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HIV-1 Latency and Eradication: Past, Present and Future.
CONCLUSION: Current efforts to eradicate HIV-1 from this cell population focus primarily on a "shock and kill" approach through cellular reactivation to trigger elimination of virus producing cells by cytolysis or host immune responses. However, studies revealed several limitations to this approach that require more investigation to assess its clinical application. Recent advances in gene editing technology prompted use of this approach for inactivating integrated proviral DNA in the genome of latently infected cells. This technology, which requires a detailed understanding of the viral genetics and robust delivery, may se...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 23, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Datta PK, Kaminski R, Hu W, Pirrone V, Sullivan NT, Nonnemacher MR, Dampier W, Wigdahl B, Khalili K Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Does systemic inflammation and immune activation contribute to fracture risk in HIV?
Purpose of review: There is increasing evidence pointing toward an important role of heightened immune activation and inflammation in people living with HIV contributing to the development of non-AIDS comorbidities. This review aims to explore low bone mineral density (BMD) in HIV with a focus on the underlying mechanisms and relationships between the immune and skeletal systems.
Recent findings: Baseline immune activation and inflammation negatively impact BMD at antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation. B- and T-cell alterations in HIV lead to an imbalance in the osteoblastic osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteoclastic recept...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 8, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: BONE COMPLICATIONS IN HIV: Edited by Patrick W.G. Mallon and Todd T. Brown Source Type: research
Vitamin D and bone loss in HIV
Purpose of review: Bone health has become an increasingly important aspect of the care of HIV-infected patients as bone loss with antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation is significant and osteopenia and osteoporosis are highly prevalent. Vitamin D is tightly linked to calcium balance and bone health, and vitamin D deficiency is common in HIV. This review outlines the epidemiology of vitamin D deficiency in HIV, summarizes our current understanding of the relationship between vitamin D and bone loss in HIV and the impact of vitamin D supplementation in this patient group.
Recent findings: Although data are conflicting as ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 8, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: BONE COMPLICATIONS IN HIV: Edited by Patrick W.G. Mallon and Todd T. Brown Source Type: research
Bone health in HIV-infected children and adolescents
Purpose of review: Chronic HIV infection and exposure to antiretroviral therapy compromises bone health in children and adolescents, potentially impacting their long-term quality of life. Thus, the purpose of this article is to review the most recent literature on this topic in HIV-infected children and adolescents.
Recent findings: Recent studies continue to demonstrate bone abnormalities in HIV-infected children and adolescents, whether HIV is acquired perinatally or during adolescence. Researchers have employed new modalities, both high tech and those that can be utilized in resource-limited settings, to better assess ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 8, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: BONE COMPLICATIONS IN HIV: Edited by Patrick W.G. Mallon and Todd T. Brown Source Type: research
Do people with HIV infection have a higher risk of fracture compared with those without HIV infection?
Purpose of review: This review details recent findings that inform the prevalence and incidence of fractures in people living with HIV (PLWH) and examines the effects of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy (ART), as well as demographics and traditional risk factors on fractures. As antiretroviral guidelines have recently changed to recommend the introduction of ART at diagnosis of HIV infection, the long-term effects of ART on bone health and fracture risk need to be better understood.
Recent findings: It is apparent that both the effects of HIV infection alone and initiation of ART are associated with significant bo...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - April 8, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: BONE COMPLICATIONS IN HIV: Edited by Patrick W.G. Mallon and Todd T. Brown Source Type: research
Analysis of Non-AIDS-Defining Events in HIV Controllers
Conclusions. HCV/HIV coinfection was the main factor associated with hepatic and extrahepatic nADEs in HIV controllers. The eradication of HCV infection may ameliorate the presence of comorbidities in these patients.
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases - April 25, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Dominguez-Molina, B., Leon, A., Rodriguez, C., Benito, J. M., Lopez-Galindez, C., Garcia, F., del Romero, J., Gutierrez, F., Viciana, P., Alcami, J., Leal, M., Ruiz-Mateos, E., for the Spanish AIDS Research Network HIV Controllers Cohort (ECRIS) Tags: HIV/AIDS Source Type: research
Magnitude of visceral leishmaniasis and poor treatment outcome among HIV patients: meta-analysis and systematic review
Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of VL in HIV-infected patients is low and an earlier bout of VL and CD4+ count <100 cells/mL at the time of primary VL diagnosis are factors that predict poor treatment outcome. Keywords: visceral leishmaniasis, HIV coinfection, magnitude
Source: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care - March 22, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Source Type: research
Evaluating the role of atazanavir/cobicistat and darunavir/cobicistat fixed-dose combinations for the treatment of HIV-1 infection
Rustin D Crutchley,1 Rakesh C Guduru,2 Amy M Cheng1 1Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 2CompanionDX, Houston, TX, USA Abstract: Atazanavir/cobicistat (ATV/c) and darunavir/cobicistat (DRV/c) are newly approved once daily fixed-dose protease inhibitor combinations for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Studies in healthy volunteers have established bioequivalence between cobicistat and ritonavir as pharmacoenhancers of both atazanavir (ATV) and darunavir (DRV). In addition, two randomized clinical trials (one Phase II and one Phase III noninferiority trial...
