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Total 478012 results found since Jan 2013.
The dorsolateral periaqueductal grey N-methyl-D-aspartate/nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway modulates the expression of contextual fear conditioning in rats
The dorsolateral periaqueductal grey (dlPAG) plays an essential role in unconditioned fear responses and could also be involved in the expression of contextual fear responses. Activation of glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the nitric oxide (NO) pathway in this region facilitates anxiety-like responses. In the present study we investigated if antagonism of NMDA receptors or inhibition of the NO pathway in the dlPAG would attenuate behavioral and cardiovascular responses of rats submitted to a contextual fear-conditioning paradigm. Male Wistar rats with unilateral cannulae aimed at the dlPAG were re-expose...
Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology - April 29, 2014 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Aguiar, D. C., Hott, S. C., Deolindo, M. V., Guimaraes, F. S., Resstel, L. B. Tags: Original Papers Source Type: research
Escalation of cocaine self-administration in adulthood after social defeat of adolescent rats: role of social experience and adaptive coping behavior
Conclusions
Social defeat in adolescence of PH rats caused persistent increases in adult CocSelfAd. Adolescent PH rats coped with attacks adaptively by increasing freezing behavior after repeated social defeats, a measure that predicted CocSelfAd in adulthood.
Source: Psychopharmacology - May 7, 2015 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research
REVAMP - Research Evaluating the Value of Augmenting Medication with Psychotherapy: rationale and design.
This report presents the rationale, design, and baseline sample characteristics for the REVAMP study. This project is a multisite clinical trial designed to evaluate the efficacy of augmenting state-of-the-art pharmacotherapy with psychotherapy in chronically depressed patients who fail to respond or respond incompletely to an initial trial of antidepressant medication.
BACKGROUND: Chronic forms of major depression disorder (cMDD) are longitudinally continuous forms of major depressive disorder (MDD), and may account for a significant portion of the societal burden of disease associated with M D D. Antidepressant medic...
Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin - June 5, 2015 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Psychopharmacol Bull Source Type: research
Genetics of schizophrenia: recent advances.
Authors: Eisener A, Pato MT, Medeiros H, Carvalho C, Pato CN
Abstract
Genetic studies of schizophrenia have been fraught with challenges, yet molecular genetic and genomic methods remain essential to the discovery of the underlying biological mechanisms. Candidate genes and genome scan studies have played a significant role in the search for susceptibility loci. Studies in genetic isolates appear to be providing some of the most consistent results. These populations are characterized by a greater degree of homogeneity, which is hoped to be advantageous in the identification of genes contributing to the disease phen...
Source: Psychopharmacology Bulletin - June 5, 2015 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Tags: Psychopharmacol Bull Source Type: research
GHB for cataplexy: Possible mode of action
The sleep disorder narcolepsy is caused by the loss of orexinergic neurones in the lateral hypothalamus. A troublesome symptom of narcolepsy is cataplexy, the sudden loss of muscle tone in response to strong emotions. It can be alleviated by antidepressants and sodium oxybate (-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)). It is likely that the noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is involved since it is essential for the maintenance of muscle tone, and ceases to fire during cataplectic attacks. Furthermore, alpha-2 adrenoceptors proliferate in the LC in cataplexy, probably due to ‘heterologous denervation supersensitivity&rsquo...
Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology - June 4, 2015 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Szabadi, E. Tags: Perspectives Source Type: research
Facilitation of spatial working memory performance following intra-prefrontal cortical administration of the adrenergic alpha1 agonist phenylephrine
Conclusions
Spatial working memory as measured in the rat cTUNL task is dependent on the mPFC. Enhancement of noradrenergic signalling enhanced performance in this paradigm, suggesting a significant role for the α1 receptor in this facilitation.
Source: Psychopharmacology - August 11, 2015 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research
Placental Barrier and Autism Spectrum Disorders: The Role of Prolactin and Dopamine on the Developing Fetal Brain
Conclusion
In summary, placenta being the most invasive tissue, to establish the hypothesized altered genetic transcription as the cause for complex phenotypic expressions in PDD, hormonal and environmental causes need to be ruled out. A pilot study to compare the ratios of prolactin/dopamine and oxytocin/GABA in gestational periods (20–40 weeks) as well as in the placenta would, in our opinion, provide valuable insights into the etiology of PDD. Alternative approaches may include the measurement of autoantibodies directed to the GABA-generating enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), which have been detected in the ...
