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HIV and myocarditis
Purpose of review
The purpose of this article is to review the literature on HIV and myocarditis and HIV-associated heart failure.
Recent findings
Currently, 17 million people are receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) globally. There is a decrease in mortality from HIV in the last decade with increased survival in those receiving ART. HIV-associated cardiac failure is on the increase, with more cases of diastolic dysfunction reported in the ART era. The pathophysiology of HIV-associated myocarditis is multifactorial. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR), through tissue characterization, demonstrates increased nati...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - November 1, 2017 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN HIV INFECTED PERSONS: Edited by Franck Boccara and Cameron J. Holloway Source Type: research
HIV integration sites and implications for maintenance of the reservoir
Purpose of review
To provide an overview of recent research of how HIV integration relates to productive and latent infection and implications for cure strategies.
Recent findings
How and where HIV integrates provides new insights into how HIV persists on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Clonal expansion of infected cells with the same integration site demonstrates that T-cell proliferation is an important factor in HIV persistence, however, the driver of proliferation remains unclear. Clones with identical integration sites harbouring defective provirus can accumulate in HIV-infected individuals on ART and defective pro...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 7, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HOTTEST TOPICS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Giuseppe Pantaleo and David A. Cooper Source Type: research
Investigating HIV-Human Interaction Networks to Unravel Pathogenic Mechanism for Drug Discovery: A Systems Biology Approach.
CONCLUSION: By investigating the common core proteins and changes in specific proteins in the PPMI network between the stages of HIV-1 infection, we obtained pathogenic insights into the functional core modules and identified potential drug combinations for treating patients with HIV-1 infection, including thalidomide, oxaprozin, and metformin, at the reverse transcription stage; quercetin, nifedipine, and fenbendazole, at the integration/replication stage; and staurosporine, quercetin, prednisolone, and flufenamic acid, at the late stage.
PMID: 29468972 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - February 19, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Li CW, Chen BS Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Identification and Characterization of Positively Selected Mutations in Nef of Four HIV-1 Major Subtypes from Los Alamos National Laboratory.
CONCLUSION: Identification of PSMs and their changes overtime within various subtypes of HIV-1 is important in defining global viral evolutionary patterns that can provide insights for designing therapeutic strategies.
PMID: 29600767 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - March 30, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Shadabi E, Liang B, Plummer FA, Luo M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Retention and adherence: global challenges for the long-term care of adolescents and young adults living with HIV
Purpose of review
Adolescents living with HIV are the only age group with increasing HIV mortality at a time of global scale-up of access to antiretroviral therapy (ART). As a ‘treat all’ strategy is implemented worldwide, it is critically important to optimize retention and adherence for this vulnerable group.
Recent findings
Adolescents and young adults living with HIV have poorer outcomes when compared with adults at each stage of the HIV care cascade, irrespective of income setting. Rates of viral suppression are lowest for adolescents living with HIV, and adherence to ART remains an enormous challenge. High-q...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - May 1, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: ADOLESCENTS AND HIV: Edited by Mary-Ann Davies and Elizabeth Hamlyn Source Type: research
Broadly neutralizing antibodies for treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection
Purpose of review
Several anti-HIV-1 broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with exceptional breadth and potency that target different HIV-1 envelope epitopes have been identified. bNAbs are an attractive new strategy for HIV-1 prevention and therapy, and potentially, for long-term remission or cure. Here, we discuss findings from early clinical studies that have evaluated these novel bNAbs.
Recent findings
Phase 1 studies of bNAbs targeting two distinct HIV-1 envelope epitopes have demonstrated their favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profile. Single bNAb infusions led to significant, but transient, decline in vir...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - June 4, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: NEW HIV DRUGS: Edited by Roy M. Gulick Source Type: research
Lessons learned from HIV antiretroviral treatment interruption trials
Purpose of review
Clinical trials with an antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption remains indispensable for assessing strategies for ART-free HIV remission. This review highlights the lessons learned from ART interruption studies so far, including the risks to the participants and implications for HIV remission.
Recent findings
Historically, analytic HIV treatment interruption (ATI) studies were commonly designed with a prolonged duration of ART interruption and with viral load set point as the primary outcome. For a variety of reasons, including participant risk, recent treatment interruption trials have frequently...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING LONG-TERM HIV REMISSION: Edited by Jean-Daniel Lelièvre and Timothy J. Henrich Source Type: research
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell approaches to HIV cure
Purpose of review
Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) has enabled tremendous progress in suppressing HIV replication in infected patients. However, ART alone cannot eradicate HIV and its latent, persisting reservoirs. Novel approaches are needed to eradicate the virus or achieve functional cure in the absence of ART.
