMID: 19383273 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The effects of blepharitis on ocular surgery.
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PMID: 19383272 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Lindstrom RL Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The patient's experience of blepharitis.
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PMID: 19383271 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: McDonald MB Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Enhancing our knowledge of blepharitis.
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PMID: 19383270 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Blepharitis in the United States 2009: a survey-based perspective on prevalence and treatment.
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ABSTRACT Like dry eye disease 15 years ago, blepharitis today is a poorly defined condition about which there is considerable misunderstanding. For a variety of reasons, there is little good data on either the prevalence of blepharitis or how eyecare practitioners currently treat it. The work reported herein consists of two recent studies: a telephone survey of a representative sample of the adult US population (n = 5,000) whose purpose was to discover the frequency of common ocular surface symptoms associated with blepharitis; and a study that queried a selected group of ophthalmologists (n = 120) and a similarly sele...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Lemp MA, Nichols KK Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
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PMID: 19214353 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Nishida T Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The "In-between" New Drug Application.
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PMID: 19214352 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Contribution of In Vivo Confocal Microscopy to the Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Keratitis.
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ABSTRACT Infectious keratitis can lead to irreversible complications and even blindness. Identifying the infectious agent in this condition is a challenge for the ophthalmologist. Corneal cultures are considered to be the gold standard diagnostic tool for this condition. Nevertheless, routine culture and viral investigations may yield positive results in only half the cases. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a noninvasive imaging technique that provides high-resolution images of all the corneal layers. Since accurate and rapid diagnosis is important for the management and outcome of infectious keratitis, this disea...
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Labbé A, Khammari C, Dupas B, Gabison E, Brasnu E, Labetoulle M, Baudouin C Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Corneal Pain without Stain: Is it Real?
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ABSTRACT Clinicians often encounter patients who report corneal pain suggestive of dry eye disease, yet lack equivalent signs. These patients represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge that is more easily dismissed than addressed. We review the physiology of pain and the pathophysiological mechanisms of neuropathic corneal pain and speculate on the mechanisms of certain etiopathogenic triggers, such as LASIK, severe dry eye disease, and Sjogren syndrome. Recognizing corneal neuropathic pain as a disease in its own right is the first step toward developing more effective treatments for these severely disabled and ...
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Rosenthal P, Baran I, Jacobs DS Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Unraveling the pathophysiology of sjogren syndrome-associated dry eye disease.
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This article reviews newly described features of SS identified in experimental animal models and their relationship to human disease. New technologies, such as genomics and proteomics, may permit identification of potential candidate genes and biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Current studies using appropriate animal models in parallel with studies of human subjects are rapidly establishing a foundation for new intervention strategies that go beyond merely treating symptoms.
PMID: 19214349 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Nguyen CQ, Peck AB Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Pterygium: its treatment with Beta therapy.
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PMID: 19214348 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Murube J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
From mice to men.
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PMID: 19214347 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Teruo Nishida.
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PMID: 19214353 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - January 1, 2009 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Nishida T Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Clinical indications for ophthalmic corticosteroids.
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PMID: 18827952 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Corneal keloid.
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ABSTRACT Reports of corneal keloids are rare, with fewer than 80 cases published since the first case was documented in 1865. Keloids can be congenital or primary, but most often are associated with ocular surface injury or pathology. They have been reported in association with a number of congenital conditions, notably lowe's syndrome. Keloids are characterized histopathologically by a haphazard arrangement of fibroblasts, collagen bundles, and blood vessels. They have sometimes been confused with hypertrophic scars, but differ from such scars in that they may appear months or years after initial trauma and enlarge ov...
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Vanathi M, Panda A, Kai S, Sen S Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Compositional Profiling and Biomarker Identification of the Tear Film.
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ABSTRACT Identification of tear film proteins and lipids is important for the elucidation of contact lens incompatibilities, tear film instabilities, dry eye syndromes, and other eye diseases. Compositional analysis of the tear film has been hampered in the past by the complex nature of the fluid and small sample size. Previously, all analytical methods required pooling of tear samples and molecular manipulation for detection of proteins and lipids, all of which skewed the resultant data. With the advent of nanoscale detection and analysis methods, it has become possible to identify specific tear components. This paper...
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Jacob JT, Ham B Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The Aging Lacrimal Gland: Changes in Structure and Function.
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ABSTRACT The afferent nerves of the cornea and conjunctiva, efferent nerves of the lacrimal gland, and the lacrimal gland are a functional unit that works cooperatively to produce the aqueous component of tears. A decrease in the lacrimal gland secretory function can lead to dry eye disease. Because aging is a risk factor for dry eye disease, study of the changes in the function of the lacrimal gland functional unit with age is important for developing treatments to prevent dry eye disease. No one mechanism is known to induce the changes that occur with aging, although multiple different mechanisms have been associated...
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Rocha EM, Alves M, Rios JD, Dartt DA Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Pterygium: evolution of medical and surgical treatments.
