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Insights on transmission of HIV from phylogenetic analysis to locally optimize HIV prevention strategies
In this study, we will review phylogenetic insights gained on transmission of HIV and phylogenetically optimized HIV prevention strategies.
Recent findings
Phylogenetic analysis reports that HIV transmission varies by geographical region and by route of transmission. In high-income countries, HIV is predominantly transmitted between recently infected MSM who live in the same country. In rural Uganda, transmission of HIV is frequently between different communities. Age-discrepant transmission has been reported across the world. Four studies have used phylogenetic optimization of HIV prevention. Three studies predict that...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 7, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HOTTEST TOPICS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Giuseppe Pantaleo and David A. Cooper Source Type: research
Neutralization tiers of HIV-1
We present a model based on the dynamic nature of the HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins and its impact on epitope exposure. We also describe a new approach for ranking HIV-1 vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibody responses.
Recent findings
The unliganded trimeric HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein spike spontaneously transitions through at least three conformations. Neutralization tier phenotypes correspond to the frequency by which the trimer exists in a closed (tiers 2 and 3), open (tier 1A), or intermediate (tier 1B) conformation. An increasing number of epitopes become exposed as the trimer opens, making the virus more sensitiv...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 7, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HOTTEST TOPICS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Giuseppe Pantaleo and David A. Cooper Source Type: research
HIV integration sites and implications for maintenance of the reservoir
Purpose of review
To provide an overview of recent research of how HIV integration relates to productive and latent infection and implications for cure strategies.
Recent findings
How and where HIV integrates provides new insights into how HIV persists on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Clonal expansion of infected cells with the same integration site demonstrates that T-cell proliferation is an important factor in HIV persistence, however, the driver of proliferation remains unclear. Clones with identical integration sites harbouring defective provirus can accumulate in HIV-infected individuals on ART and defective pro...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 7, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HOTTEST TOPICS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Giuseppe Pantaleo and David A. Cooper Source Type: research
Anti-HIV-1 antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: is there more to antibodies than neutralization?
Purpose of review
An increasing body of evidence suggests that nonneutralizing Fc effector functions including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) contribute to protection against HIV-1 acquisition. We discuss recent advances in anti-HIV-1 ADCC research with a particular focus on ADCC mediated by Env-specific antibodies in vitro and in vivo, the curative potential of HIV-1-specific ADCC antibodies and the mechanisms of HIV-1 resistance to ADCC.
Recent findings
ADCC activities of broadly neutralizing and nonneutralizing monoclonal antibody panels were recently characterized in vitro against several lab-adap...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 7, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HOTTEST TOPICS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Giuseppe Pantaleo and David A. Cooper Source Type: research
Investigating HIV-Human Interaction Networks to Unravel Pathogenic Mechanism for Drug Discovery: A Systems Biology Approach.
CONCLUSION: By investigating the common core proteins and changes in specific proteins in the PPMI network between the stages of HIV-1 infection, we obtained pathogenic insights into the functional core modules and identified potential drug combinations for treating patients with HIV-1 infection, including thalidomide, oxaprozin, and metformin, at the reverse transcription stage; quercetin, nifedipine, and fenbendazole, at the integration/replication stage; and staurosporine, quercetin, prednisolone, and flufenamic acid, at the late stage.
PMID: 29468972 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - February 19, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Li CW, Chen BS Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
IL-10 promoter -592 polymorphism may influence resistance to HIV infection in South Indian population.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests the association of IL-10 -592 "AA" genotype with susceptibility to HIV under dominant model in the Southern Indian population. Future studies are needed with a larger sample size in order to confirm the observations made in this study.
PMID: 29468971 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - February 19, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Harishankar M, Ravikrishnan H, Ravishankar A, Elizabeth LH, Swaminathan S, Selvaraj P, Bethunaickan R Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Identification and Characterization of Positively Selected Mutations in Nef of Four HIV-1 Major Subtypes from Los Alamos National Laboratory.
CONCLUSION: Identification of PSMs and their changes overtime within various subtypes of HIV-1 is important in defining global viral evolutionary patterns that can provide insights for designing therapeutic strategies.
PMID: 29600767 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - March 30, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Shadabi E, Liang B, Plummer FA, Luo M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Retention and adherence: global challenges for the long-term care of adolescents and young adults living with HIV
Purpose of review
Adolescents living with HIV are the only age group with increasing HIV mortality at a time of global scale-up of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). As a ‘treat all’ strategy is implemented worldwide, it is critically important to optimize retention and adherence for this vulnerable group.