Recent findings
Adoptive T-cell therapies were initially tested in HIV-infected individuals with limited efficiency. Benefiting from new and improved methodologies, an increasing array of CAR T-cell therapies has been successfully developed in the cancer immunotherapy field, demonstrating promising n...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - August 3, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: PROGRESS IN ACHIEVING LONG-TERM HIV REMISSION: Edited by Jean-Daniel Lelièvre and Timothy J. Henrich Source Type: research
M918: A novel cell penetrating peptide for effective delivery of HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins into eukaryotic cell lines.
CONCLUSION: These data suggest that M918 CPP can be used to enter HIV-1 Nef and Hsp20-Nef proteins inside mammalian cells efficiently as a promising approach in HIV-1 vaccine development.
PMID: 30520377 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - December 5, 2018 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rostami B, Irani S, Bolhassani A, Cohan RA Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
In silico design and immunologic evaluation of HIV-1 p24-Nef fusion protein to approach a therapeutic vaccine candidate.
CONCLUSION: The predicted fusion protein, p24-AAY-Nef in a truncated form with high rate of T cell epitopes and high conservancy rate among different clades, provides a helpful model for developing a therapeutic vaccine candidate against HIV-1.
PMID: 30605062 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - January 2, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Larijani MS, Sadat SM, Bolhassani A, Pouriayevali MH, Bahramali G, Ramezani A Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
New Th17-specific therapeutic strategies for HIV remission
Purpose of review
This review highlights current knowledge on the dichotomous role played by T helper 17 cells (Th17)-polarized CD4+ T cells in maintaining mucosal immunity homeostasis versus fueling HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) replication/persistence during antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a focus on molecular mechanisms underlying these processes.
Recent finding
Th17 cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity against pathogens at mucosal barrier surfaces. Th17 cells are located at portal sites of HIV/SIV entry, express a unique transcriptional/metabolic status compatible with viral replication, and repr...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Role of T-cell trafficking in the pathogenesis of HIV disease
Purpose of review
Trafficking of lymphocytes into and between gut inductive and effector sites of the gut tissues is regulated by integrin α4β7. Recent findings that describe the central role of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells in HIV pathogenesis, and the possibility of targeting these cells to prevent or treat HIV infection will be reviewed.
Recent findings
Recent reports indicate that the frequency of α4β7hi CD4+ T cells is directly correlated with the risk of HIV acquisition and CD4+ T-cell decline post infection. MAdCAM -mediated signaling through α4β7, in the presence of retinoic acid, supports viral replication in r...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
Role of cytokine agonists and immune checkpoint inhibitors toward HIV remission
Purpose of review
The current article describes the current status of the use of cytokines and immune-checkpoint inhibitors as therapeutic strategies toward HIV remission.
Recent findings
Clinical trials using IL-2 and IL-7 showed increased levels of circulating T cells, although no reduction to the viral reservoir was observed. Studies in nonhuman primates (NHP) demonstrated that experimental IL-15 administration increased proliferation and cytotoxicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CD8+ T cells, and promoted their localization to the lymph node (LN) B cell follicles. Immune checkpoint modulators ta...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - February 1, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: T-CELLS IN HIV INFECTION: Edited by Mathias Lichterfeld and Tony Kelleher Source Type: research
The spontaneous control of HIV replication is characterized by decreased pathological changes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.
CONCLUSION: HIV-controllers exhibit lower pathological alterations in gut tissue, associated with higher CD4 T cell count, and lower viral load.
PMID: 30706820 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - January 29, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Taborda NA, Correa LA, Feria MG, Rugeles MT Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
Mechanisms of Blood Retinal Barrier Disruption by HIV-1.
Abstract
It has been found that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 RNA or antigens can be detected in the intraocular tissues of HIV-1 patients even under effective highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). In vivo, blood retinal barrier (BRB) establishes a critical, physiological guardian against microbial invasion of the eye, but may be compromised in the presence of HIV-1. Envelope glycoprotein gp120 is exposed on the surface of the HIV envelope, essential for virus entry into cells by attachment to specific cell surface receptors. The BRB disruption by glycoprotein gp120 has been widely recognized, whic...
Source: Current HIV Research - March 14, 2019 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Qian Y, Che X, Jiang J, Wang Z Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research
