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Mononuclear Phagocyte Accumulation in Visceral Tissue in HIV Encephalitis: Evidence for Increased Monocyte/Macrophage Trafficking and Altered Differentiation.
Abstract The invasion of circulating monocytes/macrophages (Mφ)s from the peripheral blood into the central nervous system (CNS) appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of HIV dementia (HIV-D), the most severe form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), often confirmed histologically as HIV encephalitis (HIVE). In order to determine if trafficking of monocytes/Mφs is exclusive to the CNS or if it also occurs in organs outside of the brain, we have focused our investigation on visceral tissues of patients with HIVE. Liver, lymph node, spleen, and kidney autopsy tissues from the same HIVE...
Source: Current HIV Research - July 13, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Fischer T, Wyatt CM, D'Agati VD, Croul S, McCourt L, Morgello S, Rappaport J Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

On the Evolution of AIDS/HIV Treatment: An Optimal Control Approach.
Abstract After more than 30 years of continuous research as well as unselfish efforts, tremendous and exciting developments have been achieved towards the evolution of HIV treatments both in the directions of antiretroviral therapy and effective vaccine for HIV positive patients. Recent research shows that triple-drug antiretroviral therapy can 'functionally cure' [1, 2] the HIV positive patients, which is a milestone in the therapeutic treatments of AIDS. Despite the significant progress on the evolution of AIDS/HIV treatments, it is still a curse for the humanity and until today the world's most serious epidemic...
Source: Current HIV Research - July 23, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Biswas HA Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

2´,3´-Dialdehyde of ATP, ADP, and Adenosine Inhibit HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase and HIV-1 Replication.
Abstract The 2´3´-dialdehyde of ATP or oxidized ATP (oATP) is a compound known for specifically making covalent bonds with the nucleotide-binding site of several ATP-binding enzymes and receptors. We investigated the effects of oATP and other oxidized purines on HIV-1 infection and we found that this compound inhibits HIV-1 and SIV infection by blocking early steps of virus replication. oATP, oxidized ADP (oADP), and oxidized Adenosine (oADO) impacts the natural activity of endogenous reverse transcriptase enzyme (RT) in cell free virus particles and are able to inhibit viral replication in different cell types ...
Source: Current HIV Research - August 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Schachter J, Valadão AL, Aguiar RS, Barreto-de-Souza V, Rossi AD, Arantes PR, Verli H, Quintana PG, Heise N, Tanuri A, Bou-Habib DC, Persechini PM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

CD8 T cell persistence in treated HIV infection
Purpose of review: Many treated HIV-infected persons maintain persistently high circulating CD8 T cell numbers, even after many years of therapy. Recent reports have suggested that persistent CD8 T cell expansion is associated with higher risk of morbid non-AIDS events. Thus, assessing the mechanisms of CD8 T cell expansion and persistence may give insights into a feature of HIV disease that is clinically important. Recent findings: Acute HIV infection is associated with activation and expansion of the CD8 T cell compartment. Expanded CD8 T cells persist throughout the disease course, and in contrast to the plasticity that...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - September 1, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CELL EXHAUSTION IN HIV-1 INFECTION: Edited by Daniel E. Kaufmann and Nabila Seddiki Source Type: research

Neuroimaging of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND)
Purpose of review: HIV enters the brain after initial infection, and with time can lead to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Although the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy has reduced the more severe forms of HAND, milder forms are still highly prevalent. The ‘gold standard’ for HAND diagnosis remains detailed neuropsychological performance testing but additional biomarkers (including neuroimaging) may assist in early detection of HAND. Recent findings: We review the application of recently developed noninvasive MRI and PET techniques in HIV+ individuals. In particular, magnetic resonance...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV NEUROLOGY: Edited by Christopher Power and Bruce J. Brew Source Type: research

Monocytes are Susceptible to Chronic, Highly Productive HIV Infection.
Abstract Peripheral blood monocytes of HIV-infected individuals carry virus, constituting one potential reservoir. However, most studies of infection in tissue culture find monocytes refractory to HIV replication, suggesting that culture conditions limit the relative susceptibility of this target cell. We employed a tissue culture system optimized for maintenance of human monocytes without differentiation and compared HIV infection efficiency of monocytes and fully differentiated monocyte derived macrophages (MDM). We tested direct virus-cell fusion, expression of cell lineage markers, and productive HIV infection...
Source: Current HIV Research - October 16, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Saini M, Potash MJ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Factors Associated With Study Attrition Among HIV-Infected Risky Drinkers in St. Petersburg, Russia
Conclusions: Although no factors were significantly associated with complete LTFU, current IDU and HIV status nondisclosure were significantly associated with time to first missed visit in HIV-infected Russian risky drinkers. An understanding of these predictors may inform retention efforts in longitudinal studies. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 116-125DOI 10.1310/hct1503-116Authors T. Kiriazova, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USAD. M. C...
Source: HIV Clinical Trials - June 19, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Clinical Trials Source Type: research

