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Total 237420 results found since Jan 2013.

Epidemiology of HIV Infection in Women and Children: A Global Perspective.
Abstract The global epidemiology of HIV/AIDS is rapidly evolving in low and middle income countries. Women and adolescent females in sub-Saharan Africa are at risk of HIV acquisition due to a myriad of complex biological, behavioral and structural factors. Primary HIV infection among women primarily drives the pediatric HIV epidemic. Postnatal transmission of HIV during breastfeeding is a major concern in LMIC, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where breastfeeding remains the only feasible, safe and culturally acceptable infant feeding choice. Given the remarkable discoveries in biomedical interventions to preven...
Source: Current HIV Research - February 21, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Shetty AK Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV and Religion in the Congo: A Mixed-Methods Study.
Conclusions: In this cross-sectional survey in Eastern DRC, Catholic (relative to non-Catholic Christian) religious affiliation was associated with an increased risk of HIV. Increasing dialogue between biomedical practitioners and religious leaders may strengthen HIV prevention efforts in SSA. PMID: 23701303 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - May 21, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Hawkes M, Sivasivugha ES, Ngigi SK, Masumbuko CK, Brophy J, Kibendelwa ZT Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV DNA and Immune Alteration during Successful HAART.
Conclusion: This results show that the HIV DNA load could continuously hamper the CD4 restoration and γ-cytokines activities during HAART. This effect seem to be more severe in patients with pre-HAART CD4 count below 200/µl, and CD14 monocytes may contribute to this action as source of T cell infection. PMID: 23822818 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - June 27, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Mamadou D, Yu-Huang Z, Xia C, Bo H, Hua-Ying Z, Yan H, Zi C, Qing L, Li-Wen Z, Mei H, Yun-Hai Y, Demba S, Souleymane M Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Lessons Learned from HIV Vaccine Clinical Efficacy Trials.
Abstract The past few years have witnessed many promising advances in HIV prevention strategies involving pre-exposure prophylaxis approaches. Some may now wonder whether an HIV vaccine is still needed, and whether developing one is even possible. The partial efficacy reported in the RV144 trial and the encouraging results of the accompanying immune correlates analysis suggest that an effective HIV vaccine is achievable. These successes have provided a large impetus and guidance for conducting more HIV vaccine trials. A key lesson learned from RV144 is that assessment of HIV acquisition is now a feasible and valua...
Source: Current HIV Research - September 10, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Day TA, Kublin JG Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Social Justice and HIV Vaccine Research in the Age of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and Treatment as Prevention.
Abstract The advent of treatment as prevention (TasP) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) as means of HIV prevention raises issues of justice concerning how most fairly and equitably to apportion resources in support of the burgeoning variety of established HIV treatment and prevention measures and further HIV research, including HIV vaccine research. We apply contemporary approaches to social justice to assess the ethical justification for allocating resources in support of HIV vaccine research given competing priorities to support broad implementation of HIV treatment and prevention measures, including TasP and ...
Source: Current HIV Research - September 10, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Bailey TC, Sugarman J Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV-1 Variable Loop 2 and its Importance in HIV-1 Infection and Vaccine Development.
Abstract A vaccine that can prevent the transmission of HIV-1 at the site of exposure to the host is one of the best hopes to control the HIV-1 pandemic. The trimeric envelope spike consisting of heterodimers, gp120 and gp41, is essential for virus entry and thus has been a key target for HIV-1 vaccine development. However, it has been extremely difficult to identify the types of antibodies required to block the transmission of various HIV-1 strains and the immunogens that can elicit such antibodies due to the high genetic diversity of the HIV-1 envelope. The modest efficacy of the gp120 HIV-1 vaccine used in the ...
Source: Current HIV Research - November 4, 2013 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rao M, Peachman KK, Kim J, Gao G, Alving CR, Michael NL, Rao VB Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Genotypic and Phenotypic Comparison of Enteroaggregative Escherichia Coli Isolates from HIV-Positive and non-HIV Diarrheal Samples.
In this study a collection of 18 isolates from these two groups were compared for biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance and for the presence of 14 virulence-related genes. All the HIV-positive and over 66% of the non-HIV strains were PCR-negative for adhesion-related sequences indicating that as yet unknown adhesins may play a role. However, despite some variations, the prevalence rate of the virulence-related genes was not significantly different in the two groups. HIV-positive isolates were biofilm producer but only a single weak biofilm former was observed among the non-HIV strains. The rate of resistance to most ...
Source: Current HIV Research - February 7, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Jafari A, Shafaei E, Oloomi M, Aghasadeghi MR, Bouzari S Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Oxidative Stress in HIV Patients receiving Antiretroviral Therapy.
Abstract Oxidative stress, defined as the imbalance between the oxidant and antioxidant systems, is thought to be associated with the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It has been observed that perturbations in antioxidant defense systems, and consequently redox imbalance, are present in many tissues of HIV-infected patients. Existing evidences suggest that oxidative stress may contribute to different stages of viral life cycle including viral replication and its consequences such as inflammatory response and decreased immune cell proliferation. The level of production of free radical sp...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 1, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Sharma B Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Influence of Antiretroviral Therapy and Periodontal Disease on Human Salivary Beta-Defensin 2 in Patients Infected with HIV.
Abstract Studies have addressed periodontal disease biomarkers in salivary proteins associated with innate immunity, mostly due to the alteration in the concentration of many of these proteins in the presence of inflammation. On the other hand, some systemic diseases can modify salivary protein concentrations, which may change their importance or role as specific biomarkers. To study the relationship between periodontal disease and concentrations of human beta-defensin 2 (HBD-2) in the saliva of patients infected and not infected with HIV. To evaluate the association between HBD-2 salivary concentration and viral ...
Source: Current HIV Research - April 7, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Lourenço AG, Rodrigues Alves Ribeiro AE, Nakao C, Fragoso Motta AC, Machado AA, Komesu MC Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Monocytes Mediate HIV Neuropathogenesis: Mechanisms that Contribute to HIV Associated Neurocognitive.
Abstract HIV infected people are living longer due to the success of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).However, greater than 40-70% of HIV infected individuals develop HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) that continues to be a major public health issue. While cART reduces peripheral virus, it does not limit the low level, chronic neuroinflammation that is ongoing during the neuropathogenesis of HIV. Monocyte transmigration across the blood brain barrier (BBB), specifically that of the mature CD14+CD16+ population that is highly susceptible to HIV infection, is critical to the establishment of HAND ...
Source: Current HIV Research - May 26, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Williams DW, Veenstra M, Gaskill PJ, Morgello S, Calderon TM, Berman JW Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Macrophage Derived Cystatin B / Cathepsin B in HIV Replication and Neuropathogenesis.
Abstract Mononuclear phagocytes including monocytes and macrophages, are important defense components of innate immunity, but can be detrimental in HIV-1 infection by serving as the principal reservoirs of virus in brain and triggering a strong immune response. These viral reservoirs represent a challenge to HIV-1 eradication since they continue producing virus in tissue despite antiretroviral therapy. HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) involve alterations to the blood-brain barrier and migration of activated HIV-1 infected monocytes to the brain with subsequent induced immune activation response. Ou...
Source: Current HIV Research - May 26, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Rivera LE, Colon K, Cantres-Rosario YM, Zenon FM, Melendez LM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

