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Characterizing the role of intersecting stigmas and sustained inequities in driving HIV syndemics across low-to-middle-income settings
Purpose of review In 2020, key populations around the world still have disproportionate risks for HIV acquisition and experiencing HIV-related syndemics. This review presents current data around HIV-related syndemics among key populations globally, and on the role of intersecting stigmas in producing these syndemics in low-to-middle-income settings. Recent findings Sex workers, sexual and gender minorities, prisoners, and people who use drugs experience high burdens of tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infections, viral hepatitis, and violence linked to heightened HIV-related risks or acquisition. Adverse sexual, rep...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 9, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV SYNDEMICS: Edited by Kenneth H. Mayer Source Type: research

Syndemic theory, structural violence and HIV among African–Americans
Purpose of review This paper will review recent use of syndemic frameworks in HIV research among African–Americans. Recent findings Researchers have used syndemic theory in diverse African–American study populations, including MSM, cis-women, trans-women, heterosexual men and adolescents. These studies have evaluated the associations between syndemic conditions and a variety of outcomes, such as sexual behaviours, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections, HIV testing, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, HIV suppression and preexposure prophylaxis use. The most frequently evaluated syndemic conditions have be...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 9, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV SYNDEMICS: Edited by Kenneth H. Mayer Source Type: research

Association of lower adiponectin plasma levels, increased age and smoking with subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with HIV-1 infection.
CONCLUSION: Low adiponectin was associated with higher cIMT in HIV-1-infected patients on cART. Low adiponectin levels in combination with age and smoking could explain, in part, the increased subclinical atherosclerosis observed in these patients. Adiponectin may be a good candidate for predicting subclinical atherosclerosis in the management of HIV1-infected patients in public health care, especially where USGD is not available. PMID: 32516102 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - June 8, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Bellinati PQ, Alfieri DF, Flauzino T, Junior PFG, Rossi DJ, Breganó JW, Simão ANC, de Almeida ERD, Lozovoy MAB, Reiche EMV Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

No Increase in HIV Drug Resistance Mutations among Injecting Drug Users on Methadone Maintenance Therapy: A Prospective Cohort Study.
CONCLUSION: Among ART HIV-positive patients, there is no significant difference in the incidence of new DRMs between IDUs receiving MMT and non-drug users. MMT has little impact on the development of DRMs among IDUs. PMID: 32652910 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - July 11, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Huang C, Ye L, Abdullah AS, Liang B, Jiang J, Ning C, Zang N, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Hu X, Yang Q, Luo C, Lao F, Liu H, Liang H, Huang J Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Correlates of HIV-positive fathers' involvement in prevention of mother-to-child transmission programs in northern Nigeria.
CONCLUSION: The involvement of fathers in HIV PMTCT programs was low and predicted by paternal education, HIVpositive child, duration of antiretroviral treatment, disclosure to partner, consistent condom use, and level of PMTCT knowledge. Our findings will inform the development of policies to increase male partner involvement in PMTCT in Nigeria. PMID: 32778029 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - August 9, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Iliyasu Z, Galadanci HS, Muhammad B, Yadudu FZ, Kwaku AA, Salihu HM, Aliyu MH Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Spatio-temporal distribution of meningitis in HIV patients in Northern Egypt (2000-2018).
CONCLUSION: Despite the availability of cART, meningitis particularly cryptococcal is common in HIV/AIDS population in Egypt. Continued efforts are desperately needed to improve outcomes of HIV-infected patients. PMID: 32778028 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - August 9, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Abd El-Wahab EW, Hegazy Y, Farrag T, Metwally M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Broadly neutralizing antibodies combined with latency-reversing agents or immune modulators as strategy for HIV-1 remission
Purpose of review Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is extremely effective in controlling HIV-1 infection; however, ART is not curative. Here, we review broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies (bNAbs) combined with latency-reversing agents (LRAs) or immune modulators as strategy for achieving long-term HIV-1 remission. Recent findings Clinical trials testing the effect of a single intervention such as a LRA ‘shock and kill’, immune modulator or bNAbs among HIV-1 infected individuals on long-term suppressive ART have not lead to long-term HIV-1 remission when ART is stopped. Novel combinations of interventions design...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 28, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ANTIBODY STRATEGIES IN HIV PREVENTION AND CURE: Edited by Mattia Bonsignori and Marina Caskey Source Type: research

