"A model for ethical reasoning": Retraction of Sternberg (2012).
This article presents a model of ethical reasoning. The article reviews lapses in ethical reasoning and the great costs they have had for society. It presents an eight-step model of ethical reasoning that can be applied to ethical challenges and illustrates its application. It proposes that ethical reasoning can be taught across the curriculum. It further points to a source of frustration in the teaching and application of ethics: ethical drift. Finally it draws conclusions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Review of General Psychology)
Source: Review of General Psychology - December 20, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
“Creative genius as causal agent in history: William James’s 1880 theory revisited and revitalized”: Correction to Simonton (2018).
Reports an error in "Creative genius as causal agent in history: William James’s 1880 theory revisited and revitalized" by Dean Keith Simonton (Review of General Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Oct 25, 2018, np). In the article, several errors occurred due to printer errors. In the first paragraph of the introduction, the fourth sentence should begin as follows: An early example is James’s 1879 article. In the last paragraph of the James’s Theory Today section, the third to last sentence should read as follows: Yet since that date some initial problems with his position have become ever more obvious. In the ...
Source: Review of General Psychology - December 20, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Extending B. F. Skinner’s selection by consequences to personality change, implicit theories of intelligence, skill learning, and language.
In a rooftop office, above a Minneapolis flour mill in 1943, B. F. Skinner discovered “shaping” by training a pigeon to send a small wooden ball down a miniature alley to hit a set of toy pins. Skinner recalled that the day was one of great illumination and emboldened his later suggestions that human behaviors may arise from behavior–environment interactions that are relatively malleable (selectionism) rather than arising from hypothetical inner constructs that are relatively fixed (essentialism). The present article extends selectionism to 4 current topics in psychology (personality change, implicit theories of inte...
Source: Review of General Psychology - November 29, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Trait appreciation of beauty: A story of love, transcendence, and inquiry.
This review of the trait of appreciation of beauty (AoB) draws from the literature in personality psychology, philosophy, religion, neuroscience, neuro-aesthetics, evolutionary psychology, and the psychology of morality. We demonstrate that AoB can be mapped onto a definition of appreciation that includes perceptual, cognitive, emotional, trait, virtue, and valuing elements. A classic component of defining beauty, unity-in-diversity, is described based on the works of a variety of major philosophers. We next describe that there are at least four channels of appreciation of beauty: natural beauty, artistic beauty, moral bea...
Source: Review of General Psychology - November 5, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Creative genius as causal agent in history: William James’s 1880 theory revisited and revitalized.
[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 22(4) of Review of General Psychology (see record 2018-65591-001). In the article, several errors occurred due to printer errors. In the first paragraph of the introduction, the fourth sentence should begin as follows: An early example is James’s 1879 article. In the last paragraph of the James’s Theory Today section, the third to last sentence should read as follows: Yet since that date some initial problems with his position have become ever more obvious. In the James’s social environment section, the last phrase of the second paragraph should read...
Source: Review of General Psychology - October 25, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The embodied theory of stress: A constructionist perspective on the experience of stress.
This article incorporates findings regarding peripheral, body-based embodiment with existing theories to introduce a more integrated understanding of the experience of psychological stress. A discussion of central embodiment and modality-based simulations leads to the conclusion that the psychological construction paradigm may be more applicable than are previous stimulus–organism–response approaches. The embodied theory of stress (ETS) reflects the constructionist paradigm. The theory hypothesizes that situations are categorized as stressful, and consciously labeled as such, based on the unconscious, automatic integra...
Source: Review of General Psychology - October 22, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Know your preferences: Self-regulation as need-congruent goal selection.
Theory and research on self-regulation is dominated by a social–cognitive perspective that places an emphasis on postdecisional (i.e., volitional) control processes of goal-maintenance in response to dual-motive conflict. In the current contribution, we focus on research on self-regulation that acknowledges the affective fundamentals of motivated action, and we highlight processes of goal selection as vital parts of self-regulation. From our perspective of motivational competence, affective and cognitive processes work together rather than oppose each other in self-regulation, rendering effortless rather than effortful g...
