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β-Catenin/TCF-4 Signaling Regulates Susceptibility of Macrophages and Resistance of Monocytes to HIV-1 Productive Infection.
Abstract Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are an important target for HIV-1 infection. They are often at anatomical sites linked to HIV-1 transmission and are an important vehicle for disseminating HIV-1 throughout the body, including the central nervous system. Monocytes do not support extensive productive HIV-1 replication, but they become more susceptible to HIV-1infection as they differentiate into macrophages. The mechanisms guiding susceptibility of HIV-1 replication in monocytes versus macrophages are not entirely clear. We determined whether endogenous activity of β-catenin signaling impacts diffe...
Source: Current HIV Research - May 26, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Aljawai Y, Richards MH, Seaton MS, Narasipura SD, Al-Harthi L Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Determinants of HIV Counseling and Testing Uptake among Individuals in Long-term Sexual Relationships in Uganda.
Conclusion: Prior HCT was significantly associated with female gender and exposure to a couples' HCT promotional campaign while prior couples' HCT was significantly associated with prior discussion of HIV testing with partner. To increase HIV testing among couples, these findings suggest a need for HCT promotional campaigns that promote communication about HCT between partners. PMID: 24881627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - May 30, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Matovu JK, Kabanda J, Bwanika JB, Bwayo D, Asingwire N, Kyaddondo D, Coutinho SM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV Infection, Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Longitudinal Changes in Biomarkers of Organ Function.
Conclusions: HIV infection is associated with longitudinal changes in serum levels of several biomarkers of end-organ function/disease and mortality. Multiple biomarkers (triglycerides, LDL cholesterol, hemoglobin, and FIB-4 ) remain altered from levels prior to HIV infection levels even following inititiation of ART and evidence of viral suppression. These results give insights into underlying mechanisms of increased risk for aging-related chronic diseases in the context of HIV infection. PMID: 25034208 [PubMed - in process]
Source: Current HIV Research - July 23, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: So-Armah KA, Chang J, Alcorn C, Lo Re V, Baker JV, Tracy R, Butt AA, Agan BK, Rimland D, Gibert CL, Goetz MB, Oursler KK, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, Kuller LH, Brown ST, Stein JH, Skanderson M, Justice AC, Freiberg MS Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Editorial: Impact of Alcohol on HIV Related Issues in Human Population or Model System.
Abstract Alcohol abuse and AIDS remain two of the leading public health problems, not only in the United States but throughout the world. Approximately amongst 5% of the total US population, abuses alcohol and this statistic has been fairly consistent during recent years. However, the prevalence of alcohol abuse among HIV-positive individuals has been estimated to be between 29 and 60% in the US [1]. Alcohol use has also been implicated as an important risk factor in HIV transmission. In addition, the incidence of HIV infection has been found to be associated with the overall level of alcohol consumption. In a met...
Source: Current HIV Research - August 24, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kumar A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV neuropathy
Purpose of review: To present an overview of HIV-associated distal symmetric polyneuropathy (HIV-DSP) and other HIV-related peripheral neuropathies in the post-highly active retroviral therapy era. Recent findings: HIV-DSP has become the most common neurologic complication of HIV largely due to the prolonged survival of HIV-positive patients with the advent of highly active retroviral therapy. HIV-DSP can be attributed to the disease itself or to secondary effects of certain HAART agents, and often the two disease entities cannot be distinguished. HIV-DSP can lead to significant morbidity and interfere with daily activitie...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV NEUROLOGY: Edited by Christopher Power and Bruce J. Brew Source Type: research

Neuropathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders: roles for immune activation, HIV blipping and viral tropism
Purpose of review: The purpose of this study is to discuss why HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist despite apparently effective HIV suppression by highly active antiretroviral therapy (ART). Recent findings: As many as 50% of HIV-infected individuals suffer from HAND despite ART suppression of HIV replication to apparently undetectable levels in most treated individuals. Prior to ART, HIV-associated dementia (HAD), the severest form of HAND, affected nearly 20% of infected individuals; HAD now affects only nearly 2% of ART-treated persons, although less severe HAND forms persist. Recent studies link pers...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV NEUROLOGY: Edited by Christopher Power and Bruce J. Brew Source Type: research

Relationship Between Health-Related Quality of Life Measures and High HIV Viral Load in HIV-Infected Triple-Class-Experienced Patients
Conclusions: Although other determinants of HRQoL in people with HIV should also be considered, this finding suggests a negative impact of high viral load on perceived HRQoL that adds to other described determinants of lower quality of life in people with HIV, such as lower social support and self-reported symptoms. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Brief ReportPages 176-183DOI 10.1310/hct1504-176Authors Raffaella Bucciardini, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, ItalyKatherina Pugliese, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, ItalyLiliana Weimer, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, ItalyMassimiliano Digregorio, Istitu...
Source: HIV Clinical Trials - August 20, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Clinical Trials Source Type: research

