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Frequency of Depression and it's Correlation with Serum Carnitine Level in HIV/AIDS Patients.
Abstract There are some evidences regarding the beneficial effects of carnitine in depressive disorders. Carnitine deficiency is prevalent in HIV positive individuals. Also incidence of depression is significantly higher among the HIV positive individuals compared to HIV negative populations. In a cross-sectional study correlation between serum total carinitine level and depression score based on Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire was assessed in 100 HIV/AIDS (42 males and 58 females) individuals. According to Beck Depression Inventory definitions, 31%, 16% and 21% of the patients experienced mild, moderate a...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 8, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rezaee H, Khalili H, Hatamkhani S, Dashti-Khavidaki S, Khazaeipour Z Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Fc Receptor-Mediated Immune Responses: New Tools But Increased Complexity in HIV Prevention.
Abstract The modest success of the RV144 HIV vaccine trial in Thailand and the ensuing suggestion that a Fc-receptor mediated antibody activity might have played a role in the protection observed have intensified investigations on Fc related immune responses. HIV neutralizing antibodies have been and continue to be the focal point of research into humoral immune protection. However, recent knowledge that their protective efficacy can be augmented by Fc-FcR interactions has increased the complexity of identifying immune correlates of protection. If anything, continued studies of both humoral and cellular immune mec...
Source: Current HIV Research - November 4, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Robert-Guroff M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV-Specific Antibody Immunity Mediated Through NK Cells and Monocytes.
Abstract The partial success of the RV144 trial re-energized the field of HIV vaccine research, which had stalled after vaccines based on neutralizing antibody and cytotoxic T cells had failed to induce protection. A large post-vaccine research effort has focused attention on the role of non-neutralizing antibodies in the protection afforded by the RV144 vaccine. These binding antibodies can initiate immune responses such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) and combine elements of the adaptive and innate immune system in the form of antibodies and ...
Source: Current HIV Research - November 4, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Kramski M, Parsons MS, Stratov I, Kent SJ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Prevalence Of Oral And Systemic Manifestations In Pediatric HIV Cohorts With And Without Drug Therapy.
Abstract The prevalence of orofacial and systemic manifestations and their association with drug therapy in pediatric HIV patients is scarce in the literature. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of oro-facial and systemic manifestations in HIV sero-positive children with and without highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The study population consisted of 100 pediatric HIV patients (n=47 on HAART and n=53 not on HAART). The majority of the children (n=56) had at least one or more oro-facial manifestation associated with HIV. Oral candidiasis was the most common oral finding present in the H...
Source: Current HIV Research - December 16, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Jose R, Chandra S, Puttabuddi JH, Vellappally S, Al Khuraif AA, Halawany HS, Abraham NB, Jacob V, Hashim M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Progress in Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1 in Zhejiang Province, China, 2007-2013.
This study compares two principal periods, from 2007-2009 and from 2010-2013. Between the two periods, the rate of HIV counseling among pregnant women rose significantly from 84.87% to 99.08% and the rate of HIV testing rose from 80.60% to 98.58% .However, the HIV-1 prevalence among pregnant women increased slightly, from 0.01% to 0.02%. Over 70% of infected women were migrants and half of these HIV-1 positive pregnant women were 20-30 years old. Variations in the characteristics of HIV-1 positive pregnant women were observed over time, the proportion of women employed increased dramatically from 15.03% during 2007-2009 to...
Source: Current HIV Research - February 25, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Zhang XH, Lu W, Wu QY, Jiang JY, Chen DQ, Qiu LQ Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Epidemiological Profile of Naïve HIV-1/AIDS Patients in Istanbul: The Largest Case Series from Turkey.
Abstract The aim of the study was to report the epidemiological profile of HIV-1 positive patients from, Istanbul, Turkey, which has one of the lowest HIV-1/AIDS prevalences in Europe. The patients were followed by ACTHIV-IST group which was established by the Infectious Diseases Departments of five teaching hospitals (three university hospitals and two public hospitals) in Istanbul, Turkey. The HIV-1positive patients were added to the standard patient files in all of the centers; these files were then transferred to the ACTHIV-IST database in the Internet. A total of 829 naiv-untreated HIV-1 positive patients wer...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 11, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Yemisen M, Aydın OA, Gündüz A, Ozgüneş N, Mete B, Ceylan B, Karaosmanoğlu HK, Yıldız D, Sargın F, Ozaras R, Tabak F Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Preventive Antiretroviral Therapy in Non-Thalassemia Carrier Infants Exposed to Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Decreases Cord and After Delivery Red Blood Production Without Altering the Development of Hemoglobin.
Abstract Antiretroviral (ARV) prophylaxis for prevention of mother to child transmission (MTCT) of HIV could affect hemoglobin (Hb) development of infants. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 24 HIV-infected and 21 HIV-uninfected pregnancies. ARV drugs were administered to HIV-infected pregnancies at 21 weeks of gestational age and at the labor. Their infants received zidovudine (ZDV) until 4 weeks of age. Blood sample of ARV-exposed and -unexposed infants were collected at delivery, 1, 2 and 4 months of age. Molecular analyses for α-thalassemia-1 Southeast Asian (SEA) type deletion, β-thalassem...
Source: Current HIV Research - July 13, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Pornprasert S, Wongnoi R, Oberdorfer P, Sirivatanapa P Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