Association Between Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Bone Mineral Density in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Long-Term TDF-Based Antiretroviral Therapy.
CONCLUSION: Based on our results, NAFLD was significantly associated with a worse BMD status, including osteopenia and osteoporosis, in HIV patients after receiving long-term TDF-based ART. Furthermore, we may want to avoid using TDF for ART in HIV-infected patients with NAFLD. PMID: 32940183 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - September 16, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Xu Z, He P, Xian J, Lu W, Shu J, Luo W, Gan C, Ke R, Xia J, Han Z, Huang M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Cognitive Performance and Neuro-Metabolites in HIV using 3T Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Cross-Sectional Study from India.
CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in ART naïve patients with HIV. There is no difference in metabolites in patients with or without cognitive impairment. Further studies, with longitudinal follow-up, are required to understand the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. PMID: 33106144 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - October 26, 2020 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Gupta K, Shivabalan, Kumar V, Vyas S, Pandey RM, Jagannathan NR, Sinha S Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Current co-morbidities burden in patients living with HIV in low- and middle-income countries
Purpose of review The present review aims to decipher common co-morbidities faced by people living with HIV in low- to middle-income countries, and in particular the sub-Saharan region, which hosts the majority of the HIV burden worldwide. Recent findings Well-controlled chronic HIV disease is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease. This is partly due to the natural aging process, however recent studies show that using antiretroviral therapy as well as the HIV disease itself may be predisposing factors to the development of cardiovascular diseases, creating a new burden f...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV-ASSOCIATED CO-MORBIDITIES: Edited by Morris Schambelan and Todd T. Brown Source Type: research

Mechanisms and primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among people living with HIV
Purpose of review To highlight mechanisms of elevated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) among people living with HIV (PLWH), discuss therapeutic strategies, and opportunities for primary prevention. Recent findings HIV-associated ASCVD risk is likely multifactorial and due to HIV-specific factors and traditional risk factors even in the setting of treated and suppressed HIV disease. Although a growing body of evidence suggests that inflammation and immune activation are key drivers of atherogenesis, therapies designed to lower inflammation including colchicine and low-dose methotrexate have ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV-ASSOCIATED CO-MORBIDITIES: Edited by Morris Schambelan and Todd T. Brown Source Type: research

HIV persistence in lymph nodes
Purpose of review HIV persists in distinct cellular and anatomical compartments in the body including blood, Central nervous system, and lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes [LNs], gut-associated lymphoid tissue) by diverse mechanisms despite antiretroviral therapy. Within LNs, human and animal studies have highlighted that a specific CD4 T cell subset - called T follicular helper cells locating in B cell follicles is enriched in cells containing replication-competent HIV as compared to extra-follicular CD4 T cells. Therefore, the objective of the present review is to focus on the potential mechanisms allowing HIV to ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 11, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV RESERVOIR: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Konstantinos Petrovas Source Type: research

“Go”, “No Go,” or “Where to Go”; does microbiota dictate T cell exhaustion, programming, and HIV persistence?
Purpose of review People living with HIV who fail to fully reconstitute CD4+T cells after combination antiretroviral therapy therapy (i.e. immune nonresponders or INRs) have higher frequencies of exhausted T cells are enriched in a small pool of memory T cells where HIV persists and have an abundance of plasma metabolites of bacterial and host origins. Here, we review the current understanding of critical features of T cell exhaustion associated with HIV persistence; we propose to develop novel strategies to reinvigorate the effector function of exhausted T cells with the aim of purging the HIV reservoir. Recent fin...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 11, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV RESERVOIR: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Konstantinos Petrovas Source Type: research

Assessing proviral competence: current approaches to evaluate HIV-1 persistence
Purpose of review Despite decades of suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 reservoirs persist and fuel viral rebound if therapy is interrupted. The persistence of viral reservoirs in infected individuals is the main obstacle to achieving HIV-1 eradication or a long-term remission. Accurate assessment of the viral reservoir size is necessary for monitoring the effectiveness of the curative interventions. Here, we review the recent progress in the development of assays to measure HIV-1 persistence, highlighting their key advantages and limitations. Recent findings To estimate the viral reservoir size, a ...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 11, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV RESERVOIR: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Konstantinos Petrovas Source Type: research

Visualization of HIV-1 reservoir: an imaging perspective
Purpose of review The persistence of HIV-1-infected cells, despite the introduction of the combinatorial antiretroviral therapy, is a major obstacle to HIV-1 eradication. Understanding the nature of HIV reservoir will lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the functional cure or eradication of the virus. In this review, we will update the recent development in imaging applications toward HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) viral reservoirs research and highlight some of their limitations. Recent findings CD4 T cells are the primary target of HIV-1/SIV and the predominant site for productive and latent re...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 11, 2021 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV RESERVOIR: Edited by Matthieu Perreau and Konstantinos Petrovas Source Type: research