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Therapeutic vaccination for HIV: hopes and challenges
Purpose of review This review summarizes the recent landscape of HIV therapeutic vaccine research, emphasizing the results of randomized controlled trials that included analytical treatment interruption (ATI) to assess efficacy. Recent findings Therapeutic vaccines for HIV are designed to re-educate the host immune response in HIV-infected individuals to better control viral replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. No therapeutic vaccine has yet to induce long-term HIV remission following ATI in a randomized controlled trial. This is likely because the vaccines have not elicited a broad enough immune resp...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING LONG-TERM HIV REMISSION: Edited by Jean-Daniel Lelièvre and Timothy J. Henrich Source Type: research

Lessons learned from HIV antiretroviral treatment interruption trials
Purpose of review Clinical trials with an antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption remains indispensable for assessing strategies for ART-free HIV remission. This review highlights the lessons learned from ART interruption studies so far, including the risks to the participants and implications for HIV remission. Recent findings Historically, analytic HIV treatment interruption (ATI) studies were commonly designed with a prolonged duration of ART interruption and with viral load set point as the primary outcome. For a variety of reasons, including participant risk, recent treatment interruption trials have frequently...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING LONG-TERM HIV REMISSION: Edited by Jean-Daniel Lelièvre and Timothy J. Henrich Source Type: research

Progress in achieving long-term HIV remission
Purpose of review The purpose of the present review is to describe the major barriers to HIV eradication and assess the most promising cure strategies under investigation. Recent findings There are significant challenges to achieve HIV eradication. These include the establishment of persistent latently infected cells, systemic chronic immune activation, and immune dysfunction. Since the announcement of the first HIV cure involving the Berlin patient, several attempts to reproduce these results have failed. Thus, it is widely accepted that long-term HIV remission would be a more feasible approach. Optimization of ART, ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING LONG-TERM HIV REMISSION: Edited by Jean-Daniel Lelièvre and Timothy J. Henrich Source Type: research

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell approaches to HIV cure
Purpose of review Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has enabled tremendous progress in suppressing HIV replication in infected patients. However, ART alone cannot eradicate HIV and its latent, persisting reservoirs. Novel approaches are needed to eradicate the virus or achieve functional cure in the absence of ART. Recent findings Adoptive T-cell therapies were initially tested in HIV-infected individuals with limited efficiency. Benefiting from new and improved methodologies, an increasing array of CAR T-cell therapies has been successfully developed in the cancer immunotherapy field, demonstrating promising n...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING LONG-TERM HIV REMISSION: Edited by Jean-Daniel Lelièvre and Timothy J. Henrich Source Type: research

Coordinating the prevention, treatment, and care continuum for HIV-associated tuberculosis in prisons: a health systems strengthening approach
Purpose of review To advance a re-conceptualized prevention, treatment, and care continuum (PTCC) for HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) in prisons, and to make recommendations for strengthening prison health systems and reducing HIV-associated TB morbidity and mortality throughout the cycle of pretrial detention, incarceration, and release. Recent findings Despite evidence of increased HIV-associated TB burden in prisons compared to the general population, prisoners face entrenched barriers to accessing anti-TB therapy, antiretroviral therapy, and evidence-based HIV and TB prevention. New approaches, suitable for the c...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 9, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: TUBERCULOSIS AND HIV: Edited by Richard E. Chaisson and Haileyesus Getahun Source Type: research

Correlation of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3G genetic variant rs8177832 with HIV-1 predisposition in Pakistani Population.
CONCLUSION: Thus it was concluded that APOBEC3G rs8177832 AA genotype is contributing in genetic predisposition to HIV-1 infection in Pakistani population. PMID: 30338740 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - October 18, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Iqbal K, Imran M, Ullah S, Jamal M, Waheed Y, Ali Q Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

M918: A novel cell penetrating peptide for effective delivery of HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins into eukaryotic cell lines.
CONCLUSION: These data suggest that M918 CPP can be used to enter HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins inside mammalian cells efficiently as a promising approach in HIV-1 vaccine development. PMID: 30520377 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - December 5, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rostami B, Irani S, Bolhassani A, Cohan RA Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV-specific T-cell responses and generalized activation in HIV-1 infected long-term non-progressors and progressors from South India.
CONCLUSIONS: LTNP and progressors showed similar CD8+ T-cell responses, but final conclusions can be drawn only by comparing multiple immune factors in larger LTNP cohort with HIV-1 infected individuals at various levels of disease progression. Possible role of HIV-1 subtype variation and ethnic differences in addition with host-genetic and viral factors cannot be ruled out. PMID: 30543175 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - December 12, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Swathirajan CR, Vignesh R, Waldrop G, Shanmugasundaram U, Nandagopal P, Solomon SS, Pradeep A, Saravanan S, Murugavel KG Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