Citalopram for the Prevention of Depression and Its Consequences in HIV-Hepatitis C Coinfected Individuals Initiating Pegylated Interferon/Ribavirin Therapy: A Multicenter Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial
Conclusions: A strategy of prophylactic citalopram compared to treatment of emergent depression was not associated with higher adherence or a reduction in treatment-limiting depression nor did it significantly reduce depressive symptoms among HIV-HCV coinfected persons during treatment for HCV. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 161-175DOI 10.1310/hct1504-161Authors Marina B. Klein, Division of Infectious Diseases/Chronic Viral Illness Service, Department of Medicine, Royal Victoria Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Québec, CanadaTerry Lee, Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancou...
Source: HIV Clinical Trials - August 20, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Clinical Trials Source Type: research

Failure to Identify HIV-Infected Individuals in a Clinical Trial Using a Single HIV Rapid Test for Screening
Conclusions: In clinical trials, HIV infections can be missed for a variety of reasons. Using more than one assay to screen for HIV infection may reduce the number of missed infections. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 62-68DOI 10.1310/hct1502-62Authors Estelle Piwowar-Manning, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandJessica M. Fogel, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandOliver Laeyendecker, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MarylandShauna Wolf, Depa...
Source: HIV Clinical Trials - April 7, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Clinical Trials Source Type: research

HIV Extra cellular Tat : Myth or Reality ?
Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) eradication will require elimination of HIV infected cells. No antiretroviral treatments (ART) or vaccine approaches have been able to reduce significantly the level of HIV infected cells in peripheral blood. This inefficacy is generally explained by the presence of a major reservoir of latent HIV infected cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that would be a sanctuary where Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) have no access and would refresh peripheral blood with activated HIV infected cells. In this review, the presence of a major reservoir in the CNS appears ...
Source: Current HIV Research - December 2, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Loret E Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Creatine Protects Against Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with HIV-1 Tat-Induced Neuronal Injury.
Abstract HIV-1 infected individuals are living longer but experiencing a prevalence rate of over 50% for HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) for which no effective treatment is available. Viral and cellular factors secreted by HIV-1 infected cells leads to neuronal injury and HIV-1 Tat continues to be implicated in the pathogenesis of HAND. Here we tested the hypothesis that creatine protected against HIV-1 Tat-induced neuronal injury by preventing mitochondrial bioenergetic crisis and/or redox catastrophe. Creatine blocked HIV-1 Tat1-72-induced increases in neuron cell death and synaptic area loss. C...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 20, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Stevens PR, Gawryluk JW, Hui L, Chen X, Geiger JD Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV-1 Subtypes B and C Tat Differentially Impact Synaptic Plasticity Expression and Implicates HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder.
In conclusion, this study suggests that clade B Tat significantly potentiates neuronal toxicity and further increased synaptic plasticity genes in SK-N-MC may contribute to the severe neuropathogenesis associated with HAND. PMID: 25613138 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - January 20, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Samikkannu T, Atluri VS, Arias AY, Rao KV, Mulet CT, Jayant RD, Nair MP Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV-1 Proteins Tat and gp120 Target the Developing Dopaminergic System.
Abstract The current global estimate of children (< 15 years of age) living with HIV and AIDS is 3.2 million, with the 240,000 newly infected children in the past year, i.e., another child infected approximately every two minutes [1]. The primary mode of HIV infection is through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT), occurring either in utero, intrapartum, or during breastfeeding. The effects of HIV-1 on the brain are thought to be mediated, in part, through the viral proteins Tat and gp120. This review focuses on the targets of HIV-1 proteins in the developing DAergic system, which appears to be specifically sus...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 20, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Fitting S, Booze RM, Mactutus CF Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV replication at low copy number and its correlation with the HIV reservoir: a clinical perspective.
Abstract The efficacy of combination therapy (antiretroviral therapy - ARV) is demonstrated by the high rates of viral suppression achieved in most treated HIV patients. Whereas contemporary treatments may continuously suppress HIV replication, they do not eliminate the latent reservoir, which can reactivate HIV infection if ARV is discontinued. The persistence of HIV proviral DNA and infectious viruses in CD4+ T cells and others cells has long been considered a major obstacle in eradicating the HIV virus in treated patients. Moreover, recent studies have demonstrated the persistence of HIV replication at low copi...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 7, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sarmati L, D'Ettorre G, Parisi SG, Andreoni M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Plasma Cytokine Levels and Risk of HIV Type 1 (HIV-1) Transmission and Acquisition: A Nested Case-Control Study Among HIV-1-Serodiscordant Couples
Conclusions. Immune activation, as measured by levels of cytokine markers, particularly elevated levels of IL-10 and CXCL1, are associated with increased HIV-1 susceptibility and infectiousness.
Source: The Journal of Infectious Diseases - April 10, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kahle, E. M., Bolton, M., Hughes, J. P., Donnell, D., Celum, C., Lingappa, J. R., Ronald, A., Cohen, C. R., de Bruyn, G., Fong, Y., Katabira, E., McElrath, M. J., Baeten, J. M., for the Partners in Prevention HSV/HIV Transmission Study Team, for the Partn Tags: HIV/AIDS Source Type: research