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PMID: 18827948 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Murube J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
COMMENT ON: A new look at lubrication of the ocular surface-fluid mechanics behind the blinking eyelids.
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Authors:
PMID: 18827947 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Reflection on tears and treatments.
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PMID: 18827946 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - October 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
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PMID: 18781261 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Holly FJ Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
What is a new Drug?
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PMID: 18781260 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid: diagnosis and management strategies.
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Abstract Ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid presents some of the most challenging dilemmas in anterior segment management. Diagnosis is made difficult by the insensitivity of immunopathological investigations and the differential diagnosis of other scarring conjunctival disorders. The management of the associated ocular surface disease involves control of blepharitis, dry eye, filamentary keratitis, keratinization, lid malposition, and persistent epithelial defect, as well as the identification and avoidance of toxicity. Inflammation associated with the underlying disorder demands the use of systemic immunosuppressive t...
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Saw VP, Dart JK Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Optical coherence tomography of the anterior segment.
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ABSTRACT Perhaps no diagnostic technology has emerged as rapidly in ophthalmology as optical coherence tomography (OCT). A single clinical device for this noninvasive imaging technique was first released in 1996, and now at least ten clinical devices are available. Although the first clinical anterior segment OCT was marketed only 2 years ago, a substantial amount of work has been done using modified retinal imagers or prototype laboratory-based imagers. In this review, we discuss OCT imaging primarily of the cornea. We also highlight previous and current publications on nonclinical and clinical uses of the device to i...
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Simpson T, Fonn D Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Toll-like Receptors at the Ocular Surface.
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Abstract The Toll-like receptor (TLR) family of pathogen recognition molecules has an important role in recognizing microbial pathogens and microbial breakdown products. Activation of TLRs in the corneal epithelium induces CXC chemokine production and recruitment of neutrophils to the corneal stroma. Although essential for pathogen killing, neutrophils can cause extensive tissue damage, leading to visual impairment and blindness. In this review, we examine the role of TLRs in microbial keratitis and in noninfectious corneal inflammation, most commonly associated with contact lens wear. we present recent findings on TLR...
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Pearlman E, Johnson A, Adhikary G, Sun Y, Chinnery HR, Fox T, Kester M, McMenamin PG Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Pterygium: Descriptive nomenclature of the Past.
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PMID: 18781256 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Murube J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Pathways, new Visions, and old Challenges.
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PMID: 18781255 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Frank J. Holly, PhD.
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PMID: 18781261 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - July 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Holly FJ Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Conducting clinical trials: even more challenges.
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PMID: 18418508 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Novack GD Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
John M. Tiffany, PhD.
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PMID: 18418507 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Tiffany JM Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The ophthalmologic management of acute stevens-johnson syndrome.
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ABSTRACT Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and its more severe variant, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), cause significant ocular surface damage. The majority of affected patients develop conjunctival inflammation during the acute phase of the disease. If intense, this inflammation yields permanent destruction of the normal mucosal tissue of the ocular surface and eyelids. Loss of the normal glandular structures leads to severe dry eye problems and vision loss. Medical treatments do little to arrest these problems, and repairing the damage after the acute phase is difficult, if not impossible. Recently, the application o...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Gregory DG Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
A new look at lubrication of the ocular surface: fluid mechanics behind the blinking eyelids.
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ABSTRACT The concept of the dacruon was presented by the author in this journal in July 2007. Dacruon, defined as "the body of unshed fluid, constantly occupying the ocular surface sac [OSS], comprising the mucoaqueous pool [MAP] and its covering lipid sealant," prompts a fresh consideration of OSS lubrication. The author notes scientific agreement that in the preocular, interpalpebral OSS (the menisco-optical domain), the mucous gel of the MAP adheres to subjacent bulbar epithelium. In the retropalpebral recesses (the "lubrication domain"), lid and globe epithelia are juxtaposed. The author proposes that microvilli an...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Cher I Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
The dendritic cell in allergic conjunctivitis.
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ABSTRACT The acquired immune response in health and disease is initiated when foreign antigens are processed and presented to T lymphocytes via antigen-presenting cells as peptides in the context of Class I and II major histocompatibility complex antigens. It is now clear that there are various types of antigen-presenting cells and that the phenotype of these cells (together with the milieu of the tissue or lymphoid organ) dictates the nature of the immune response to the antigen. Very little is known about the phenotype, distribution, and roles of dendritic cell subtypes that contribute to the pathophysiology of type ...
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Manzouri B, Flynn T, Ohbayashi M, Ono SJ Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Triple classification of diagnosis of dry eyes.
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PMID: 18418503 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Murube J Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
Different ways of looking at things.
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PMID: 18418502 [PubMed - in process]
Source: The Ocular Surface - April 1, 2008 Category: Opthalmology Authors: Foulks GN Tags: Ocul Surf Source Type: journals
