Non-specific effects of inactivated Mycobacterium bovis oral and parenteral treatment in a rabbit scabies model
AbstractTuberculosis BCG vaccination induced non-specific protective effects in humans led to postulate the concept of trained immunity (TRAIM) as an innate type of immune mechanism that triggered by a pathogen, protects against others. Killed vaccines have been considered not to be effective. However, field efficacy of a commercial vaccine against paratuberculosis, as well as of a recently developedM. bovis heat-inactivated vaccine (HIMB) prompted to test whether it could also induce TRAIM. To this, we used a sarcoptic mange rabbit model. Twenty-four weaned rabbits were treated orally or subcutaneously with a suspension o...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 26, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Epidemiological characterization and risk assessment of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus 2 (RHDV2/b/GI.2) in the world
AbstractA novel variant of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, designated RHDV2/b/GI.2, was first discovered in France in 2010. Subsequently, RHDV2 rapidly spread to Africa, North America, Australia, and Asia. RHDV2 outbreaks have resulted in significant economic losses in the global rabbit industry and disrupted the balance of natural ecosystems. Our study investigated the seasonal characteristics of RHDV2 outbreaks using seasonal indices. RHDV2 is prone to causing significant outbreaks within domestic and wild rabbit populations during the spring season and is more likely to induce outbreaks within wild rabbit populations...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 26, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

The spontaneously produced lysogenic prophage phi456 promotes bacterial resistance to adverse environments and enhances the colonization ability of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli strain DE456
AbstractIn the last decade, prophages that possess the ability of lysogenic transformation have become increasingly significant. Their transfer and subsequent activity in the host have a significant impact on the evolution of bacteria. Here, we investigate the role of prophage phi456 with high spontaneous induction in the bacterial genome of Avian pathogenicEscherichia coli (APEC) DE456. The phage particles, phi456, that were released from DE456 were isolated, purified, and sequenced. Additionally, phage particles were no longer observed either during normal growth or induced by nalidixic acid in DE456 Δphi456. This indic...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 26, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Interleukin-2 enhancer binding factor 2 negatively regulates the replication of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 by disrupting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of 3D polymerase
AbstractThe interaction between viral components and cellular proteins plays a crucial role in viral replication. In a previous study, we showed that the 3 ′—untranslated region (3′—UTR) is an essential element for the replication of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1). However, the underlying mechanism is still unclear. To gain a deeper understanding of this mechanism, we used an RNA pull-down and a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizati on time-of-flight mass spectrometry assay to identify new host factors that interact with the 3′—UTR. We selected interleukin-2 enhancer binding factor 2 (ILF2) for furt...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 26, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Correction: Fasciola hepatica soluble antigens (FhAg) induce ovine PMN innate immune reactions and NET formation in vitro and in vivo
(Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - March 26, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Genomic characterization of equine influenza A subtype H3N8 viruses by long read sequencing and functional analyses of the PB1-F2 virulence factor of A/equine/Paris/1/2018
This study assesses the potential of long-read nanopore sequencing for fast and precise sequencing of circulating equine influenza viruses. Therefore, two French Florida Clade 1 strains, including the one circulating in winter 2018 –2019 exhibiting more pronounced pathogenicity than usual, as well as the two currently OIE-recommended vaccine strains, were sequenced. Our results demonstrated the reliability of this sequencing method in generating accurate sequences. Sequence analysis of HA revealed a subtle antigenic drift in the French EIV strains, with specific substitutions, such as T163I in A/equine/Paris/1/2018 and t...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 22, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Antibacterial activity of the antimicrobial peptide PMAP-36 in combination with tetracycline against porcine extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli in vitro and in vivo
In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of porcine myeloid antimicrobial peptide 36 (PMAP-36) in combination with tetracycline against porcine ExPEC PCN033 both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of AMPs (PMAP-36 and PR-39) against the ExPEC strains PCN033 and RS218 were 10  μM and 5 μM, respectively. Results of the checkerboard assay and the time-kill assay showed that PMAP-36 and antibiotics (tetracycline and gentamicin) had synergistic bactericidal effects against PCN033. PMAP-36 and tetracycline in combination led to PCN033 cell wall shrinkage, as was shown by sca...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 22, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Lipoteichoic acids influence cell shape and bacterial division of Streptococcus suis serotype 2, but play a limited role in the pathogenesis of the infection
AbstractStreptococcus suis serotype 2 is a major swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent, causing meningitis in both swine and humans, responsible for substantial economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The pathogenesis of infection and the role of bacterial cell wall components in virulence have not been fully elucidated. Lipoproteins, peptidoglycan, as well as lipoteichoic acids (LTA) have all been proposed to contribute to virulence. In the present study, the role of the LTA in the pathogenesis of the infection was evaluated through the characterisation of a mutant of theS. suis serotype 2 strain P1/7 lacking the L...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 19, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Construction of recombinant fluorescent LSDV for high-throughput screening of antiviral drugs
AbstractLumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection is a major socio-economic issue that seriously threatens the global cattle-farming industry. Here, a recombinant virus LSDV- ΔTK/EGFP, expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP), was constructed with a homologous recombination system and applied to the high-throughput screening of antiviral drugs. LSDV-ΔTK/EGFP replicates in various kidney cell lines, consistent with wild-type LSDV. The cytopathic effect, vira l particle morphology, and growth performance of LSDV-ΔTK/EGFP are consistent with those of wild-type LSDV. High-throughput screening allowed to identify...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 16, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

