A new preparative method for simultaneous purification of ochratoxin A and ochratoxin B from wheat culture inoculated with Aspergillus ochraceus
Ochratoxins are a mycotoxin family frequently found in agricultural commodities worldwide and pose a potential health risk to humans and animals. To obtain large amounts of high-purity ochratoxins for food safety monitoring and toxicological research, a novel and effective method was established for simultaneous purification of ochratoxin A (OTA) and ochratoxin B (OTB) from a wheat culture inoculated with an ochratoxin-producing Aspergillus strain. The inoculated wheat culture was first extracted with methanol:water (80:20, v/v), followed by one or two cleanup procedures involving acid-assisted liquid-liquid extraction and...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - April 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Light regulation of mycotoxin biosynthesis: new perspectives for food safety
We describe the molecular mechanism underlying light perception and its involvement in the regulation of secondary metabolism, focusing on VeA, global regulator in Aspergillus nidulans, and the White-Collar proteins, key components of light response in Neurospora crassa. Light of specific wavelength and intensity exerts different effects both on growth and on toxin production depending on the fungal genus. In Penicillium spp. red (627 nm) and blue wavelengths (455-470 nm) reduce ochratoxin A (OTA) biosynthesis by modulating the level of expression of the ochratoxin polyketide synthase. Furthermore a mutual regulation betwe...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - April 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Individual and combined effects of roquefortine C and mycophenolic acid on human monocytic and intestinal cells
In this study, ROC and/or MPA cytotoxicity was evaluated on human intestinal (Caco-2) and monocytic cell cultures (THP-1 and CD14+). After 48 h single mycotoxin exposure, viability tests showed that monocytes (THP-1 and CD14+) were more sensitive to ROC (inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50)=55 and 45 μM, respectively) than to MPA (IC50≯780 μM). IC50 values determined from ROC and MPA mono-exposure experiments on Caco-2 cells were ≯100 and ≯780 μM, respectively. Caco-2 cell viability was significantly reduced after 48 h co-exposure at high ROC/MPA concentrations. A synergistic effect was observed at 10/78, 25/780 an...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - April 13, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Aflatoxins in cereals: worldwide occurrence and dietary risk assessment
The worldwide occurrence of aflatoxins (AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, AFG2), genotoxic mycotoxins, in raw maize, rice, sorghum and wheat samples collected since the year 2000 was evaluated using published data and occurrence data from the GEMS/Food database (https://extranet.who.int/gemsfood). Dietary risk assessments were conducted using GEMS/Food total aflatoxin occurrence and food consumption data obtained from the 17 Cluster Diets. Risk characterisation arising from aflatoxin exposure was conducted using both cancer risk and margin of exposure (MOE) approaches. A total of 89 publications were retrieved from the literature, reporti...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - April 7, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
The protective effect of follicular fluid against the emerging mycotoxins alternariol and beauvericin
In conclusion, follicular fluid from sows is capable to decrease toxicity of AOH and of BEA.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Research-ArticlePages 1-6DOI 10.3920/WMJ2014.1829Authors
R.R. Santos, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the NetherlandsE.J. Schoevers, Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3584 CM Utrecht, the NetherlandsX. Wu, Division of Veterinary Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - March 30, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Variability and distribution among sample test results when sampling unprocessed oat lots for ochratoxin A
In 2008, Health Canada announced it was considering the establishment of maximum levels for ochratoxin A (OTA) in a number of foods, including unprocessed wheat and oats and their products. The Canada Grains Council and Canadian National Millers Association initiated a study to measure the variability and distribution among sample test results so that scientifically based sampling plans could be designed to meet regulatory and industry requirements. Twenty lots of oats naturally contaminated with OTA were identified and sampled according to a nested experimental protocol where 16-two kg laboratory samples were taken from e...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - March 25, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Estimating the burden of market loss due to aflatoxins in maize: methods and estimates for Thailand
This study shows that, even with the low aflatoxin levels found in the first data set, a burden of economic loss in Thailand exists, estimated here at about US$ 6.9 million per annum (about 0.05% of agricultural sector gross domestic product in Thailand in 2009). If the higher aflatoxin levels in the second data set are representative, then the burden of economic loss in Thailand could exceed US$ 100 million per annum (about 0.85% of agricultural sector gross domestic product), based on 2009 production and prices data. Most of the losses are borne by producers of chicken meat, eggs, pig meat, duck meat, freshwater fish, mi...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - March 19, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Distribution of deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, and their respective modified analogues in milling fractions of naturally contaminated wheat grains