Source: Review of General Psychology - September 27, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Introducing Göbekli Tepe to psychology.
Göbekli Tepe is the name of a remarkable archaeological site that challenges long held assumptions about the Neolithic Revolution, that is, our first transition from hunters and gatherers into settled farmers. Instead of permanent settlements and agriculture being prerequisite for religion, social specialization, and writing, evidence from Göbekli Tepe suggests that may be backward, and that such psychological changes are what afforded sedentism and agriculture. Three aspects of the site—who built it, its use as a “temple,” and evidence of the earliest known proto-writings—are discussed to illustrate Göbekli Tep...
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 12, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
The ouroboros of psychological methodology: The case of effect sizes (mechanical objectivity vs. expertise).
This article helps elucidate the ouroboros of psychological methodology. This is the cycle of improved tools to produce trustworthy knowledge, leading to their institutionalization and adoption as forms of thinking, leading to methodologists eventually admonishing researchers for relying too heavily on rituals, finally leading to the production of more new improved quantitative tools that may follow along this circular path. Despite many critiques and warnings, research psychologists’ superficial adoption of effect sizes might preclude expert interpretation much like in the null-hypothesis significance test as widely rec...
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 12, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Building resilience: The conceptual basis and research evidence for resilience training programs.
The relationship between adverse experiences and later development has been explored by many researchers, leading to the conceptualization of resilience as a factor explaining the normal or optimal development of some individuals exposed to adversity. Today many different interventions exist aiming to improve the ability of individuals to respond to adversity. In this narrative literature review, we evaluate the literature surrounding resilience and resilience training, discussing the quality of the evidence supporting resilience training, theoretical and practical differences between types of training, and the impact of r...
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 12, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Individual differences in selfishness as a major dimension of personality: A reinterpretation of the sixth personality factor.
Research on the structure of personality has identified a sixth major trait that emerges in addition to the Big Five. This factor has been characterized in a number of ways—as integrity, morality, trustworthiness, honesty, values, and, most commonly, honesty-humility. Although each of these labels captures some of the attributes associated with the trait, none of them fully represents the range of associated characteristics. In this article, we provide a reinterpretation of the sixth factor as reflecting individual differences in selfishness and review research that supports this interpretation. Interpreting the sixth tr...
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 12, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Personality dynamics, motivation, and the logic of explanation.
Dynamic personality approaches provide an important step forward for twenty-first century personality theories because they promise greater explanatory power compared with latent trait approaches. Nevertheless, whether dynamic personality theories satisfactorily address motivated action remains unclear. To address this, this article discusses the logic of explanation and problems with latent trait approaches in terms of circularity and reification. The article then assesses explanation within dynamic personality accounts and the putative role of motivation. While dynamic personality approaches avoid many of the problems as...
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 2, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
An alternative relationship to unemployment: Conceptualizing unemployment normalization.
This article suggests some variables that may influence it and presents a roadmap for future research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Review of General Psychology)
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 2, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Unifying vocational psychology’s trait and social–cognitive approaches through the cognitive-affective personality system.
We describe CAPS and highlight its parallels with SCCT. We then explain how trait-based accounts of vocational interests and cognitive abilities can be translated into CAPS units. We conclude by describing how trait constructs can still be viable within the CAPS framework and by calling for empirical research to put our propositions to the test. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved) (Source: Review of General Psychology)
Source: Review of General Psychology - July 2, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Co-imagination of fictional worlds in film viewing.
The typical experience of narrative film is characterized by a remarkable intensity as to absorption and emotion. Current explanations attribute the experience to the realistic perceptual impact of the film. This theoretical article sets out to explain the experience as the result first of the film-viewer’s acts of imagination of fictional worlds. More specifically, it seems suitable to conceptualize the film experience as arising from pretense play. Pretense play can afford room for free imagination leading to intense emotion, as well as restrictions to the imagination “quarantining” (Leslie, 1987) pretended fiction...
Source: Review of General Psychology - June 21, 2018 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