In silico design and immunologic evaluation of HIV-1 p24-Nef fusion protein to approach a therapeutic vaccine candidate.
CONCLUSION: The predicted fusion protein, p24-AAY-Nef in a truncated form with high rate of T cell epitopes and high conservancy rate among different clades, provides a helpful model for developing a therapeutic vaccine candidate against HIV-1. PMID: 30605062 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - January 2, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Larijani MS, Sadat SM, Bolhassani A, Pouriayevali MH, Bahramali G, Ramezani A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Follicular T-cell subsets in HIV infection: recent advances in pathogenesis research
Purpose of review T cells within B-cell follicles of secondary lymphoid tissues play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. This review highlights recent findings and identifies gaps in current knowledge. Recent findings B-cell follicles are major sites of virus replication and demonstrate significant impairments in the generation of humoral immunity in HIV infection. Follicular T helper cells (Tfh), follicular T regulatory cells (Tfr) and follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) play key roles in HIV immunopathogenesis. Tfh and more recently Tfr are highly permissive to HIV, and may serve as reservoirs of HIV in treated infectio...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research

New Th17-specific therapeutic strategies for HIV remission
Purpose of review This review highlights current knowledge on the dichotomous role played by T helper 17 cells (Th17)-polarized CD4+ T cells in maintaining mucosal immunity homeostasis versus fueling HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication/persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. Recent finding Th17 cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens at mucosal barrier surfaces. Th17 cells are located at portal sites of HIV/SIV entry, express a unique transcriptional/metabolic status compatible with viral replication, and repr...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research

Everything in its right place: resident memory CD8: +: T cell immunosurveillance of HIV infection
Purpose of review To introduce emerging concepts in tissue resident CD8+ T cell immunosurveillance and their relevance to control HIV infection. Recent findings It is well appreciated that HIV preferentially infects and persists in CD4+ T cells located in gut and in lymphoid tissue, yet the majority of known immunological correlates of HIV control are derived from peripheral blood. Instead, tissue-based immunological surveillance likely dictates the course of infection. Recent studies have established that nonrecirculating resident memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells can be found in virtually every human tissue. These cells ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research

HIV-1 reservoir dynamics in CD4+ T cells
Purpose of review To provide a summary of the recent data examining infected CD4+ T cell dynamics during ART and implications for cure strategies. Recent findings HIV-1 cure is a worldwide unmet medical need. Although combination antiretroviral therapies effectively suppress HIV-1 replication in vivo, viral rebound occurs shortly after therapy cessation. The major barrier to HIV-1 cure is a pool of latently infected CD4+ T cells, called the latent reservoir, which is established early during infection, has a long half-life in vivo, and is not eliminated by treatment. It was thought that the stability of the reservoir ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research

Role of T-cell trafficking in the pathogenesis of HIV disease
Purpose of review Trafficking of lymphocytes into and between gut inductive and effector sites of the gut tissues is regulated by integrin α4β7. Recent findings that describe the central role of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells in HIV pathogenesis, and the possibility of targeting these cells to prevent or treat HIV infection will be reviewed. Recent findings Recent reports indicate that the frequency of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells is directly correlated with the risk of HIV acquisition and CD4+ T-cell decline post infection. MAdCAM -mediated signaling through α4β7, in the presence of retinoic acid, supports viral replication in r...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research

Role of cytokine agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors toward HIV remission
Purpose of review The current article describes the current status of the use of cytokines and immune-checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutic strategies toward HIV remission. Recent findings Clinical trials using IL-2 and IL-7 showed increased levels of circulating T cells, although no reduction to the viral reservoir was observed. Studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) demonstrated that experimental IL-15 administration increased proliferation and cytotoxicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells, and promoted their localization to the lymph node (LN) B cell follicles. Immune checkpoint modulators ta...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research