Mycotoxins are among the most abundant contaminants in food and feed worldwide. Therefore, in the EU maximum levels are established, e.g. for the frequently occurring Fusarium toxins deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEA). Additional to DON and ZEA, modified mycotoxins are present in naturally contaminated grain products contributing significantly to the exposure of humans and animals with mycotoxins. Up to now data on the spatial distribution of many (masked) mycotoxins in the kernels of wheat are missing. The aim of the present study was to investigate the amounts of DON and ZEA as well as their most abundant derivat...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - March 19, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Book Review
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Book-ReviewPages 381-383DOI 10.3920/WMJ2015.x003Authors
Karsten Meyer, Lehrstuhl für Tierhygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, GermanyFranz Berthiller, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, AustriaMichael Sulyok, Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
Journal World Mycotoxin JournalOnline ISSN 1875-0796Print ISSN 1875-0710
Jo...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 24, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Determination of T-2 and HT-2 toxins from maize by direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry
Direct analysis in real time (DART) ionisation coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) was used for the rapid quantitative analysis of T-2 toxin (T-2) and the related HT-2 toxin (HT-2), extracted from maize. Sample preparation procedures and instrument parameters were optimised to obtain sensitive and accurate determination of the toxins. The lowest calibration levels were 50 μg/kg for T-2 and 300 μg/kg for HT-2. Quantitative analysis was performed with the use of matrix-matched standards employing the 13C-labelled internal standard for T-2. DART-MS of maize extracts spiked with T-2 gave a linear response over the range of 50-...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Mycotoxin profile of Fusarium armeniacum isolated from natural grasses intended for cattle feed
Fusarium armeniacum has been found as a saprophyte on natural grasses devoted to cattle feed in Argentina. This species has been reported as highly toxigenic due to the production of trichothecenes type A, but the information available about its toxigenic profile is incomplete. Thus, the aim of the present study was to determine the toxigenic ability of 50 F. armeniacum isolates recovered from natural grasses using a multitoxin method based on LC-MS/MS. In addition, morphological identification of 15 selected isolates was confirmed by sequencing the translation elongation factor 1α. Out of the 327 metabolites analysed, on...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
In vitro binding assessment and in vivo efficacy of several adsorbents against aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxins are a class of mycotoxins that impair poultry health and performance. Some clays have the ability to adsorb aflatoxins. In our study, mineralogical composition of the tested clays was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction and simultaneous thermal analysis and their properties like pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity and clay content were determined. For their in vitro assessment regarding aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) adsorption, adsorption tests under ‘intensified conditions’ (low adsorbent and high toxin concentration) were carried out in buffers at various pH values and in re...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Toxicokinetic study and oral bioavailability of DON in turkey poults, and comparative biotransformation between broilers and turkeys
In conclusion, it can be stated that the toxicokinetic behaviour of DON in broiler chickens and turkey poults is comparable (low absolute oral bioavailability, rapid absorption and elimination, extensive biotransformation to DON-3α-sulphate), however, relative differences in DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios exist between both species which might explain the hypothesised difference in sensitivity of both poultry species to DON.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Research-ArticlePages 1-7DOI 10.3920/WMJ2014.1843Authors
M. Devreese, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghen...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 17, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic determination of aflatoxin M1 in urine
The development of analytical methods to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in foodstuffs and its metabolites in human biological samples is useful for risk assessment. The latter methodology, i.e. the measurement of AFB1 biomarkers, has become important to assess human aflatoxin exposure. AFB1-lysine adduct, AFB1-DNA adduct and urinary aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) are some of the AFB1 biomarkers that can be measured by several analytical methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, radioimmunoassay, and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). HPLC coupled to a fluorescence detector is useful and preferable due to its high de...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 11, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
Characterisation and determination of metabolites formed by microbial and enzymatic degradation of ergot alkaloids
In conclusion, we succeeded in identification of metabolites formed by microbial and enzymatic degradation of ergot alkaloids which is a crucial step in the future development of feed additives for gastro intestinal detoxification of ergopeptines in farm animals.
Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Research-ArticlePages 1-12DOI 10.3920/WMJ2014.1807Authors
I. Hahn, Vienna (BOKU), Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, AustriaM. Thamhesl, B...
Source: World Mycotoxin Journal - February 4, 2015 Category: Toxicology Tags: World Mycotoxin Journal Source Type: research