β-Catenin/TCF-4 Signaling Regulates Susceptibility of Macrophages and Resistance of Monocytes to HIV-1 Productive Infection.
Abstract Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage are an important target for HIV-1 infection. They are often at anatomical sites linked to HIV-1 transmission and are an important vehicle for disseminating HIV-1 throughout the body, including the central nervous system. Monocytes do not support extensive productive HIV-1 replication, but they become more susceptible to HIV-1infection as they differentiate into macrophages. The mechanisms guiding susceptibility of HIV-1 replication in monocytes versus macrophages are not entirely clear. We determined whether endogenous activity of β-catenin signaling impacts diffe...
Source: Current HIV Research - May 26, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Aljawai Y, Richards MH, Seaton MS, Narasipura SD, Al-Harthi L Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

Determinants of HIV Counseling and Testing Uptake among Individuals in Long-term Sexual Relationships in Uganda.
Conclusion: Prior HCT was significantly associated with female gender and exposure to a couples' HCT promotional campaign while prior couples' HCT was significantly associated with prior discussion of HIV testing with partner. To increase HIV testing among couples, these findings suggest a need for HCT promotional campaigns that promote communication about HCT between partners. PMID: 24881627 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]
Source: Current HIV Research - May 30, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Authors: Matovu JK, Kabanda J, Bwanika JB, Bwayo D, Asingwire N, Kyaddondo D, Coutinho SM Tags: Curr HIV Res Source Type: research

HIV neuropathy
Purpose of review: To present an overview of HIV-associated distal symmetric polyneuropathy (HIV-DSP) and other HIV-related peripheral neuropathies in the post-highly active retroviral therapy era. Recent findings: HIV-DSP has become the most common neurologic complication of HIV largely due to the prolonged survival of HIV-positive patients with the advent of highly active retroviral therapy. HIV-DSP can be attributed to the disease itself or to secondary effects of certain HAART agents, and often the two disease entities cannot be distinguished. HIV-DSP can lead to significant morbidity and interfere with daily activitie...
Source: Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS - October 6, 2014 Category: Infectious Diseases Tags: HIV NEUROLOGY: Edited by Christopher Power and Bruce J. Brew Source Type: research