An equine iPSC-based phenotypic screening platform identifies pro- and anti-viral molecules against West Nile virus
AbstractOutbreaks of West Nile virus (WNV) occur periodically, affecting both human and equine populations. There are no vaccines for humans, and those commercialised for horses do not have sufficient coverage. Specific antiviral treatments do not exist. Many drug discovery studies have been conducted, but since rodent or primate cell lines are normally used, results cannot always be transposed to horses. There is thus a need to develop relevant equine cellular models. Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cells to develop a new in vitro model of WNV-infected equine brain cells suitable for microplate assay, and assessed ...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 16, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

A matter of differentiation: equine enteroids as a model for the in vivo intestinal epithelium
AbstractEpithelial damage due to gastrointestinal disorders frequently causes severe disease in horses. To study the underlying pathophysiological processes, we aimed to establish equine jejunum and colon enteroids (eqJE, eqCE) mimicking the in vivo epithelium. Therefore, enteroids were cultivated in four different media for differentiation and subsequently characterized histomorphologically, on mRNA and on protein level in comparison to the native epithelium of the same donor horses to identify ideal culture conditions for an in vitro model system. With increasing enterocyte differentiation, the enteroids showed a reduced...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 16, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Pasteurella multocida activates Rassf1-Hippo-Yap pathway to induce pulmonary epithelial apoptosis
In this study, using unbiased RNA-seq analysis, we found that the evolutionarily conserved Hippo-Yap pathway was dysregulated afterP. multocida infection. Given the complexity ofP. multocida infection associated with lung injury and systemic inflammatory processes, we employed a combination of cell culture models, mouse models, and rabbit models to investigate the dynamics of the Hippo-Yap pathway duringP. multocida infection. Our findings reveal thatP. multocida infection activates the Hippo-Yap pathway both in vitro and in vivo, by upregulating the upstream factors p-Mst1/2, p-Lats1, and p-Yap, and downregulating the dow...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 16, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Correction: Comparative analysis of  the interactions of different Streptococcus suis strains with monocytes, granulocytes and the complement system in porcine blood
(Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - March 16, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

A chimeric porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 strain containing synthetic ORF2-6 genes can trigger T follicular helper cell and heterologous neutralizing antibody responses and confer enhanced cross-protection
In this study, we generated the first infectious cDNA clone (rHLJB1) of a Chinese PRRSV1 isolate and subsequently used it as a backbone to construct an ORF2-6 chimeric virus (ORF2-6-CON). This virus contained a synthesized consensus sequence of the PRRSV1 ORF2-6 gene encoding all the envelope proteins. The ORF2-6 consensus sequence shared  >  90% nucleotide similarity with four representative strains (Amervac, BJEU06-1, HKEU16 and NMEU09-1) of PRRSV1 in China. ORF2-6-CON had replication efficacy similar to that of the backbone rHLJB1 virus in primary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and exhibited cell tropism in Marc-145...
Source: Veterinary Research - March 6, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research

Non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) inhibits innate immune responses via induction of mitophagy
In conclusion, this study is the first to show that NCP BVDV-induced mitophagy plays a central role in promoting cell survival and inhibiting innate immune responses in vitro. (Source: Veterinary Research)
Source: Veterinary Research - March 5, 2024 Category: Veterinary Research Source Type: research