On the Evolution of AIDS/HIV Treatment: An Optimal Control Approach.
Abstract After more than 30 years of continuous research as well as unselfish efforts, tremendous and exciting developments have been achieved towards the evolution of HIV treatments both in the directions of antiretroviral therapy and effective vaccine for HIV positive patients. Recent research shows that triple-drug antiretroviral therapy can 'functionally cure' [1, 2] the HIV positive patients, which is a milestone in the therapeutic treatments of AIDS. Despite the significant progress on the evolution of AIDS/HIV treatments, it is still a curse for the humanity and until today the world's most serious epidemic...
Source: Current HIV Research - July 23, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Biswas HA Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

CD8 T cell persistence in treated HIV infection
Purpose of review: Many treated HIV-infected persons maintain persistently high circulating CD8 T cell numbers, even after many years of therapy. Recent reports have suggested that persistent CD8 T cell expansion is associated with higher risk of morbid non-AIDS events. Thus, assessing the mechanisms of CD8 T cell expansion and persistence may give insights into a feature of HIV disease that is clinically important. Recent findings: Acute HIV infection is associated with activation and expansion of the CD8 T cell compartment. Expanded CD8 T cells persist throughout the disease course, and in contrast to the plasticity that...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - September 1, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CELL EXHAUSTION IN HIV-1 INFECTION: Edited by Daniel E. Kaufmann and Nabila Seddiki Source Type: research

Factors Associated With Study Attrition Among HIV-Infected Risky Drinkers in St. Petersburg, Russia
Conclusions: Although no factors were significantly associated with complete LTFU, current IDU and HIV status nondisclosure were significantly associated with time to first missed visit in HIV-infected Russian risky drinkers. An understanding of these predictors may inform retention efforts in longitudinal studies. Content Type Journal ArticleCategory Original ArticlePages 116-125DOI 10.1310/hct1503-116Authors T. Kiriazova, Department of Medicine, Section of General Internal Medicine, Clinical Addiction Research and Education (CARE) Unit, Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USAD. M. C...
Source: HIV Clinical Trials - June 19, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV Clinical Trials Source Type: research

Changes in HIV reservoirs during long-term antiretroviral therapy
Purpose of review: To review current knowledge about the impact of long-term combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) on HIV reservoirs. Recent findings: The number of HIV-infected cells that persist during long-term antiretroviral therapy is associated with the stage of HIV infection at the time of treatment initiation. Initiation of cART reduces the number of infected cells over the first 4 years of therapy, but thereafter there is no further decline despite long-term effective cART. The remarkable stability of infected cell numbers is likely due to a balance among homeostatic or antigen-driven proliferation of infected...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

Preserving HIV-specific T cell responses: does timing of antiretroviral therapy help?
Purpose of review: HIV-specific T cell responses are likely to have an important role in HIV cure strategies that aim for long-lasting viral control without antiretroviral therapy (ART). An important issue in enhancing virus-specific T cell responses is whether timing of ART can influence their magnitude and breadth. Recent findings: Early ART is associated with lower T cell activation, preservation of T cell numbers, smaller DNA and RNA reservoir size, and, in a single study (VISCONTI), control of plasma viremia after treatment interruption. The prevention of T cell destruction by early ART is associated with relatively l...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

How can we better identify early HIV infections?
We describe markers of EHI, diagnostic strategies for detecting these markers, and ways to incorporate these strategies into diagnostic and HIV incidence algorithms. Recent findings: For individual diagnosis in the USA and Europe, laboratory-based diagnostic algorithms increasingly incorporate fourth-generation HIV antigen tests, allowing for earlier detection. In some sub-Saharan African settings, symptom-based screening is being explored to identify subsets of persons at high risk for AHI. Point-of-care diagnostics designed for AHI detection are in the pipeline and, if validated, represent an opportunity for real-time AH...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - December 4, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: THE CASE FOR EARLY ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY TOWARDS A CURE OF HIV INFECTION: Edited by John W. Mellors and Jintanat Ananworanich Source Type: research

Didehydro-Cortistatin A Inhibits HIV-1 Tat Mediated Neuroinflammation and Prevents Potentiation of Cocaine Reward in Tat Transgenic Mice.
Abstract The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Tat protein is implicated in HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which includes a group of syndromes ranging from undetectable neurocognitive impairment to dementia. The abuse of psychostimulants, such as cocaine, by HIV infected individuals, may accelerate and intensify neurological damage. On the other hand, exposure to Tat potentiates cocainemediated reward mechanisms, which further promotes HAND. Here, we show that didehydro-Cortistatin A (dCA), an analog of a natural steroidal alkaloid, crosses the blood-brain barrier, cross-neutralizes Tat activit...
Source: Current HIV Research - January 20, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Mediouni S, Jablonski J, Paris JJ, Clementz MA, Thenin-Houssier S, McLaughlin JP, Valente ST Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Mechanisms of HIV-1 Tat neurotoxicity via CDK5 translocation and hyper-activation: role in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders.
Abstract The advent of more effective antiretroviral therapies has reduced the frequency of HIV dementia, however the prevalence of milder HIV associated neurocognitive disorders [HAND] is actually rising. Neurodegenerative mechanisms in HAND might include toxicity by secreted HIV-1 proteins such as Tat, gp120 and Nef that could activate neuro-inflammatory pathways, block autophagy, promote excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of signaling pathways. Recent studies have shown that Tat could interfere with several signal transduction mechanisms involved in cytoskeletal regula...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 11, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Fields J, Dumaop W, Crews L, Adame A, Spencer B, Metcalf J, He J, Rockenstein E, Masliah E Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research