Recent findings
Adolescents and young adults living with HIV have poorer outcomes when compared with adults at each stage of the HIV care cascade, irrespective of income setting. Rates of viral suppression are lowest for adolescents living with HIV, and adherence to ART remains an enormous challenge. High-q...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ADOLESCENTS AND HIV: Edited by Mary-Ann Davies and Elizabeth Hamlyn Source Type: research
The challenges of timely and safe HIV disclosure among perinatally HIV-infected adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa
Purpose of review
Improved access to antiretroviral therapy has resulted in an emerging population of adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV) mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Full disclosure of an HIV diagnosis includes naming HIV/AIDS and is an important step in coping with HIV. We reviewed the recent trends in the rates of children/adolescents who have been informed of their HIV infection according to age groups, the barriers and the evaluated interventions aimed at improving the HIV disclosure process to ALHIV in sub-Saharan Africa.
Recent findings
Literature shows that HIV disclosure remains challenging in sub-Saharan Af...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ADOLESCENTS AND HIV: Edited by Mary-Ann Davies and Elizabeth Hamlyn Source Type: research
Sexual and reproductive health in HIV-positive adolescents
Purpose of review
This review aims to summarize data in the last 18 months on the sexual and reproductive health of perinatally and horizontally infected adolescents and young people living with HIV (age 13–25 years) and to highlight some key issues faced by this group of adolescents as they reach puberty and sexual debut.
Recent findings
Adolescents and young people living with HIV are a growing cohort worldwide and a significant proportion engage in high-risk sexual activity, pose risk of onward HIV transmission, yet have poor access to sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and lack the knowledge and suppo...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ADOLESCENTS AND HIV: Edited by Mary-Ann Davies and Elizabeth Hamlyn Source Type: research
Barriers to, and emerging strategies for, HIV testing among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa
Purpose of review
HIV/AIDS is one of the leading causes of death among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa and 40% of new HIV infections worldwide occur in this group. HIV testing and counselling (HTC) is the critical first step to accessing HIV treatment. The prevalence of undiagnosed HIV infection is substantially higher in adolescents compared with adults. We review barriers to HTC for adolescents and emerging HTC strategies appropriate to adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.
Recent findings
There are substantial individual, health system and legal barriers to HTC among adolescents, and stigma by providers and communit...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ADOLESCENTS AND HIV: Edited by Mary-Ann Davies and Elizabeth Hamlyn Source Type: research
Novel therapies/hopes for HIV cure in perinatally acquired HIV-positive adolescents
Conclusion
Whilst it is premature to anticipate an HIV cure, there is much anticipation that with early ART and additional interventions to perturb the residual viral reservoir, future viral remission off ART might be feasible for PaHIV-AYA. However, given the safety and effectiveness of current ART, a critical debate must evaluate the risks against benefits of any novel intervention, especially amongst adolescents as they become sexually active.
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ADOLESCENTS AND HIV: Edited by Mary-Ann Davies and Elizabeth Hamlyn Source Type: research
Coreceptor tropism and maraviroc sensitivity of clonally derived Ethiopian HIV-1C strains using an in-house phenotypic assay and commonly used genotypic methods.
CONCLUSION: There is a high discordance between GTT methods, which underestimates the presence of R5 and overestimates X4 strains compared to a phenotypic assay. Currently available GTT algorithms should be further improved for tropism prediction in HIV-1C. Maraviroc has an in vitro activity against most HIV-1C viruses and could be considered as an alternative regimen in individuals infected with CCR5-tropic HIV-1C viruses.
PMID: 29766813 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - May 15, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kalu AW, Telele NF, Aralaguppe S, Gebre-Selassie S, Fekade D, Marrone G, Sonnerborg A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Broadly neutralizing antibodies for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection
Purpose of review
Several anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with exceptional breadth and potency that target different HIV-1 envelope epitopes have been identified. bNAbs are an attractive new strategy for HIV-1 prevention and therapy, and potentially, for long-term remission or cure. Here, we discuss findings from early clinical studies that have evaluated these novel bNAbs.
Recent findings
Phase 1 studies of bNAbs targeting two distinct HIV-1 envelope epitopes have demonstrated their favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profile. Single bNAb infusions led to significant, but transient, decline in vir...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 4, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: NEW HIV DRUGS: Edited by Roy M. Gulick Source Type: research
PCR Amplification Strategies towards full-length HIV-1 Genome sequencing.
Abstract
The advent of next generation sequencing has enabled greater resolution of viral diversity and improved feasibility of full viral genome sequencing allowing routine HIV-1 full genome sequencing in both research and diagnostic settings. Regardless of the sequencing platform selected, successful PCR amplification of the HIV-1 genome is essential for sequencing template preparation. As such, full HIV-1 genome amplification is a crucial step in dictating the successful and reliable sequencing downstream. Here we reviewed existing PCR protocols leading to HIV-1 full genome sequencing. In addition to the discus...
Source: Current HIV Research - June 26, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Liu CC, Ji H Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