Source: Innovations in Clinical Neuroscience - October 9, 2015 Category: Neuroscience Authors: ICN Online Editor Tags: Autism Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology Current Issue Mental Disorders Mood Disorders Pervasive Developmental Disorders Primary Care Psychiatry Psychopharmacology Review autism spectrum disorders (ASD) dopamine fetal brain gaba Source Type: research
Context- and time-dependent neurobiological and behavioral sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure in mice
Conclusions
Behavioral sensitization induced by a single morphine exposure in mice exhibits context and time dependency, with environmental context likely functioning via an inhibitory conditioning mechanism. Furthermore, alterations in Hsp70 expression in the NAc may represent a neurobiological sensitization mechanism mediating context- and time-dependent behavioral sensitization.
Source: Psychopharmacology - January 4, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research
New psychoactive substances as part of polydrug abuse within opioid maintenance treatment revealed by comprehensive high‐resolution mass spectrometric urine drug screening
ConclusionsA widespread occurrence of abused substances beyond the ordinary was revealed. Identifying these patients is essential as polydrug abuse is a safety risk to the patient and may cause attrition from OMT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source: Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental - November 1, 2015 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Pertti Heikman, Mira Sundström, Anna Pelander, Ilkka Ojanperä Tags: Research Article Source Type: research
Early antipsychotic treatment in childhood/adolescent period has long-term effects on depressive-like, anxiety-like and locomotor behaviours in adult rats
This study, using an animal model for childhood/adolescent APD treatment, investigated the long-term effects of aripiprazole, olanzapine and risperidone on adult behaviours of male and female rats. Open-field/holeboard, elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction and forced swim (FS) tests were then conducted in adult rats. Our results indicated that in the male cohort, early risperidone and olanzapine treatment elicited long-term hyper-locomotor effects (open-field/holeboard and FS tests), whilst a decrease in depressive-like behaviour (in FS test) was observed in response to olanzapine treatment. Furthermore, anxiolytic...
Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology - January 22, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: De Santis, M., Lian, J., Huang, X.-F., Deng, C. Tags: Original Papers Source Type: research
BAP Position Statement: Off-label prescribing of psychotropic medication to children and adolescents
The off-label use of medicines for children and adolescents remains a common and important issue for prescribing practice across child and adolescent psychiatry, paediatrics and primary care. This editorial focusses on psychotropic drug treatment, which plays an essential part in the comprehensive management of a range of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders. Despite a growing evidence base for drug treatment in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders, much psychotropic medication continues to be prescribed off-label (i.e. outside the limits of the marketing authorisation or product license). The reasons for and i...
Source: Journal of Psychopharmacology - April 18, 2016 Category: Psychiatry Authors: Sharma, A. N., Arango, C., Coghill, D., Gringras, P., Nutt, D. J., Pratt, P., Young, A. H., Hollis, C. Tags: Editorials Source Type: research
Psychiatric effects of drugs for other disorders
Psychiatric adverse drug reactions (ADRs) have been reported with a diverse range of medicines used in the treatment of physical illness. Whereas some are mild (such as transient sleep disturbances), others are severe (such as psychosis) and warrant discontinuation of the suspected causal agents. Some reactions are predictable, while others are unpredictable. The mechanism by which they are mediated is often unclear. It is essential that serious psychiatric ADRs observed during routine clinical practice be reported via the UK's Yellow Card reporting scheme as many are relatively uncommon and may only be detected through po...
Source: Medicine - October 27, 2016 Category: Internal Medicine Authors: Caroline Parker Tags: Treatment strategies and psychopharmacology Source Type: research
For best ADHD outcomes, contact patient soon after medication initiation and get teacher ratings for a year afterward
Knowing how to best predict patient outcomes in care for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is essential if community‐based pediatric treatment is to be as successful as possible. However, the evidence base for measuring quality care for ADHD is poor. The most common and effective treatment for decreasing ADHD symptoms is medication, but those decreases can be made even bigger by adding certain practices to the medication.
Source: The Brown University Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology Update - June 27, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Tags: ADHD Source Type: research
Will delay discounting predict intention to quit smoking?
Intention to quit cigarette smoking is significantly associated with making quitting attempts and actual quitting. Delay discounting is significantly associated with smoking initiation and success in quitting. To our knowledge, no studies have investigated the relationship between delay discounting and intention to quit smoking. In 2 separate observational, cross-sectional studies, the current investigation examines the relationship between delay discounting and intention to quit smoking within groups of smokers. Experiment 1 used data collected online and an adjusting-delay discounting task; Experiment 2 used data collect...
Source: Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology - June 19, 2017 Category: Psychiatry & Psychology Source Type: research
Decreased serum L-arginine and L-citrulline levels in major depression
ConclusionsThe decrease in L-arginine levels in MD patients is a possible explanation for the decrease in NO metabolites in MD patients and therefore may contribute, through endothelial dysfunction, to the increased CV risk associated with MD.
Source: Psychopharmacology - August 13, 2017 Category: Psychiatry Source Type: research