Aerobic Fitness Levels and Validation of a Non Exercise VO2max Prediction Equation for HIV-Infected Patients on HAART
Background: Non-exercise (N-EX) questionnaires have been developed to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) in healthy populations. There are limited reliable and validated N-EX questionnaires for the HIV+ population that provide estimates of habitual physical activity and not VO2max. Objectives: To determine how well regression equations developed previously on healthy populations, including N-EX prediction equations for VO2max and age-predicted maximal heart rates (APMHR), worked on an HIV+ population; and to develop a specific N-EX prediction equation for VO2max and APMHR for HIV+ individuals. Methods: Sixty-six...
Source: HIV Clinical Trials - April 7, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Clinical Trials Source Type: research

How does the timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation in acute infection affect HIV reservoirs?
Purpose of review: The long-lived viral reservoir is a major obstacle to achieving a cure for HIV. Therapeutic strategies, such as early antiretroviral therapy (ART), may be a prerequisite to achieving long-term control of viral replication upon ART withdrawal. Recent findings: HIV persistence is established early in acute HIV infection (AHI) with infection in long-lived memory CD4+ T cells. Studies conducted in nonhuman primates have suggested that this could occur as early as 3 days postinfection; however, the timing in humans is uncertain. ART during AHI significantly restricts the HIV reservoirs as compared with later ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

Changes in HIV reservoirs during long-term antiretroviral therapy
Purpose of review: To review current knowledge about the impact of long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on HIV reservoirs. Recent findings: The number of HIV-infected cells that persist during long-term antiretroviral therapy is associated with the stage of HIV infection at the time of treatment initiation. Initiation of cART reduces the number of infected cells over the first 4 years of therapy, but thereafter there is no further decline despite long-term effective cART. The remarkable stability of infected cell numbers is likely due to a balance among homeostatic or antigen-driven proliferation of infected...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

Review: influence of ART on HIV genetics
Purpose of review: HIV genetic diversity poses major challenges for the prevention, control, and cure of infection. Characterizing the diversity and evolution of HIV populations within the host provides insights into the mechanisms of HIV persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART). This review describes the HIV diversity within patients, how it is affected by suppressive ART, and makes a case for early treatment after HIV infection. Recent findings: HIV evolution is effectively halted by ART. However, cells that were infected prior to initiating therapy can proliferate to very high numbers both before and during treat...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

Preserving HIV-specific T cell responses: does timing of antiretroviral therapy help?
Purpose of review: HIV-specific T cell responses are likely to have an important role in HIV cure strategies that aim for long-lasting viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART). An important issue in enhancing virus-specific T cell responses is whether timing of ART can influence their magnitude and breadth. Recent findings: Early ART is associated with lower T cell activation, preservation of T cell numbers, smaller DNA and RNA reservoir size, and, in a single study (VISCONTI), control of plasma viremia after treatment interruption. The prevention of T cell destruction by early ART is associated with relatively l...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

How can we better identify early HIV infections?
We describe markers of EHI, diagnostic strategies for detecting these markers, and ways to incorporate these strategies into diagnostic and HIV incidence algorithms. Recent findings: For individual diagnosis in the USA and Europe, laboratory-based diagnostic algorithms increasingly incorporate fourth-generation HIV antigen tests, allowing for earlier detection. In some sub-Saharan African settings, symptom-based screening is being explored to identify subsets of persons at high risk for AHI. Point-of-care diagnostics designed for AHI detection are in the pipeline and, if validated, represent an opportunity for real-time AH...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

Reviving an Old HIV-1 Gene: the HIV-1 Antisense Protein.
Abstract The existence of an HIV-1 protein translated from an antisense transcript was suggested over 25 years ago. However, this Antisense Protein (ASP) gene has still not been completely accepted by the HIV-1 research community. The aim of this review is to discuss recent findings, which suggest that ASP needs to be considered as a viral gene, playing an important role in HIV-1 replication and persistence. In past years, several studies have highlighted the existence of HIV-1 antisense transcripts. More recently, we and others have convincingly demonstrated that this transcript produces a protein with a unique d...
Source: Current HIV Research - December 2, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Torresilla C, Mesnard JM, Barbeau B Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

STAT3 and its Phosphorylation are Involved in HIV-1 Tat-induced Transactivation of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein.
In this study, we determined the roles of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in Tat-induced GFAP transactivation. STAT3 expression and phosphorylation led to significant increases in GFAP transcription and protein expression. Tat expression was associated with increased STAT3 expression and phosphorylation in Tat-expressing astrocytes and HIV-infected astrocytes. GFAP, Egr-1 and p300 transcription and protein expression all showed positive response to STAT3 and its phosphorylation. Importantly, knockdown of STAT3 resulted in significant decreases in Tat-induced GFAP and Egr-1 transcription and prote...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 20, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Fan Y, Timani KA, He JJ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research