Source: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care - March 9, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Source Type: research
HIV-1 subtype characteristics of infected persons living in southwestern Greece
Conclusion: HIV-1 infection in southwestern Greece is sexually transmitted and highly heterogeneous. Subtype A1 has surpassed subtype B, and is the most prevalent strain. In the population studied, subtype A1 exhibited certain polymorphisms in the protease region, which may serve as drug-resistance support mutations in subtype B. Keywords: HIV-1 infection, transmission, subtype, sequence, genetic signatures, epidemiology
Source: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care - December 11, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Source Type: research
Factors associated with HIV counseling and testing and correlations with sexual behavior of teachers in primary and secondary schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Conclusion: No significant differences were observed between primary and secondary school teachers regarding factors associated with HCT and its correlation with sexual behavior. Gender, age, marital status, knowledge of HCT, and perceived risk were found to be factors associated with HCT uptake. Correlations between being faithful to a partner, inconsistent use of condoms, and HCT uptake of teachers were also observed. Thus, strengthening the current practice of HCT services in the education sector with due emphasis on the observed factors could play a pivotal role in bringing about positive changes in the sexual behavior...
Source: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care - June 30, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Source Type: research
Dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease risk profiles of patients attending an HIV treatment clinic in Harare, Zimbabwe
Danai Tavonga Zhou,1,2 Vitaris Kodogo,1 Kudzai Fortunate Vongai Chokuona,1 Exnevia Gomo,1 Olav Oektedalen,3 Babill Stray-Pedersen21Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Avondale, Zimbabwe; 2Institute of Clinical Medicine, University in Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; 3Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, NorwayAbstract: The chronic inflammation induced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) contributes to increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in HIV-infected individuals. HIV-infected patients generally benefit from ...
Source: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care - May 13, 2015 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV/AIDS - Research and Palliative Care Source Type: research
Neuropsychological profile in a specific cohort of HIV patients infected postnatally: a cross-sectional study
Silvia Riva,1,2 Ilaria Cutica,1 Gabriella Pravettoni1,3 1Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 2Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", 3European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy Abstract: HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDs) are one of the most important complications of HIV infection reported in the current literature. Although HANDs have been closely studied in vertically infected HIV populations or in specific subgroups such as drug abusers or homosexuals, they have been completely understudied in hemophilia patients with HIV, infected ...
Source: Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine - October 9, 2015 Category: Psychiatry Tags: Neurobehavioral HIV Medicine Source Type: research
Diversity of HIV-1 reservoirs in CD4+ T-cell subpopulations
Purpose of review: HIV-1 is able to create lasting reservoirs of virally infected cells that persist life-long and are extremely difficult to eradicate, thus necessitating indefinite antiretroviral therapy. Large numbers of studies suggest that CD4+ T cells represent the major, and possibly the only cell type supporting HIV-1 long-term persistence. However, the ability to serve as long-term viral reservoirs may be confined to certain subpopulations of CD4+ T cells with specific functional and developmental characteristics that HIV-1 can selectively exploit to propagate long-term viral survival within the host. Identificati...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: STRATEGIES FOR TARGETING RESIDUAL HIV INFECTION: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Nicolas Chomont Source Type: research
Current approaches to assess HIV-1 persistence
The objective of this review is to highlight the characteristics and limits of recent technical advances that may help to monitor the impact of clinical interventions in antiretroviral therapy-treated patients.
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: STRATEGIES FOR TARGETING RESIDUAL HIV INFECTION: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Nicolas Chomont Source Type: research
Cell and gene therapy strategies to eradicate HIV reservoirs
Purpose of review: Highly active antiretroviral treatment has dramatically improved the prognosis for people living with HIV by preventing AIDS-related morbidity and mortality through profound suppression of viral replication. However, a long-lived viral reservoir persists in latently infected cells that harbor replication-competent HIV genomes. If therapy is discontinued, latently infected memory cells inevitably reactivate and produce infectious virus, resulting in viral rebound. The reservoir is the biggest obstacle to a cure of HIV.
Recent findings: This review summarizes significant advances of the past year in the d...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 4, 2016 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: STRATEGIES FOR TARGETING RESIDUAL HIV INFECTION: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Nicolas Chomont Source Type: research
